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Chapter 1 Fools Rush In
1 Big Dick Wilkerson: W. R. Wilkerson III. The Man Who Invented Las Vegas (Beverly Hills: Ciro’s Books, 2000). 1, 13.
1 Wilkerson’s gambling proclivities: Wilkerson, 1.
2 Wilkerson’s move to Hollywood: Wilkerson, 3-4.
2 Wilkerson’s divorces: “Fifth Spouse Divorces Publisher and Café Man.” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1949. 8.
2 Wilkerson discovers Lana Turner: “Writing the End to a True-to-Life Cinderella Story: Remembrance: The facts of Lana Turner’s discovery at a soda fountain have changed through the years, but the legend remains.” Los Angeles Times. July 1, 1995. Accessed at: http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-01/entertainment/ca-19119_1_lana-turner
3 Irving Thalberg’s poker games: B. James Gladstone. The Man Who Seduced Hollywood (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013). 39.
3 Café Trocadero: “1934: The Strip’s Style Setter.” Playground to the Stars. Accessed at: http://www.playgroundtothestars.com/timeline/1934-billy-wilkerson/
3 Café Trocadero amateur hour, poker game: Mary McNamara. “A Night on the Strip.” Los Angeles Times. December 15, 1996. Accessed at: http://articles.latimes.com/1996-12-15/magazine/tm-9152_1_night-life
3 Wilkerson sells Café Trocadero: Celia Rasmussen. “The Man Behind the Sunset Strip.” Los Angeles Times. December 7, 1997. Accessed at: http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/07/local/me-61610/2
3 Ciro’s and LaRue: “Hollywood institution.” Time. July 3, 1944. 76-7.
4 Joseph Schenk’s advice to Wilkerson: Gladstone, 82.
4 For a detailed treatment of the Wilkerson/Siegel relationship, see W. R. Wilkerson III. The Man Who Invented Las Vegas (Beverly Hills: Ciro’s Books, 2000) and Larry Gragg. Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel: The Gangster, the Flamingo, and the Making of Modern Las Vegas (Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2015).
4 Sale of LaRue: “8631 Sunset Blvd.” J. H. Graham. Accessed at: https://jhgraham.com/2016/06/17/8631-sunset-blvd/
5 Las Vegas population: “Timeline.” Las Vegas Sun. Accessed at: https://lasvegassun.com/history/timeline/
6 Wilkerson and Hahn buy the Kit Carson: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. September 30, 1950. 19.
6 Partners in LaRue: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. December 23, 1950. 10.
6 Wilkerson’s money problems: “Fifth Spouse Divorces Publisher and Café Man.” Los Angeles Times. March 8, 1949. 8.
7 LaRue’s opening: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. December 23, 1950. 10
7 Cocktail waitress uniforms: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. September 30, 1950. 19.
7 Atmosphere of LaRue: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. January 20, 1951. 9, 20.
8 Wilkerson sells LaRue: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. February 24, 1951. 25.
8 LaRue’s new direction: Print advertisement. Fabulous Las Vegas. March 10, 1951. 28.
8 Further changes at LaRue: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. March 17, 1951. 33, and March 24, 1951, 24.
8 New maître ‘d: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. April 14, 1951. 29,
9 Refrigerator for sale: Classified ad. Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 26, 1951.
9 Wilkerson stops gambling: Wilkerson, 116.
9 Nola Hahn’s suicide: “Nola Hahn, Onetime Pal of Gamblers, Ends Life.” Los Angeles Times. March 31, 1957. 2.
Chapter 2 Anyone With a Million Dollars
11 Mack Kufferman: “Kufferman Plans License Action.” Reno Gazette-Journal. April 15, 1952. 5; The Desert Sun. March 31, 1950. 6, and November 6, 1952.
12 The Kefauver Committee background: “Special Committee on Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce.” United States Senate. Accessed at: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Kefauver.htm
12 The Kefauver Committee’s findings: Estes Kefauver. Crime in America. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1951. 12-16.
13 “As a case history....” Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce. Third Interim Report. Washington: United States Printing Office, 1950. 94.
13 Kufferman buys LaRue: “Tax Commission to Decide Fate of Project Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal January 29, 1952. 1.
13 “The man gambles...” Hearings Before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce. United States Senate. Part 10: Nevada—California. Washington: United States Printing Office, 1951. 23-4. Cited hereafter as “Hearings.”
14 Doc Stacher’s license denial: Hearings, 24-5.
14 Stacher’s ties to Meyer Lansky: Carl Sifakis. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Facts on File, 1987. 311, and Hank Messick. Lansky. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971. 71.
14 “The chairman of the board...” Hank Messick. Lansky. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971. Inside cover.
14 “Go ahead....” Personal Communication. Michael Schutz. December 25, 2019.
14 “I’m the sole owner...” “Tax Commission to Decide Fate of Project Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 29, 1952. 2.
15 Consideration of Kufferman’s application: “Tax Commission Defers Action on LaRue Permit.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 30, 1952. 3.
15 Kufferman’s license denial: “Tax Commission Turns Down LaRue License.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 9, 1952. 1.
15 Kufferman’s more ambitious plans: “New Request to Be Made for LaRue’s.” Las Vegas Review-Journal April 13, 1952. 1.
15 “I’m the one...” :Kufferman to Appeal Planning Board Rule.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 16, 1952. 3.
15 Cal Cory: “Beckley Takes UP Law Post.” Las Vegas Sun. February 3, 1968. 3.
16 Real power elite: Interview with Edward Walters. January 9, 2018. Las Vegas, Nevada.
16 Jake Freedman’s background: “Jake Freedman.” Accessed at: https://www.geni.com/people/Jake-Freedman/6000000060438202821; “Domain Privee.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed at: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jgdom
17 Freedman’s racing stable: “Nose Verdict Won by Singers Folly.” New York Times. May 18, 1937. 31.
17 “Prince of the Houston gamblers:” “Domain Privee.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed at: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jgdom
17 “To say that....” Jack Cortez. “That’s For Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. December 13,1952. 9.
17 “Mr. Freedman is not home.” “Domain Privee.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed at: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jgdom
18 “There’s one man....” Jack Cortez. “That’s For Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. April 26 ,1952. 27.
18 “I own 13 corporations....” Jack Cortez. “That’s For Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. April 26 ,1952. 25.
18 Freedman’s license application: “Delay Permit for Sands Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 18, 1952. 1.
18 Harry Claiborne: Ed Koch and Jeff German. “Former U.S. Judge Claiborne Dies at 86.” Las Vegas Sun. January 20, 2004.
19 Freedman’s application deferred: “Tax Board Meetings Opened Up.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 19, 1952. 1.
19 “We cant....” “Freedman Denied Gambling License for Sands Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 6, 1952. 3; and “Freedman Denied Permit. Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 6, 1952. 1.
19 Freedman buys out Kufferman: “Freedman Given ‘Provisional’ License.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 11, 1952. 1.
19 Freedman’s license conditions: “Freedman Given ‘Provisional’ License.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 11, 1952. 1.
19 Ballard Barron: Larry Strawther. Seal Beach: A Brief History. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2014. Unpaginated.
19 Barron’s parties: “Barron Home Is Scene of Party.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 18, 1947. 18.
20 Freedman organizes Barron memorial fund: “Barron, Hotel Developer, Rites Scheduled Tuesday.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 15, 1954. 3.
20 “I never got involved....” “Tax Commission Will Study Sands Permits Here Monday.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 27, 1952.
20 Levinson’s licensure: “Tax Body Backs Down On ‘Net Worth’ Clause.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 2, 1952. 1.
20 Sid Wyman: “LV Gamblers Pay Homage to Sid Wyman at Dunes.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 28, 1978. 1B.
20 Jack Entratter’s background: “Jack Entratter of Las Vegas, 57.” New York Times. March 12, 1971. 40; “Jack Entratter, 57, Top LV Showman.” Variety. March 17, 1971.
20 Jack Entratter’s association with Frank Costello: Jim Proser. Mr. Copacabana: An American History by Night. CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2014.
Chapter 3 You and the Night and the Music
23 For a full consideration of McAllister’s career and impact, see Chris Nichols. The Leisure Architecture of Wayne McAllister. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, Publisher, 2007.
23 McAlister declines work on the Flamingo: Nichols, 134-5.
24 LaRue layout: Sands floorplan in Martin Stern Architectural Records, 1950-1990. MS-00382. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada.
24 Sands sign: Nichols, 138.
25 Sands porte cochere: Nichols, 121.
25 Sands as Bermuda modern: “New $5,500,000 Hotel Opening in Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Examiner. December 14, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection, 1951-1980. 2000-12. Special Collections & Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Box 63.
25 Silver Queen mural: Nichols, 144.
25 Silver Queen bar description: Charles Spangler. “On the Hollywood Scene.” New York Telegraph. December 20, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
25 Addition of the Copa: “Café LaRue” floorplan in Martin Stern Architectural Records, 1950-1990. Unboxed oversized materials.
25-6 “Brazilian Carnival” theme, Sands buildings: “New $5,500,000 Hotel Opening in Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Examiner. December 14, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
26 El Rancho Vegas opening: David G. Schwartz. “The Columbus of Highway 91.” Vegas Seven. November 8, 2012.
26 Opening press junket: Charles Spangler. “On the Hollywood Scene.” New York Telegraph. December 20, 1952, and “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.” In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63, and Box 3, Folder 8.
