INDEX

Abarkāwān

Abbasids

Abd al-Azīz b. Marwān

Abd al-Azīz b. Mūsā b. Nusayr

Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

Abd al-Rahmān al-Ghāfiqī

Abd al-Rahmān b. al-Ash^cath

Abd al-Rahmān b. Muslim al-Bāhilī

Abd Allāh b. Āmir

Abd Allāh b. Mūsā b. Nusayr

Abd Allāh b. Khāzim al-Sulamī

Abd Allāh b. Mubārak

Abd Allah b. Sa^cd b. Abī Sarh

Abgar, King of Edessa

Abraham

Abū Bakr, Caliph

Abū’l-Hayyāj

Abū’l-Muhājir, mawla Maslama

Abū Mūsā al-Ash^carī

Abū Muslim

Abū Sufyān b. Harb

Abū Ubayd al-Thaqafi

Abū Ubayda b. al-Jarrāh

Acre

Afāriqa, the

Afghanistan

African Red Slip

Aghmāt

Ahriman

Ahvāz

Ai Khanum

Ain Tamr

Ajnādayn, battle of

Akk tribe

Al-Rūr

Alā b. al-Hadramī

Aleppo

Alexander the Great

Alexandria

Algeciras

Algeria

Alī, Caliph

Alī b. Hāmid al-Kūfī

Alor

Alqama

Amida (Diyarbakr)

Āmir b. al-Tufayl

Amr b. al-Ās

Amr b. al-Hurayth al-Qurashī

Anahita, goddess

Anastasius, St

Anatolia

anwatan

Anbār

Anbasa b. Sulaym al-Kalbī

Andronicus

ansār, the

Antony, St

Antioch

Apamea

Aphrodito

Aquitaine

Arabian peninsula

Aramaeans

Aramaic

Achaemenids

archery

Arculf

Ardashīr I, Shāh

Ardashīr III, Shāh

Arfaja b. Harthama al-Bāriqī

Armenia

Armenians

armour

Arnold, Matthew

Arrajān

Artemios, Emperor

Asad b. Abd Allāh al-Qasrī

Asāwira, the

Astorga

Aswan

Atā b. Rāfi

Atlas mountains

Aurelian, Emperor

Aurès mountains

Avars

Avignon

Ayyāsh al-Ghanawī

Azd tribe

Azerbaijan

 

Bāb al-Abwāb

Babylon, Egypt

Babylon, Iraq

Ba^calbak

Bactria

Badakhshān

Badhghīs

Badr, battle of

Bāghāya

Baghdad

Bāhila tribe

Bahira, monk

Bahnasā

Bahrām Chūbin

Bahrām Gūr, Sasanian Shāh

Bahrayn

Bakr b. Wā’il tribe

Balādhurī

Balkh

Balqā

Bam

Bamiyan

Banbhore

Bandi Qaysar

Barcelona

Barqa

Basra

Bāzagharī

Bede, the Venerable

Beirut

Benjamin, patriarch of Alexandria

Berbers

Bet She’an

Bilbays

Biqa valley

Bishapur

Bisitun

Bistām

Bitlis

Black Death

booty

Bordeaux

Bostra

Brahmanābādh

Brahmins

Bridge, battle of the

bubonic plague

Buddhism

Bukayr b. Abd Allāh al-Laythī

Bukhara

Bumin

Būrān

Burgundy

Burs

Burullus

Bust

Butler, Alfred

Byzacena

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine forces

Byzantine naval forces

 

Caesarea

Caetani, Leone

Cairo

Carcassonne

Carmona

Carthage

Caspian Sea

Catalonia

Caucasus

Ceuta

Chāch, king of Sind

Chchnmah

Chalcedon, Council of

Chalcedonian Church

Chalkis

Charjui

Charles Martel

China

Chosroes I, Shāh

Chosroes II, Shāh

Christianity

Chronicle of 754

Chronicle of Alfonso III

Cilicia

coins

Constans II, Empero

Constantine IV, Emperor

Constantinople

Continuator of Fredegar

Cook, Michael

Copts

Cordova

corsairs

Covadonga, battle of

Crassus

Creasy, Edward

Crete

Crone, Patricia

Ctesiphon

Cyprus

Cyrenaica

Cyrrhus

Cyrus, Patriarch of Alexandria

Dabūsiya

Dāhir, king of Sind

Damascus

Daniel, prophet

Damietta

Darābjird

Dar^ca

Dashti-Lut, the

Dastgard (Daskara)

Dāthin, battle of

Daybul

Daylamites

Derbent

Dihistān

Diophysite Church

Dīswashtīch

Domentianus

dromon, the

Dūmat al-Jandal

Dunhuang

Dushanbe

 

Ecija

Edessa

Elburz mountains

Empty Quarter, the

Ethiopians

Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine

Euphrates river

 

Fannazbūr

Faramā

Farghāna

Farrukhzād

Fars

Fayruzān

Fayyum, the

Fentress, James

Fezzan, the

Firdawsi

fire-temples see Zoroastrian

France, invasion of

Fraxinetum (Fréjus)

Fredegar

Fustāt

 

Gābis

Garigliano river

Garonne

Gaza

Genghis Khan

Gerasa, see Jerash

Ghadāmis

Ghassānids

Ghūrak

Gibbon, Edward

Gijon

Girona

Gobi Desert

Goeje, M. J. de

Golan Heights

Greek fire

Gregory, Exarch of Africa

Gregory of Tours

Guadalajara

Guadalete river

Gūrgān

gypsies

 