28 Hiring of Matt Howard: “Matt Howard, Popular Las Vegan, Named Manager of Sands’ Bar.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 15, 1952. 19.
29 First Copa Girls hired: “First In Line.” Macon News. November 22, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
29 Overtime work on Sands: Danton Walker. “Broadway.” New York News. Undated, and Untitled item, Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
29 Entratter turned down New Year’s.... Frank Farrell. “4-Million Dollar Plunge.” New York World-Telegram. November 18, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
29 Freedman’s plans to add hotel capacity: Charles Evans. “Jakie’s Colossal Casino Still Isn’t Large Enough.” Houston Chronicle. December 19, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
29 $75,000 of liquor stocked: “Matt Howard, Popular Las Vegan, Named Manager of Sands’ Bar.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 15, 1952. 19, and Charles Spangler. “On the Hollywood Scene.” New York Telegraph. December 20, 1952.
29-30 Opening Copa lineup: Show listings. Fabulous Las Vegas. December 20, 1952. 32.
30 Opening night preparations: “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.” In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 3, Folder 8.
30 Sands power outage: Hy Gardner. “Blackout from Storm Failed to Halt Gamblers.” Oakland Tribune. December 25, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
30 “Miniature atomic blast” Jack Cortez. “That’s For Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. December 13, 1952. 29.
30 Thomas’s illness and replacements: “Danny Thomas Ill So Big Names Take Over.” Los Angeles Herald Express. December 18, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
30 Opening weeks’ entertainment expenses: “Sands Spending 250G in First 10 Weeks.” Daily Variety. December 10, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
31 Time capsule: “New Vegas Hotel Has Time Capsule.” Carson City Appeal. December 18, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection, 1951-1980. 2000-12. Special Collections & Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Box 63.
31 “Just a bunch....” “Sands Hotel Drops $285,000 In Six Hours.” Pioche Record. December 18, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
31-2 Reporting of opening losses: Earl Wilson. “Newest Las Vegas Hotel Gives Us $25 to Gamble.” San Jose Mercury Herald. December 20, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
32 “It cost $5.5 million....” Earl Wilson. Los Angeles News, December 24, 1952. In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 63.
Chapter 4 On the Sunny Side of the Street
33 Seating at the Copa: Esper Esau. Las Vegas’ Golden Era: Memoirs 1954-1974. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2016. 64-5.
33 Van Johnson Copa act: “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.” In Sands Hotel Collection, 1951-1980. Box 3, Folder 8.
33-4 Johnson’s past performances and act at the Sands: “Van Johnson to Sands at Vegas.” Billboard. April 11, 1953. 13.
34 Sands employees wearing red socks: “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.”
34 Tallulah Bankhead at the Sands: Alan Jarlson “On the Town.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 4, 1953. 5.
34 “Entratter’s going to fall....” “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.”
34 “Tallulah Bankhead.” Variety. May 27, 1953. 69.
35 “Bankhead was banknote....” “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.”
35 Bankhead returns to the Sands: Erskine Johnson. “Hollywood.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 25, 1954. 4.
35 Scale of Las Vegas entertainment: Aline Mosby. “Vegas Shows Are First In Cost, Talent, Size.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 3, 1953. 1.
35 Las Vegas as talk of Broadway: Earl Wilson. Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 31, 1953. 9.
35 Sands $37,500 offer to Noel Coward: Earl Wilson. Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 24, 1954. 4.
35-6 “I’ll be happy to sing....” “The New Ziegfeld: The Story of Jack Entratter.”
36 Milton Berle retraction: Aline Mosby. “Vegas Shows Are First In Cost, Talent, Size.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 3, 1953. 1.
36 “The Student Prince” at the Sands: “Tab Shows Fail to Make Vegas Grade.” Billboard. December 19, 1953. 13.
36 “The Student Prince” revival: “Marie Wilson Set at Sands.” Billboard. June 27, 1953. 13.
36 Billy Eckstine steps in: “Cancel Tab ‘Prince’ at Sands; Eckstine In.” Variety. December 9, 1953.
37 Judy Lee John’s Copa girl application process: “Interview with Judith Lee Johnson Jones.” Claytee White, interviewer. Oral History Research Center at UNLV. 1-2.
37 For a complete discussion of not just Florenz Ziegfeld but the evolution of the chorus girl, see Derek and Julia Parker. The Natural History of the Chorus Girl. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975.
38 Copa Girl statistics and description: “Copa girls are choicest, but difficult to choose.” Augusta Chronicle. October 1, 1965.
38 Copa Girl working conditions and salary: Virginia James Papers, MS 523. Special Collections & Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Box 1, Folder 5.
39 Entratter’s connection with the William Morris Agency: Virginia James Papers, Box 1, Folder 1.
39 Entratter’s preferred Copa Girl, talent search: “The Man With 4,000 Girl Friends.” In Sands Hotel Collection. Box 3, Folder 8.
39 “There don’t seem....” And subsequent quotes from Entratter: “Copa girls are choicest, but difficult to choose.”
40 Copa Girls encouraged to “decorate:” “Interview with Judith Lee Johnson Jones.” 8.
40 Copa Girls discouraged from being seen in other casinos: “Interview with Corinne Entratter Sidney.” Claytee White, interviewer. Oral History Research Center at UNLV. 8.
40 Johnson disappoints her “date:” “Interview with Judith Lee Johnson Jones.” 16.
40 Copa Girls prohibited from hooking: “Interview with Corinne Entratter Sidney.” 8.
41 “Naked in the steam room....” Interview with Ed Walters. Conducted by David G. Schwartz. January 9, 2019.
42 Sinatra’s bad attitude at the Desert Inn: “Sands, Las Vegas.” Variety. October 21, 1953. 64.
42 Sinatra’s eclipse: Arnold Shaw. Sinatra: Twentieth-Century Romantic. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968. 121-125.
43 Sinatra/Mortimer enmity: Earl Wilson. Sinatra: An Unauthorized Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1976. 69, 73.
43 Sinatra’s immersion in Maggio role: Shaw, 174.
43 Sinatra’s license application: “Pappas Seeks Interest in Tahoe Casino.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 28, 1953. 3.
43 Sinatra hires Harry Claiborne: “To Press Sinatra Application in Hotel Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 27, 1953. 3.
44 Dean Martin’s share of the Sands: FBI file LV 57-511. 182.
44 Sinatra’s announcement about possibly canceling Sands appearance: “Sinatra Wants to Act.” Variety. September 23, 1953. 2.
44 Sinatra in Churchill Downs suite: Wilson, 137-8.
44-5 Sinatra’s initial Sands engagement: Sands Hotel, “Las Vegas, Nev.” Billboard. October 31, 1953. 12.
45 Variety, Hollywood Reporter reviews of Sinatra at the Sands: Alan Jarlson. “On the Town.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 14, 1953. 5.
46 Sinatra’s license hearing: “Sinatra Gets Gaming License and Tax Rebuke.” Chicago Daily Tribune. October 31, 1953. 3.
46 Sinatra’s tax payment plan, license approval: “Sinatra’s Sands Buy OK’d by Nev.” Variety. November 4, 1953. 51.
Chapter 5 Nice Work if You Can Get It
48 “The deadly walk....” Ed Walters. Oral History Interview. Conducted by David G. Schwartz. January 9, 2019. 9.
48-50 Don Adams incident: Walters, 10.
50 Cohen’s background: “Longtime Strip Exec Dies at 73.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 28, 1986: 4.
50 Cohen associated with the Sands: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 26, 1952. 117.
50 Story about Cohen’s split with Beldon Katleman: Stefan Andrews “Vegas casino manager Carl Cohen became a local folk hero after he knocked the caps off Frank Sinatra’s front teeth.” The Vintage News. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/07/las-vegas-casino-manager-carl-cohen-became-a-local-folk-hero-after-he-knocked-the-caps-off-frank-sinatras-front-teeth/
51 Hughes in Las Vegas in May 1953: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 26, 1953. 63.
51 Cohen’s vacation and move to the Sands: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 26, 1953. 105.
51 Freedman’s $2 million loan: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 26, 1953. 121.
51 Cohen’s investment in the Sands: “Board Approves Gottlieb for Villa Venice.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 22, 1953. 3.
51-2 Sands surveillance system: “Gambling Casino Sets Up TV to Keep an Eye on Cheaters.” Washington Post. May 19, 1954. 3.
52 Al Freeman’s background: “Sands Hotel Executive Dies.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 29, 1972.
54-7 1954 TWA/Las Vegas promotion: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records, 1952-1977. MS-00417. Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Box 5.
57 Frank Sinatra’s engagement beginning: Fabulous Las Vegas. November 6, 1954. 19.
57 Itinerary of press group: Fabulous Las Vegas. October 23, 1954, 22-3, 33.
58 Sir Russell Brock at the Sands: Fabulous Las Vegas. October 23, 1954. 35.
58 Sales managers at the Last Frontier: Fabulous Las Vegas. October 23, 1954. 17.
58 Press departure from Las Vegas: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records, Box 5.
58 Return of the “Quickie Vacation:” Fabulous Las Vegas. November 20, 1954. 17.
59 Antonio Morelli’s early life: Antonio Morelli Papers, 1910s-1970s. MS-00558. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Box 5.
59 Morelli’s early career: “Antonio Morelli.” New York Times. June 25, 1974. 27.
59 Olsen and Johnson’s background: Roger Fristoe. “Spotlight on Olsen & Johnson – Friday, April 8th.” TCM. Accessed at: http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/92529%7C0/Olson-Johnson.html
59 “Oh! Whotta Nite” plans: “Olsen, Johnson Open ‘Whotta Nite’ Revue.” Billboard. December 26, 1953, 49.
59 Performance of Carmen at Las Vegas High School: “Vegas Opera Empties Clubs.” Billboard. November 14, 1953, 1,
60 “It’s 117 degrees....” Helen Morelli. Oral History Interview. Jerry Masini, interviewer. UNLV Oral History Program, 1976. 1.
60 Las Vegas Community Chorus: Morelli Collection, Box 2, Folder 13.
60 Helen Morelli’s open window: Morelli. 2.
61 Morelli’s pride in Las Vegas: Morelli, 6.
61 “This is the only city....” Morelli Collection, Box 2, Folder 13.
61 “Birth of the Star-Spangled Banner:” Morelli Collection, Box 2, Folder 13.
61 The Morellis move to Las Vegas permanently: Morelli, 14.
61 Shirt-Sleeve Symphonies: Morelli, 10.
61 Billing of Antonio Morelli Orchestra: “Sands, Las Vegas.” Variety. November 21, 1973. 73.
62 Shirt-Sleeve Symphonies: Morelli, 10.
Chapter 6 Please Be Kind
63-4 Proposed casinos: “Ask Licenses for Four More Strip Resort Hotels.” Las Vegas Sun. August 19, 1953. 1.
64 The Fremont and other new casinos: “Groundbreaking Set for Five Million Dollar Fremont Hotel at Second and Fremont Streets.” Las Vegas Sun. August 1, 1954. 3.
64 Moulin Rouge construction: “Planning Board Oks Rezoning for Resort Hotel on W. Bonanza.” Las Vegas Sun. February 26, 1954. 1
64 Royal Nevada opening: “Traubel Gets $50,000 Offer.” New York Times. April 11, 1955. 29.
64 Dancing Waters: “Dancing Waters to Dress New Las Vegas Spot.” Billboard. April 23, 1955. 61.
65 Riviera opening: May Mann. “Going Hollywood.” Fabulous Las Vegas. April 30, 1955. 11.
65 Royal Nevada licensing issues: “Tax Commission Tough on Strip Resort Applicants.” Las Vegas Sun. February 27, 1954. 1.
65 Dunes licensing issues: “Defer Action on Dunes License.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 31, 1955. 2.
66 Wally Cox saga: “Wally Cox Rehired.” New York Times. July 20, 1955. 51.
66 New Frontier issues: “New Frontier Gets 2 Days for Cleanup.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 12, 1955. 1.
67 Dunes entertainment: Advertisements. Las Vegas Review Journal. August 12, 1955. 15.
67 Merrill/Armstrong double bill: Robert Merrill. “To the Editor.” New York Times. April 2, 2000. Section 2, page 4.
67 Dueling Dunes acquisition groups: “Negotiations for Dunes Sale Said Near End.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 15, 1955. 1.
67 “Board to Study Sale of Dunes to Sands Group.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 16, 1955. 1.
67 Final Dunes sales terms: “Dunes Hotel Leasing Awaits Tax Unit Okeh.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 18, 1955. 1.
67-8 Revised Dunes construction price: “Angry Denial That Dunes Is Broke.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 19, 1955. 1.
68 Acquisition rumors: “Report Talks Continuing on Royal Nevada Deal.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 23, 1955. 1.
68 Gus Greenbaum’s return: Jeff Burbank. “Gus Greenbaum, Las Vegas Casino Operator for the Mob, And His Wife Were Murdered 60 Years Ago This Week.” The Mob Museum. December 8, 2018. Acccessed at: https://themobmuseum.org/blog/gus-greenbaum-las-vegas-casino-operator-mob-wife-murdered-60-years-ago-week/
68 Royal Nevada’s closure: “Royal Nevada Hotel Leased in Las Vegas.” Los Angeles Times. February 24, 1956. 15.
68 “The same inspired management....” Advertisement. ” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 1, 1955. 8.
69 Sands to Dunes personnel moves: Les Devor. “Vegas Vagaries.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 30, 1955. 5.
69 Levinson and Maier: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. September 17, 1955. 9.
69 Dunes reopening celebration: Aline Mosby. “More about the LA Dreams of a Las Vegas Bust.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 15, 1955. 26.
70 Recession claims: Aline Mosby. “Another Crepe-Hanger Says Las Vegas Is Faltering Resort.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 14, 1955. 11.
70 Reaction to reopening: Les Devor. “Vegas Vagaries.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 15, 1955. 5.
70 Higher prices on the Strip: Aline Mosby. “More about the LA Dreams of a Las Vegas Bust.”
70 October entertainment lineup: Fabulous Las Vegas. October 1, 1955. 23-5.
70 December entertainment lineup: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 10, 1955. 4, 58.
70 Chevalier and Horne engagements: Fabulous Las Vegas. December 31, 1955.
70 December pessimism about the Dunes: “Sands Relinquishes Lease with Dunes Today; Spa Up For Sale?” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 1, 1956, 3.
70-1 Sands exits the Dunes: “Dunes Lease to Be Turned Back.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 16, 1956. 1.
71 Cahlan’s thoughts on the Dunes: A. E. Cahlan. “From Where I Sit.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 18, 1956. 4.
71 Miller/Riddle regime at Dunes: “Question Finances of Backers.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 20, 1956. 3.
Chapter 7 If You Can Dream
80 Jane Russell charity event: Jack Cortez. “That’s for Sure.” Fabulous Las Vegas. August 27, 1955. 9.
81 The Lone Wolf filming: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 34, folder 16.
81 See It Now filming: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 8.
81 Dorothy Kilgallen/Richard Kollmar radio show at the Sands: Larry Gragg. Becoming America’s Playground: Las Vegas in the 1950s. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. 46.
81-3 See It Now broadcast: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 10.
83-85 Meet Me in Las Vegas negotiations and script: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 1.
85 “Pasternak has ordered....” Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 1.
85-6 Meet Me in Las Vegas filming: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 1.
86 Meet Me in Las Vegas cast: “Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) Full Cast & Crew.” IMDB. Accessed at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049490/fullcredits?ref_=ttfc_ql_1
86-7 MGM promotional ideas: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 1.
87 Freeman’s promotional ideas: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 35, folder 1.
87 Milton Berle show: “Las Vegas to Get First Color Show.” New York Times. February 13, 1956. 47.
87 Meet Me in Las Vegas debut screening at the El Portal: Philip K. Scheuer. “Gala Film Premiere Staged in Las Vegas.” Los Angeles Times. February 22, 1956. 20.
87 Meet Me in Las Vegas New York debut: “Movie Premiere to Aid U.S. Team.” New York Times. March 8, 1956. 23.
88 Broadway billboard Walter Winchell. “The Broadway Beat.” Washington Post. February 26, 1956. J8.
88 Meet Me in Las Vegas reviews: Philp K. Scheuer. “Date with Cyd Charisse in Vegas Worth Keeping.” Los Angeles Times. March 29, 1956. 32; Hedda Hopper. “Cyd’s What a Star Should Be.” Los Angeles Times. April 8, 1956. D1; May Tinee. “Here’s Chance to Meet Stars in Las Vegas.” Chicago Daily Tribune. April 25, 1956. B11; Bosley Crowther. “Screen: Las Vegas Visit.” New York Times. March 14, 1956. 39.
88 “Here....”: Gilbert Millstein. “Cloud on Las Vegas’ Silver Lining.” New York Times. March 18, 1956. 213.
89 $400 bet as serious action: Interview with Ed Walters. Table Games Management Oral History Project. Special Collections Oral History Research Center, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2016. 8.
90 Relationship between Sands personnel and the sheriff: Interview with Ed Walters, 13-15.
91-2 World premiere of The Joker Is Wild: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 34, folder 13.
93 Freedman’s absence from 1957 Sands anniversary gala: Les Devor. “Vegas Vagaries.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 17, 1957. 3.
93 Freedman’s death: “Hotel, Gambling Figure Jake Freedman Dies.” Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1958. 5.
93 Freedman’s funeral: “Hundreds Attend Quiet Funeral Rites Held in LA for Sands’ Jake Freedman.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 22, 1958. 3.
93-4 “Ironically, Freedman will be buried....” “Jake Freedman Rite Set Tuesday in Los Angeles.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 20, 1958. 1.
94 Sadie Freedman accepts UJA award: “Local UJA Drive Zooms Near Top Goal.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 15, 1958. 3.
94 Gambling stopped at Sands: “Hundreds Attend Quiet Funeral Rites Held in LA for Sands’ Jake Freedman.”
Chapter 8 Something’s Gotta Give
95 Archie Loveland: “New Post.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 15, 1957. 6.
96 Entratter becomes Sands president: “Entratter to Top.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 28, 1958. 3.
96 Chinese food in the Garden Room: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 1, Folder 5.
96-7 Convention bookings: Sands Times, 1958 in Sands Hotel Public Relations Collection.
97 Frank Sinatra and baccarat: Kitty Kelley. His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra. New York: Bantam, 1986. 232.
97 Baccarat advertisements: Display ad. Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 20, 1959. 4; Carlos Harrison. “Baccarat: A Peek Behind the Mystique.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 13, 1983. 1D.
97 Judy Garland at the Sands: Les Devor. “Vegas Vagaries.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 28, 1958. 16.
97 Garland’s opening night: Sands Times, 1958.
98 Discussion with Ball/Arnaz about Sands television show: Sands Times, 1958.
98 “Guestward Ho!” summary: “Guestward Ho!” IMDB. Accessed at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053505/companycredits?ref_=tt_dt_co
98-9 Entratter’s car accident: “Sands Prexy to Face Charge on Accident.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 29, 1960. 2; Joy Hamann. “N.Y. Industrialist Dies in Jack Entratter’s Car.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 28, 1960. 1.
99 Freeman’s long absence: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 39. Folder 8; Forrest Duke. “Visiting Fireman.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 13, 1960. 5.
99 “I felt a definite....” “Witnesses Appear for Entratter.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 26, 1960. 1, 2.
99 Washboard roads: Roy Wood. “The Physics of Washboard Roads.” Wired. July 18, 2011. Accessed at: https://www.wired.com/2011/07/the-physics-of-washboard-roads/
100 Entratter released: Colin McKimlay. “Sands President Wins Court Hearing Battle.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 4, 1960. 3.
100 “There was never....” “Entratter Tells His Side of It.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 4, 1960. 3.
101 Dorothy Entratter’s death: “Dorothy James Entratter.” Find a Grave. Accessed at: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8259431/dorothy-entratter
101 Dorothy Entratter children’s home: George Jacobs and William Stadiem. Mr. S: My Life with Frank Sinatra. New York: Harper Entertainment, 2003. 189.
101 Civil suits against Entratter: “LV Hotelman Sued over Auto Crash.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 8, 1961. 3; “Jack Entratter Facing Lawsuit in Motor Death.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 18, 1961. 1.
101 Civil case amended: “Jury Selection Begins in Entratter Lawsuit.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 6, 1966. 1.
101 Civil case settled: “Entratter Civil Trial Settled Out of Court Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 19, 1966. 2.
102 1931 request for black gambling operators: Las Vegas City Commission. Minute Book, Volume 3. 157.
103 Armstrong denied entry to the Flamingo: Robert Merrill. “Louis Armstrong: A Taste for Opera.” New York Times. April 2, 2000. Section 2, Page 4.
103 Lena Horne at the Sands: Verena Dobnik. “Singer Lena Horne Dies.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 9, 2010.
103 Sammy Davis, Jr. at the New Frontier: Katharine Best and Katharine Hillyer. Las Vegas: Playtown USA. New York: David McKay Company, 1955. 141.
103-4 Davis/White marriageSam Kashner. “The Color of Love.” Vanity Fair. September 3, 2013. Accessed at: https://www.vanityfair.com/style/1999/03/sammy-davis-kim-novak-dating
104 “Nice concert....” Les Devor. “Vegas Vagaries.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 1, 1958. 16.
105 James Gay’s background: “Pioneering Civic Leader, Hotel Executive Gay Dies at 83.” Las Vegas Sun. September 13, 1999.
105 Gay at the Sands: Oral Interview of James A. Gay III. Edited by Elizabeth Nelson Patrick. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. December, 1978. 3-4.
105 Gay at Freedman’s funeral: “Hundreds Attend Quiet Funeral Rites Held in LA for Sands’ Jake Freedman.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 22, 1958. 3.
105-6 Las Vegas integration efforts: James B. McMillan. Fighting Back: A Life in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Reno: University of Nevada Oral History Program, 1997. 82-3.
106 Gay refuses to cross picket line: Oral Interview of James A. Gay III, 13.
107 Decision to integrate: McMillan, 84.
107 Sands and integration: “Annual Ebony Fashion Show Will Be Held at Sands Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 7, 1970. 3.
107 Sarann Knight Preddy’s career: “Former Co-Owner of Moulin Rouge Fought for Civil Rights.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 16, 2011.
107 Gambling stopping after MLK’s assassination: “City Pays King Last Tribute.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 8, 1968. 25.
108 “I’ve never seen....”Oral Interview of James A. Gay III, 9-10.
Chapter 9 Me and My Shadow
109 Entratter paying less: Sands Hotel Public Relations Record. Box 2, Folder 31.
109 Entratter’s bookings: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 2, Folder 31.
110 Dhia Ja’afar’s visit: Sands Times, 1958.
110 Konstantin Verhshinin’s canceled visit: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 1, Folder 5.
110 Martin and Lewis at the Sands: Display Ad. Las Vegas Review-Journal, December 15, 1954. 12.
110 Martin and Lewis deal blackjack: “Comics ‘Give Away’ Hotel Money Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 20, 1955. 15.
111 Sinatra’s mushroom outrage: George Levine. Oral History Interview. Las Vegas. Southern Nevada Jewish Community Digital Heritage Project, 2014. 12-3.
111 Sinatra’s other irritants: Gay Talese. “Frank Sinatra Has a Cold.” Esquire. April, 1966.
112 Dean Martin buys the dealers a TV: Ed Walters interview, 2019.
113 Davis’s gratitude to Sinatra: Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan, Sinatra: The Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. 239.
113 Summers and Swan, 113-5.
113 Naming of the Rat Pack by Lauren Bacall: Summers and Swan, 228.
113 “Lucky you only have to...” Ed Walters interview, 2019.
114 Origins of Ocean’s 11: Shawn Levy. Rat Pack Confidential. New York: New York: Anchor Books, 1998. 105-6.
114 Shooting at the Riviera: “Start Filming Sinatra Pix at Riviera Hotel on Mon.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 17, 1960.
114 “Star lite....” Sands Collection. Box 1, Folder 5.
115 Shooting schedule: Levy, 108-9.
115 Conte/Cohen interaction: Walters oral history interview, 2019.
115 Benedict theft: Ken Hansen. “‘Ocean’s Eleven’ Work Proves Dual Performances Success.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 5, 1960. 15.
116 Wide opening for Ocean’s 11: “Odd Mark to ‘Ocean’s 11.’” Chicago Defender. September 17, 1960. 3.
117 Freeman’s publicity efforts: Levy, 118.
117 Ocean’s 11 reviews: William Leonard. “‘Ocean’s 11’ Funny But No Thriller.” Chicago Daily Tribune. August 2, 1960. B12; Bosley Crowther. “‘Ocean’s 11’: Sinatra Heads Flippant Team of Crime.” New York Times. August 11, 1960. 19; Richard Griffith. “‘Ocean’s 11’ Fails to Awe N.Y. Critics. Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1960. A9.
117 Ocean’s 11 box office: Joel Waldo Finler. The Hollywood Story. London: Wallflower Press, 2003. 358-9.
118 Kennedy’s early visits to Las Vegas: David G. Schwartz. “JFK in Vegas.’ Vegas Seven. July 2, 2013.
118 Kennedy’s support for Democrats: Summers and Swan, 256-7.
118 Kennedy’s Palm Springs itinerary: George Jacobs and William Stadiem. Mr. S: My Life with Frank Sinatra. New York: Harper Entertainment, 2003. 133-9.
118 Kennedy’s onstage introduction: Summers and Swan, 263.
118 Sinatra’s suite: Roger Wagner. Personal Communication. April 17, 2020.
118 Kennedy and Campbell at Sinatra’s show: Summers and Swan, 263.
119 $1 million delivered to Kennedy: Levy, 110.
119 Mob’s connections with Kennedy: Summers and Swan, 258-9.
119 Sinatra’s support for Kennedy: Summers and Swan, 262.
119 Campbell/Giancana/Kennedy connection: “Reputed JFK Mistress Exner Dies.” Washington Post. September 26, 1999.
119 “What did you say....” Summers and Swan, 263.
120 Sinatra asks Davis and Britt to delay their wedding: Jacobs and Stadiem, 146.
120 Sinatra produces inaugural gala: Summers and Swan, 276-80.
120 Kennedy/Sinatra break: Summers and Swan, 285-6.
121 Tensions between Sinatra and Sands staff: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 1, Folder 5.
122 “The notoriety....” Nevada Gaming Control Board, June 13, 1960. Cited in Farrell and Case, 31.
122 Sinatra fronting for Giancana at the Cal-Neva: Summers and Swan, 289.
122-3 Giancana’s presence at the Cal-Neva: Edward A. Olsen. My Careers as a Journalist in Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada; in Nevada Gaming Control; and at the University of Nevada. Reno: Oral History Project, 1972. 372-3.
123 RFK’s planned raid: R.T. King. Hang Tough! Grant Sawyer: An Activist in the Governor’s Mansion. Reno: University of Nevada Oral History Program, 1993. 89-90.
123 Sinatra addresses Gaming Control Board concerns: Olsen, 374.
123-4 FBI surveils, loses Giancana: Olsen, 375-6.
124 Fight at the Cal-Neva: Jacobs and Stadiem, 202-3.
124 Giancana’s Cal-Neva antics: Olsen, 376-9.
124 Attempts to interview Sinatra, others: Olsen, 382.
124-5 Initial Olsen/Sinatra conversation: Olsen, 390-2.
125-6 Second Olsen/Sinatra conversation: Olsen, 395-6.
127 “Why....” Olsen, 397.
127 Complaint against Sinatra: Olsen, 399.
127 Warner’s ultimatum: Jacobs and Stadiem, 204.
127 Sawyer/Kennedy conversation: King, 94.
128 Sinatra exits Nevada gaming: Olsen, 404.
128 Giancana’s reaction: Kelley, 326-7.
128 Sinatra sells Sands shares: “Sands Hotel Stock Sale by Sinatra Approved.” Christian Science Monitor. October 24, 1963. 10.
129 Davis/Olsen chat: Olsen, 406-7.
Chapter 10 Gonna Build a Mountain
130 Early 1960s Las Vegas growth: Forrest Duke. Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 3, 1963. 1.
130 Hotels adding rooms: “Resort Hotel Begins Big Expansion Project.” Los Angeles Times. August 11, 1963. 15.
130 Aqueduct suites built: “Las Vegas Really Growing Up.” Chicago Tribune. March 10, 1963. H4.
131 Aqueduct amenities: “Plush Suites Opened.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 28, 1963. 9.
131 Castaways: “New Luxury Resort.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 19, 1963. 5.
131 Greene’s project: “Strip Hotel Plans Told.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 8, 1963. 1.
131 Hotels adding high rises: Tom Cameron. “Las Vegas Willing to Bet on ‘Sure Thing’—Building.” Los Angeles Times. April 2, 1963. L1.
131-2 Sands expansion: “Expanded Sands Hotel Opening Fete December.” Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 16, Folder 9.
132 New Sands facilities, conventions: Sands Times. December 1965. 18-23.
132 Dunes tower: Richard Joseph. “Las Vegas Now Bigger and Brassier Than Ever: Show Becoming More and More Elaborate.” Chicago Tribune. January 31, 1965. F6.
132 Sands tower plans: George Lundgren. “High-Rise Hotels Dot Desert as Las Vegas Grows Upward.” Los Angeles Times. June 6, 1965. M1.
132 Martin Stern background: “Martin Stern, Jr.” The Sarno Awards for Lifetime Achievement in Casino Design. Accessed at: https://gaming.unlv.edu/sarnoawards/stern.html
133 Construction of tower: Martin Stern, Jr. Collection, Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. Flat File 67a.
133 “All the warm....” “Expanded Sands Hotel Opening Fete December.” Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 16, Folder 9.
133 Tower dedication celebration: Telegram. Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 16, Folder 9.
134-5 Stacher bugging: Memorandum dated October 29, 1962. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
135 “Put on some shorts....” Michael Schutz. Personal interview with author. 12/25/19.
135 Bugging Cohen’s Beverly Hills apartment: Memorandum dated October 29, 1962. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
135 FBI Las Vegas wiretapping operation: Richard Harwood. “Las Vegas, 1961: A Federal Wiretapping Operation in Born.” Washington Post, June 19, 1966.
136 Installation of devices in Cohen’s Sands apartment: Teletype dated February 19, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
136 Cohen leaves Las Vegas: Teletypes dated March 26, 1963 and April 9, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
136 Overheard conversations: Microphone surveillance logs, May 3, 4, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
137 “We ordered....” Microphone surveillance log, May 12, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
137 Elson’s extension request: Memorandum dated May 14, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
137 “A source in contact....” Memorandum dated May 14, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
137 Stacher’s suspicions of being bugged: Michael Schutz. Personal interview with author. December 25, 2019.
138 Levinson discovers wiretap: Harwood.
138 Bugs found in Cohen’s apartment: Memorandum (airtel) dated July 11, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
138 Additional bugs discovered: Harwood.
138 Lamb denies bugging: “Snooping Turned Up at Hotel.” Las Vegas Sun. September 18, 1963.
138-9 Cohen files complaint: Civil complaint, Carl Cohen vs. Central Telephone Company. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
139 “I don’t care....” and Elson’s response: Memorandum (airtel) dated September 18, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
139 Central Telephone concerns: Memorandum (airtel) dated September 6, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
140 FBI bugging discontinued: Memorandum dated September 10, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
140 Laxalt’s response: “Laxalt Rips Demos, Bobby’s Wiretapping.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 28, 1963, 1.
140 Evans’ speculation: Memorandum dated September 9, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
140 Elson’s advice: Memorandum (airtel) dated October 4, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
141 Cohen withdraws suit: “Wiretap Suit Here Dismissed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 12, 1963. 1.
141 “I embarrassed the phone company....” Memorandum dated October 23, 1963. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
141 “The reports we Republicans....” “Claims Gamblers Targets.” Las Vegas Sun. October 31, 1963.
141-2 Levinson files suit, others join: Drew Pearson. “FBI Faces Six Million Dollar Suit Over Wire Tapping in Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 9, 1966. 29; “Court Delays Wiretap Suit Involving FBI.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 18, 1966. 3.
142 Central Telephone admits leasing: “Phone Firm Admits Leasing Vegas Wiretap Line.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 9, 1966. 1.
142 Sawyer’s response: Drew Pearson. “Sawyer Lauded for Standing up to FBI.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 20, 1966. 58.
142 “Major embarrassment” “LV Skimming Case ‘Demoralizes’ Feds.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 16, 1968. 3.
142 Trips away from the Sands: Memorandum dated October 30, 1964. FBI File of Carl Cohen.
142 Trips to visit Stacher prior to Stacher’s deportation: Memorandum dated October 30, 1964. FBI File of Carl Cohen; “Doc Stacher Faces Gov’t Fine, Term.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 24, 1963. 1.
142-3 Sands and Stacher case: “U.S. Agents Follow Doc Stacher.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 4, 1963. 2.
143 1962 Sands executive positions: Louella Parsons. “Liz, Burton Help Finance Filming of “Caretakers.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 20, 1962.
Chapter 11 Ain’t That a Kick in the Head
144-5 Hughes moves to Las Vegas: Omar Garrison. Howard Hughes in Las Vegas. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1970. 28-9, 3.
145 Greenspun’s editorial: Hank Greenspun. “Where I Stand.” Las Vegas Sun, December 2, 1966. 1.
145 Hoffa’s involvement: Robert Maheu and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by His Closest Advisor. New York: Harper/Collins, 1992. 158.
146 Morgan and Rosselli’s involvement: Maheu and Hack, 161.
146 Sands sale rumors: Don Digilio. “There Has Been Talk about Selling the Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 14, 1967. 1.
147 Sands negotiations: Maheu and Hack. 169.
147 Sands sold: “Sands to Hughes.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 23, 1967. 1.
147 Other Hughes purchases: David G. Schwartz. “Neon Ozymandias.” Vegas Seven. November 4, 2016.
147 Ed Nigro hired: Earl Wilson. “Look at Car Park—Millionaire Henry Ford.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 12, 1967. 21.
147 Nigro background: “Major General Edward H. Nigro.” U.S. Air Force. Accessed at: https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/106080/major-general-edward-h-nigro/
147 Other Hughes Nevada hires: Maheu and Hack, 2, 179.
148 Executives continuing to live at the Sands: Roger Wagner. No Work and All Play: Audacious Chronicles of a Casino Boss. Denver: Outskirts Press, 2011.
148 Nigro’s public activities: “Hughes Aide Reassures LV Negroes.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 6, 1968. 14; “Hughes Nevada Operations Makes Scholarships Awards to Five Youths.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 10, 1968. 23.
148 Hughes’ impact with locals: “Hughes Action Exceeds Any in Nevada’s History.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 3, 1968. 41.
149 Sands credit procedures: Ed Walters. Oral History Interview. January 9, 2019.
150 Reaction to new Hughes procedures: Walters.
150 Warner distanced from Sinatra: Kelley, 325.
151 Sinatra/Farrow wedding: “Sinatra spent anxiously hopeful moments in Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Sun. May 15, 1998.
151-2 Sinatra/Hughes tension: Kelley, 372.
152 Sammy steps in for Frank: “Frank Ill—Fans Settle for Davis.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 5, 1967. 1.
152 Apollo astronauts at the Sands, 1966: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 21, Folder 1.
152-3 September 1967 astronaut visit: Sands Hotel Public Relations Records. Box 30, Folder 9.
153 Sinatra denied credit: FBI File of Frank Sinatra. Part 4c. Page 1.
153 “I’m going to break....” Summers and Swan, 311.
154 Sinatra’s golf cart mishap: Jacobs and Stadiem, 240.
154 “I’m done....” Kelley, 372.
154 Sinatra’s apology: Summers and Sawn, 331.
154-5 Cohen arrives in the Garden Room: Oral history interview with Steve Wynn. Las Vegas, Nevada. December 8, 2007. 9.
155 Cohen/Sinatra fight: Wynn, 9-10; Kelley, 373.
155-6 Sinatra leaves for Caesars Palace: Don Digilio. “Frank Sinatra Loses Teeth During Strip Hotel Brawl.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 13, 1967. 1.
156 Reaction to Cohen’s punch: “Frank Sinatra Loses Teeth During Strip Hotel Brawl.”
156 Sinatra’s initial denials: Murray Hertz. “Sinatra Flack Denied the Singer Was Punched.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 14, 1967. 1.
156 Agent admits fight: “Sinatra’s Dentist Says He Capped Two Teeth.” “Sinatra’s Fight Confirmed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 14, 1967. 1.
156 Sheriff’s investigation and attorney general’s statement: Don Digilio. “Sour Note Seen for Sinatra.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 21, 1967. 1.
157 Theory that fight was staged: FBI File of Frank Sinatra. Part 4c. Page 1.
157 St. Jude’s benefit: “Chairman Named for ‘Nite of Stars’ Benefit.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 8, 1967. 30.
Chapter 12 Luck Be a Lady
158 Puzo’s background: Mario Puzo. Inside Las Vegas. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1976. 111.
158 “What non-gamblers....” Puzo 1976, 110.
158 “No money in my....” Puzo 1976, 25-7.
159 “I was forty-five...” Mario Puzo. The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions. New York: G. Putnam’s Sons, 1972. 34.
159 “I’m sorry....” Puzo 1972, 132.
159 “A few years ago....” Puzo 1972, 138.
159-60 Puzo and David Janssen at the Sands: Ed Walters. Oral History Interview. Las Vegas. Table Games Management Oral History Project. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2016. 36-7.
160 Carlo Gambino at the Sands: Walters, 12-3.
160-1 Cohen’s refusal to let Puzo leave: Walters 2019 interview; Puzo 1972, 38-9.
161 “I needed the cash....” Puzo 1972, 40.
161 “a dedicated gambler....”Earl Wilson. “It Happened Last Night.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 3, 1969. 11.
161 “But in my very worst....” Puzo 1976, 107-110.
161 “I hereby affirm....” Puzo 1976, 55.
161-2 “Sally Rags....” Puzo 1972, 141.
162 Hughes’ aviation plans: Omar Garrison. Howard Hughes in Las Vegas. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1970. 131.
163-4 The New Sands: Colin McKinlay. “Hughes to Build Giant Hotel Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 25, 1968. 1.
164 Johnson’s estimates: “Hughes’ Hotel Construction Would Employ 3,000 Men.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 26, 1968. 12.
164 Requests to Freeman: Murray Hertz. “New Hotel for HH Stirs World’s Interest.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 30, 1968. 7.
164 School construction potentially impacted: “Bond Issue Up For LV Decision.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 1, 1968. 1; Nedra Joyce. “Howard Hughes Projects Create Need for Schools.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 13, 1968. 11.
164-5 Hughes efforts to stop Boxcar: David G. Schwartz. “Howard Hughes’ Atomic Horror.” Vegas Seven. November 7, 1916.
165 International groundbreaking: “Ground Broken for Huge Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 11, 1968. 6.
165 Martin to the Riviera: Earl Wilson. “Dino to Become Riviera Prexy.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 16, 1968. 1; “Dean Martin.” Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Accessed at: http://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/dean-martin
166 Considine’s unease with the new Vegas: Bob Considine. “Corporation Types Hold Reins in Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 21, 1968. 36.
167 Asperio hired: “Aspero New Manager of Sands Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 11, 1969. 6.
167 Nigro leaves: “Gen. Nigro Named Top Del Webb Corp. Exec.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 21, 1970. 3.
168 Hughes leaves Las Vegas: Maheu and Hack, 235-8.
168 New Hughes structure: “Gamers Approve Top Hughes Executives.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. Nay 20, 1971. 1.
169 Sands rumors: John Hanna. “Purge Denied.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 13, 1971. 1.
169 Sinatra/Waterman fracas: Don Digilio. “Sinatra Caper Keeps Strip Humming.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 8, 1970. 1.
170 Entratter’s death: Hank Greenspun. “Sands Show Producer Jack Entratter Dies.” Las Vegas Sun. March 12, 1971. 1.
170 Variety obituary: “Jack Entratter, 57, Top LV Showman.” Variety. March 17, 1971. 67.
170 Entratter funeral plans: “Sands Exec, Entratter, Dies Thursday in Hospital.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 12, 1971. 1.
170-1 Cohen denies buying Sands: Nedra Joyce. “Sands Sale Denied.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 7, 1972. 4.
171 Durante’s party: Forrest Duke. “Sands: Jimmy Durante’s 55th Anni Party.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 2, 1972. 9.
171 Al Freeman’s death: “Sands Hotel Executive Dies.” Las Vegas Sun. August 29, 1972. 1.
171-2 “There is word....” Don Digilio. “Freeman Draws Another Crowd.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 2, 1972. 17.
172 Cohen’s remaining time at the Sands: Forrest Duke. “Jerry Van Dyke Directs Deedy & Bill Movie Here.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 11, 1971. 5.
172 Cohen leaves the Sands: “Cohen Resigns Sands Position.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 5, 1973. 12.
172 Cohen joins MGM: “MGM Grand Hotel’s No. 2 Officer Named.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 11, 1973. 3.
Chapter 13 Danke Schoen
180 Walker Kane’s background: “Walter Kane.” UPI Archives. May 28, 1983. Accessed at: https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/05/28/Obituaries/5533422942400/; Burt A. Folkart. “Walter Kane, 82, Longtime Talent Agent for Howard Hughes.” Los Angeles Times. May 28, 1983. A31.
180 Kane given Entratter’s suite: Paul Anka. My Way: An Autobiography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013. 164.
180 “My weekly entertainment nut...” Eliot Tiegel. “Las Vegas Retains Its MOR Legacy.” Billboard. December 26, 1974. 38-40.
181 Kane’s signings: Tiegel; “Signs Long Contract.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 19, 1973. 5.
181 Kane’s closeness with Wayne Newton: Folkart.
181 “Next year....” Tiegel.
181-2 Harry Goodheart’s background: Roger Wagner. No Work and All Play: Audacious Chronicles of a Casino Boss. Denver: Outskirts Press, 2011. 48. “Grand Jury Holds Night Skim Probe.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 9, 1966. 2; “Commission Okays Golden Hotel Sale.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 22.1969. 23; Dar Flanigan. “Hotel Tropicana Announces Several Recent Promotions.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 30, 1969. 56.
182 Goodheart’s player network: Wagner, 49.
182 Goodheart’s use of a computer: Roger Wagner. Personal Communication. April 17, 2020.
182 Summa leadership: Robert Lindsay. “Small Staff Runs Hughes’s Summa Corp.” New York Times. April 7, 1976. 61.
183 Ed Walters’ experiences returning to the Sands: Ed Walters. Oral History Interview. Las Vegas. Table Games Management Oral History Project. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2016. 23-5.
184 Co-sponsorship of U.S. National Senior Golf Open Championship: “Great Form.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 21, 1973, 33.
185 Hiring of Al Beselink: “New Host.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 14, 1976. 29.
185 Digilio praises Goodheart: Don Digilio. “Time to Shop for Christmas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 5, 1976. 17. Don Digilio. “Doing Some Early Shopping.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 5, 1977. 19.
185 Sands keno debut: Forrest Duke. “Erroll ‘Misty’ Garner in Hilton Debut.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 7, 1953. 7.
185 “Shabby elegance:” Wagner communication.
185 Mauna Kea event: Wagner, 121-2.
185-6 Adnan Khashoggi background: Michael Gillard. “Adnan Khashoggi Obituary.” The Guardian. June 7, 2017. Accessed at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/07/adnan-khashoggi-obituary
186 Khashoggi rumored to buy Sands: Don Digilio. “Leavitt Will File for Congress.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 9, 1974. 17. Roger Wagner. Personal Communication. April 17, 2020.
186 Khashoggi’s diverse holdings: Frank N. Hakins. “Arab Oil (and Cattle, Truck) Magnate a Jet-Setter.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 28, 1974. 25.
186 Khashoggi’s accommodations and largesse: Roger Wagner. Personal Communication. April 17, 2020.
186 Khashoggi’s global holdings: Stephen Kinzer. “Adnan Khashoggi, High-Living Saudi Arms Trader, Dies at 81.” New York Times. June 6, 2007. Accessed at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/06/world/middleeast/adnan-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arms-trader.html?_r=0
186-7 Khashoggi’s unusual requests: Wagner, 168-70.
187 Danner fights record request: “Grand Jury Demands Sands Records.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 25, 1976. 1.
187 Khashoggi at the Sands, 1979: Wagner, 170-1.
187-8 Al Guzman’s background: Barbara Guzman, collector. Oral History Interview with Al Guzman. Las Vegas: Ralph Roske Oral History Project on Early Las Vegas. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2018. 1.
188 “Pretty girls sell...” Ned Day, “The Selling of Las Vegas,” Las Vegan Magazine (August 1984). 79.
188 Guzman photo ops: “Great Form.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 21, 1973, 33; Forrest Duke. “Erroll ‘Misty’ Garner in Hilton Debut.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 7, 1953. 7: “Sands Renovation.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 8, 1978. 8C.
188-9 Guzman’s rain promotion: Ned Day, “The Selling of Las Vegas,” Las Vegan Magazine (August 1984). 79.
189 “They’ve lost the old touch....” Guzman, 5.
189-90 Summa land transfer: Jeanne M. Hall. “Sands Hotel Sold for $85 Million.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 29, 1980. 13.
190 Danner’s health issues: Wagner, 174.
190 Inns of the Americas background: Jeanne M. Hall. “Sands Hotel Sold for $85 Million.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 29, 1980. 13.
190 Inns existing casino operations: Jeanne M. Hall. “$50 Million Sands Refurbishing Told.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 21, 1980. 3C.
190 Lummis and Pratt comments on sale: Jeanne M. Hall. “Sands Hotel Sold for $85 Million.”
190-1 Promised renovation: Jeanne M. Hall. “$50 Million Sands Refurbishing Told.”
191 Neil Smyth background: “Cornelius ‘Neil’ Smyth.” Las Vegas Review-Journal Obituaries. Accessed at: https://obits.reviewjournal.com/obituaries/lvrj/obituary.aspx?n=cornelius-smyth-neil&pid=154543500&fhid=9487; “In Memoriam: Cornelius ‘Neil’ Smyth (1926-2011). Team USA Table Tennis. Accessed at: https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Table-Tennis/Features/2011/November/04/In-Memoriam-CORNELIUS-NEIL-SMYTH-1926-2011
191 Smyth as soft-spoken but knowledgeable: Burt Peretsky. Personal communication. March 19, 2020.
191 Pratts purchase Brighton, rename it: “N.J. Casino Seeks Glamorous Image.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 15, 1981. 20.
191 Goodheart remains with Summa: “Exec to Stay with Summa.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 6, 1981. 15.
191-2 Sands licensing hearing: Clyde Weiss. “Sands Sale Gets Tentative OK.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 23, 1981. 20.
192 Koffman brothers’ involvement: “N.J. Casino Seeks Glamorous Image.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 15, 1981. 20.
192 Sands as destination for good managers: Peretsky.
192-3 New additions to Sands: “‘Encore ‘82’” to Observe Big Reopening.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 15, 1982. 7F.
193 Burt Peretsky hired: Peretsky.
193 Tommy Walker’s background: Ted Thackery. “Tommy Walker, 63, Fireworks Magic Man, Dies.” Los Angeles Times. October 22, 1986.
193 Encore ’82: “‘Encore ‘82’” to Observe Big Reopening.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 15, 1982. 7F.
194-5 Details of Encore ’82: Peretsky.
Chapter 14 While the Feeling’s Good
196 Pratts’ bet on Latin America: Jeanne M. Hall. “$50 Million Sands Refurbishing Told.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 21, 1980. 3C.
196-7 Las Vegas troubles in 1980: Clyde Weiss. “Nevada Gaming Hits Rocky Road During Past Year.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 4, 1981. 2B.
197 Khashoggi’s big losses, departure: Burt Peretsky, Personal Communication; Roger Wagner. No Work and All Play: Audacious Chronicles of a Casino Boss. Denver: Outskirts Press, 2011. 168.
198 Copa eliminates dinner show: Tim Walter. “Sands Hotel in Las Vegas Axes Dinner Shows; Seating Boosted.” Billboard. February 14, 1981. 30.
198-9 Copa closing: Pete Mikla. “Copa Room Closing Ends Era at Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 26, 1981. 4D.
199 New Copa: Walter.
199-200 Other showroom policies: “Ira David Sternberg. Vegas Hilton Into Productions; Move Prompted by Economics.” Billboard. February 27, 1982. 32.
200 “Top Secret” announced: “Sands, Sahara Plan Revues for Showrooms.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 11, 1981. 50.
200 “Top Secret” review: Norm Clarke. Vegas Confidential: Sin City’s Ace Insider 1,000 Naked Truths. Las Vegas: Stephens Press, 2004. 175.
200 Sahara’s revue: “Sands, Sahara Plan Revues for Showrooms.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 11, 1981. 50.
200 Return to headliners: “Sands Will Return to Big Names.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 2, 1982. 17.
200 “I guess I’m one....” “Sands Will Return to Big Names.”
200 “Even Caesars....: Bill O’Hallaren. “The Graying of Las Vegas Glitter.” Los Angeles Times. January 3, 1982. G2.
200-1 “Recent events....” “Las Vegas Visitor Gray Around Temples.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 3, 1982. 10B.
201 “Except for those....” “Thomas Hopes to Spark Sands Revival.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 5, 1982. 5D.
201 Revival of Copa Girls: “Vegas Sands Is Shifting Back to Names; Danny Thomas First.” Variety. March 10, 1982. 189.
201 Peretsky’s interactions with Thomas: Peretsky.
201 Thomas’s show: Charles Supin. “Pacing Perfect in Thomas Debut.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 21, 1982. 10D.
201 Copa line-up: “Sands Signs More Stars.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 12, 1982. 11D.
202 $20 million in Mexican markers: Peretsky.
202 Nevada Gaming Commission approves Sands’ Puerto Rico holdings: Clyde Weiss. “Inns of Americas Scores ‘First’ in Gaming Licensing.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 11, 1982. 21.
202 Inns name change: “Inns of the Americas Expands with New Name.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 27, 1982. 27.
202 “Spent the night....” Ronald Reagan. Presidential Diary. October 28, 1982. Accessed at: https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/white-house-diaries/diary-entry-10281982/
202 Lead-lined room: Larry Werner. “The President Comes to Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal.
202-3 Disappearance of “RR” china: Wagner.
203 February 1984 return: Carol Cling. “Reagan Arrives in Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 7, 1984. 1.
203 All guests getting cake: Larry Werner. “The President Comes to Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 8, 1984. 11.
203 Nancy Reagan at the Sands: “First Lady Arrives.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 20, 1984. 4.
203 Payments to Summa stop: Jeanne M. Hall. “Summa to Resume Control of the Troubled Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 6, 1983. 1.
203 “Mexico looks askance:” “Summa Oks Sands’ Financial Relief; Mex. Markers Hurt.” Variety. October 20, 1982. 326.
204 Summa financial relief: Wagner; “Summa Oks Sands’ Financial Relief; Mex. Markers Hurt.”
204 September 1982 layoffs: Peretsky; “Summa Retakes Helm of Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 6, 1983. 16.
204 Angus’s remarks and rebuttal: Mike Henle. “Nevada Rally on Again, Scheduled Dec. 18-19.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 10, 1982. 101.
204 Summa stops cashing Sands checks: “Sands Payroll Checks Shunned by Summa.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 15, 1983. 4.
204-5 “As former members...” Clyde Weiss. “Check Cashing Dispute Disappoints Sands Hotel Boss.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 85, 1983. 11.
205 “Certainly, we don’t intend...” Clyde Weiss. “Check Cashing Dispute Disappoints Sands Hotel Boss.”
205 Summa resumes ownership: Jeanne M. Hall. “Summa to Resume Control of the Troubled Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 6, 1983. 1; Wagner.
205 Bryan’s behind the scenes influence: Ned Day. “The Sands Hotel Came Close to Closing Its Doors.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 10, 1983. 27.
206 Details of changeover: “Sands Action Approved.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 22, 1983. 20.
206 Smyth leaves Sands: “Ex-Sands Exec Joins Caesars.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 24, 1983. 2B.
206 Griffith takes over: “Sands Takeover Delayed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 13, 1983. 3.
206 Griffith’s team: Carlos Harrison. “Shake-up Reported at Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 29, 1984. 1.
206 Bargain hunting on the Strip: Al Strachan. “Vegas Lures with Bargain Bonanza.” The Globe and Mail. August 6, 1983. T1.
206 Garden buffet prices: Sands Advertisement. Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 30, 1984. 60.
207 Goulet returns: : Bill Willard. “Goulet, Trademark Return to the Copa.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 1, 1984. 55.
207 Griffith team departs: Carlos Harrison. “Shake-up Reported at Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 29, 1984. 1.
207 Cruzen’s team: “On the Move.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 2, 1984. 122.
207 Sands retrofit efforts: Carol Cling. “Sands Completes Retrofit Work.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 25, 1985. 14.
207 Sands arson: “Thomas Littleowl Pleaded Innocent Monday.” UPI. April 28, 1986. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/28/Thomas-Littleowl-pleaded-innocent-Monday-to-setting-a-rash/6997515044800/
207 Littleowl’s sentence: “Deadly Casino Fires Helped Rewrite Safety Standards.” Las Vegas Sun. January 25, 2008. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/jan/25/las-vegas-fire-history/
207 Licensing agreement: “Logo Licensed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 24, 1984. 15.
207-8 Bowl Game contest: “1st Annual Sands Sports Book Bowl Game Contest.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 13, 1985. 43.
208 “Outrageous” and competitors: Merry Lynn Starling. “Spotlight on Las Vegas.” The Rotarian. May 1986. 28.
208 1986 optimism: “Growth Eyed for Gaming in Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 4, 1987. 17.
208 Kerkorian re-enters Nevada gaming: Warren Bates. “Kerkorian Quietly Takes Reins of Desert Inn and Sands Hotels.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 1, 1988. 9.
208 Nangaku wins Dunes bidding: Robert Macy. “Japanese Businessman Wins Bidding Battle.” AP. August 4, 1987. https://apnews.com/7747bd70b087753a4bf9f4df21de3097
208 Summa looking to exit gaming: Jon Ralston. “Kerkorian Has Eye on Sands, Desert Inn.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 8, 1987. 13.
208-9 Kerkorian buys Sands: Sergi Lalli. “Kerkorian Buys Sands and Desert Inn Hotels.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 10, 1987. 1.
209 Hannifin brought on board: “Vice President Named for DI, Sands Hotels.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 23, 1987. 23.
209 35th anniversary: Mike Weatherford. “Fireworks to Mark Sands’ 35th Anniversary.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 13, 1987. 29.
209 Kerkorian approved: “Gamers Approve Kerkorian License.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 22, 1988. 12.
209 Kerkorian assumes control: Sergio Lalli. “Vegas Enters Gaming Supermarket Era.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 17, 1988. 1; Warren Bates. “Kerkorian Quietly Takes Reins of Desert Inn and Sands Hotels.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 1, 1988. 9.
209 Lion added to logo: “MGM Lion Reigns Over Old Sands Hotel Logo.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 12, 1988. 27.
209 Rumors of sale: Don Usherson. “Some Interesting Grist Coming Out of Rumor Mill.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 2, 1988. 18.
209 Interface buys: “Sands Sold to COMDEX Organizers.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 25, 1988. 1.
Chapter 15 The Way You Look Tonight
210 Comdex history: Jim Bartimo. “Q&A: Sheldon G. Adelson.” InfoWorld. September 17, 1984. 51.
210 Comdex in 1988: “Howard Stutz. “Interface Has Strong History with Las Vegas.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 8, 1989. 19.
210-1 Plans for expansion: Howard Stutz. “COMDEX Organizer Has Big Plans for Rejuvenating Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 16, 1988. 22.
211 Henri Lewin’s hiring and background: Howard Stutz. “Flamboyant Hotelier Plans to Take Over Reins of Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 8, 1989. 17.
211 Lewin’s departure from Hilton: Fen Montaigne. “Hilton Nears Deal to Sell Casino Hotel.” Philadelphia Inquirer. April 19, 1985. A1.
211 Lewin’s comments: Howard Stutz. “Flamboyant Hotelier Plans to Take Over Reins of Sands.”
211-2 Lewin’s licensing difficulties: Howard Stutz. “Licensing of Sands Owners Put on Hold.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 12, 1989. 17; Ed Vogel. “Gamers Mull Sale of Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 9, 1989. 1.
212 “I am still willing...” Howard Stutz. “Lewin Vows Fight for License After Control Board Rejection.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 10, 1989. 1.
212 Board recommendations: “Gamers to Decide on Lewin License Appeal.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 23, 1989. 51.
212 Commission license approvals: Howard Stutz. “Lewin Granted Limited License to Run Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 24, 1989. 1.
212 Lewin’s Sands plans: Howard Stutz. “Lewin Sings Praises of Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 4, 1989. 1B.
213 Berkley returns: Shelley Berkley. Oral History Interview. May 12, 2020.
213 Skepticism about conventions: Howard Stutz. “Sands Owner Showing Interest in New Convention Center Project.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 22, 1989. 11.
214 Lewin’s high profile: Howard Stutz. “Lewin Vows No Strike at Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 17, 1989. 20; Don Usherson. “Bally’s Signs Connie Francis, Latoya Jackson.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 23, 1989. 2C; Elliot Krane. “Culinary Experts to Gather at Caesars for Five-Day Competition.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 21, 1989. 2E.
214 Lewin placates Usherson: Don Usherson. “Has Local Union Sacrificed Five of Its Own?” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 23, 1989. 53; Don Usherson. “Krofft Puppets ‘Comedy Kings’ Coming to Sands’ Copa.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 26, 1989. 14E; Don Usherson. “Neil Diamond Rejects Aladdin’s Big Bucks Offer.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 6, 1989. 51.
214 Lewin at the center of news: Display Ad. Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 6, 1989. 22; Elliot Krane. “Former Caesars Palace Culinary Executive Opens Gourmet Restaurant.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 18, 1989. 8E.
214 Tweaks to casino marketing: Elliot Krane. “Fine Cuisine, Wines to Be Sampled at Annual Culinary Capers.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 15, 1989. 7D. Display Ad. Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 29, 1989. 54.
215 Lewin’s dismissal: Howard Stutz. “Lewin Fired as President of Sands Hotel.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 31, 1990. 1.
215 Champagne brunch: “Sands Hotel Entices Locals with a New Weekend Champagne Brunch.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 20, 1990. 12E.
215 Benedict’s short tenure: Howard Stutz. “Sands Changes Confirmed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 25, 1990. 40.
215 Benedict stays on: Phil Hevener. “Fan or Foe Has to Agree Dice Is Big Money for Operations.” Las Vegas Sun. April 26, 1990. 53.
215 Adelson takes more active role: Howard Stutz. “Adelson to Take Active Role in Sands’ Management.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 28, 1990. 35.
215 Norton’s background, thoughts on arrival: Steve Norton. Oral History Interview. May 15, 2020.
215-6 Greater trade show bookings: Howard Stutz. “Sands Changes Confirmed.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 25, 1990. 40.
216 Adelson’s use of charts and graphs: Berkley.
216 Trade show increases: Howard Stutz. “Adelson to Take Active Role in Sands’ Management.”
216 Sands threat to status quo: Penny Levin. “Unconventional Warfare: Sands Expo to Compete for Convention Mega-Dollars.” Las Vegas Sun. August 19, 1990. 8C.
216 “What we’re going to do...” Phil Hevener. “Catering to a New Angle for the Sands.” Las Vegas Sun. September 23, 1990. 55.
217 Opening of Expo Center: Stacey Welling. “Sands Opens Huge Convention Center.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 10, 1990. 19.
217 Norton’s efforts to fill rooms: Norton.
218 Norton departs: Norton.
218 Bryan hired: “Sands Names President.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 14, 1992. 41
218 Bryan leaves: Dave Palermo. “Sands New Chief Quits.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 2, 1992. 49.
218 Rumors of Sands sale: Phil Hevener. “Changes May Be in the Sands.” Las Vegas Sun. June 7, 1992. 49.
218 Rumors of Expo Center sale: Jeff Burbank. “Sands Expo in Buyout Plan.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 14, 1992. 1.
218 “The financing market...” Jeff Burbank. “Adelson’s Plans Less Ambitious.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 16, 1992. 1F.
218 $15 million retheming: Jeff Burbank. “Adelson’s Plans Less Ambitious.”
219 Increases in convention revenues: Marcia Pledger. “Officials Disagree Whether to Buy or Build.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 3, 1993. 1.
219 “We are inclined...” “An Unconventional Idea.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 6, 1993. 22.
219 Expo expansion plans: “Sands Expo Will Be Expanded.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. March 1, 1994. 7D.
219 “I don’t think...” Marcia Pledger. “Convention Business Booming.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 18, 1994. 16E.
219 Comdex sale: Jeffrey Krasner. “Comdex Show Sold for $800 million.” Boston Herald. February 14, 1995. 27.
220 Melinda replaces Comedy Kings: Michael Paskevich. “Nothing Lasts Forever in Las Vegas; It Just Seems Like It.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 8, 1990. 1K.
220 Decrease of headliners across Las Vegas: Show listings. Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 4, 1990. 4E.
220 Potential growth plans: What’s On. February 1-14, 1994. 29; John G. Edwards. “Sands Co-Owner to Buy Out Partners after Sale of Computer Trade Shows.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 14, 1995. 2.
220-1 Weidner team hired, plans for future: “Sands Execs Shift Westward to Build Las Vegas.” Newark Star-Ledger. November 22, 1995.
221 Resort building in 1995: Elliot S. Krane. “Construction Boom Continued in Vegas Area in ’95.” Press of Atlantic City. January 7, 1996. F2.
221 Rumors of Sands closure: Jeff German. “Drawing a Line at the Sands.” Las Vegas Sun. April 13, 1996.
221 Berkley announces closure: Berkley; “Sands to Shut; New Resort Coming.” Las Vegas Sun. May 16, 1996.
221-2 “We’ve been expecting...” Dave Palermo. ‘Time Runs Out for Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 17, 1996. 1.
222 Scope of new resort: “Sands to Shut; New Resort Coming.” Las Vegas Sun. May 16, 1996.
222 Reflections on closing: Robert Macy. “Famed Casino Runs out of Luck.” Akron Beacon-Journal. June 27, 1996. E1.
222 Venice theme: Gary Thompson. “An Era Ends with Sands Closing.” Las Vegas Sun. June 28, 1996.
222 Stupak has last roll: John Katsilometes. “Tyson Revisits Lewis in New Podcast.” Las Vegas Sun. January 19, 2016.
222 Details of last night: Glenn Puitt. “Sands Deals Final Hand.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 1, 1996. 1.
223 Painting located for couple: Berkley.
223 Auction: Marian Green. “Memories of the Sands.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 24, 1996. 1B.
223 Con Air filming: Karen Zekan. “Don’t Panic—Smoking Plane Part of Movie.” Las Vegas Sun. September 10, 1996.
224 Sands in Con Air: Con Air, directed by Simon West. 1997; Burbank, California: Touchstone Pictures.
224 Pond added for filming: Carol Cling. “Con Air.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 10, 1996. 1J.
224 Demolition set: “Last Week in November to Witness Sands’ Doom.” Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 15, 1996. 37.
224 Demolition details: Cathy Scott. “Venetian-Style Hotel Set for Sands Site.” Las Vegas Sun. November 26, 1996.
224 “It’s sad to see...” “Las Vegas Landmark Reduced to Pile of Rubble.” Las Vegas Sun. November 26, 1996.
Epilogue That’s Life
225 Venetian opening: Robert Macy. “Sophia Loren a Hit as New $1.5 billion Venice.” Las Vegas Sun. May 3, 1999.
225 Overtime work: Tara Weingarten. “Venice, Vegas, Vici?” A Tycoon Challenges Steve.” Newsweek. May 3, 1999. 56.
225 First convention: Gary Thompson. “Adelson Courts Controversy in Bid to Outstrip.” Las Vegas Sun. May 4, 1999.