Hajjāj b. Yūsuf al-Thaqafī

Hakam b. Abī’l-Ās al-Thaqafī

Hamadhan

Hamra, the

Hanīfa tribe

Harīsh b. Hilāl al-Quray^cī

Hārith b. Surayj

Hārūn al-Rashīd, Abbasid caliph

Hassān b. al-Nu^cmān al-Ghassānī

Hawāra

Hayyān al-Nabatī

Hazarasp

Heliopolis, battle of

Helmand river

helmets

Heraclius, Emperor

Herat

Herbadh

Herod the Great

Hijaz, the

hijra, the

hilm

Himyar

Hindus

Hippo

Hīra

Hishām, Umayyad caliph

History of Bukhara

Homs

Hudaybiya

Hulwān

Hungry Steppe, the

Hurayth b. Qutba

Hurmuzān

 

Ibn Abd al-Hakam

Ibn Abī Sarh see Abd Allah b. Sa^cd b. Abī Sarh

Ibn al-Athīr

Ibn Hawqal

Ibn Idhārī

Ibn Rashīq

Ibn Tūlūn

Ifrīqīya

Imru’l-Qays b. Amr

India

Indian Ocean

Indus river

Isfahan

Isfandiyādh

Ishtemi

Ishtīkhān

Israel

Istakhr

Iyād b. Ghanam al-Fihrī

 

Jabal Akhdar mountains

Jabala b. Ayham al-Ghassānī

Jābiya

Jacob Baradaeus

jhiliya (time of ignorance)

Jalūlā, battle of

Jannāba

Jarīr b. Abd Allāh al-Bajalī

Jats

Jayy

Jaxartes

Jazira, conquest of the

Jerash

Jerusalem

Jews

jihād

John bar Penkāye

John of Damascus, St

John of Nikiu

Julfar

Julian, governor of Ceuta

Junayd b. Abd al-Rahmān al-Murrī

Junday-shapur

Jūr

Jurjah

Justinian, Emperor

 

Kabul

Ka^cb b. Abhar

Kāhina

Kamarja, siege of

Kandahār

Kara Kum, the

Karkuya

Karun river

Karyūn

Kashgar

Kāth

Kavād II, Shāh

Kazakhstan

Kāzirūn

Khābūr river

Khālid b. al-Walid

Khandaq (Trench), battle of the

Khāristān, battle of

Khātūn, queen of Bukhara

Khawlān, tribe

Khazars

Khurasan

Khurrazādh

Khusraw the miller

Khusraw, Shāh see Chosroes

Khusrawshunūm

Khuttal

Khuzistān

Khuzistān Chronicle

Khwārazm

King’s Spring, the

Kirman

Kish

Kizil Kum

Koran, the

Kos

Kubadhiyān

Kūfa

Kūm Sharīk

Kurds

Kūrsūl

Kusayla

 

Laguatan, the

Lakhmids

Latakia

Lebanon

Leo III, Emperor

Leon

Leptis Magna

Lerida

Lyon

 

Ma^clūlā

Madā’in see Ctesiphon

Madā’inī

Maghreb see North Africa

Mahuy

Makrān

Malatya

Manbij

Mansūr, Abbasid caliph

Manuel

Mar Gabriel

Marib dam

Maslama b. Abd al-Malik

Masts, battle of the

Maurice, Emperor

mawli

Maximus Confessor

Mecca

Media

Medina

Medina Sidonia

Mediterranean Sea

Menas

Merida, siege of

Merv

Mervrūd

Methodius of Olympus, Bishop

Mīds

Mihrān

Mims

Misr, Treaty of

Monastir

Mongols

Monophysites

Monothelitism

Morocco

mosques

Mosul

Moussais la Bataille

Mu^cāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, Umayyad caliph

Mudar

Mughīra b. Shu^cba al-Thaqafī

Mughīth

muhājirūn

Muhallab b. Abī Sufra

Muhammad, the Prophet

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad b. Qāsim al-Thaqafī

Multān

Munnuza

Muqaddasī

Murcia

Mūsā b. Abd Allāh b. Khāzim

Mūsā b. Nusayr

Musayyab b. Bishr al-Riyāhī

Muslim Empire

Mu’ta, battle of

Mutawwakil

Muthannā b. Hāritha

 

Naffīs

Nā’il

Nakhla

Narayāna

Narbonne

Narshakhī

Nasaf

Nasr b. Sayyār al-Kinānī

naval warfare

Nayzak

Negev

Nemara

Nessana

Nestorians

Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople

Nicea, Council of

Nihāvand

Nikiu

Nile Delta

Nile river

Nile valley

Nimes

Nineveh, battle of

Nīrūn

Nisibis

Nistarot

North Africa

Noth, Albrecht

Nubians

Nu^cmān b. Muqarrin

Nusayr

 

Ohrmazd

Oman

On

Oppa, bishop

Oviedo

Oxus river

Pachomius, St

Palestine

Palmyra

Pantelleria

Paykand

Pelayo

Pella

Pelusium

Penjikent

People of the Book

Persepolis

Persian Gulf

Persians see Sasanian Persians

Petra

Phocas, Emperor

Picos de Europa mountains

Poitiers, battle of

Portugal

pseudo-Methodius

Ptolemies, the

Punjab, the

Pyrenees, the

 

Qādisiya, battle of

Qarqīsīya

Qartmin

Qasr al-Bāhilī, siege of

Qasri Shīrīn

Qayrawān

Qinnasrin see Chalkis

Qubā, siege of

Qumm

Quraysh tribe

Qurra b. Sharīk

Qutayba b. Muslim

Quthm b. Abbās

 

Rabī^ca tribe

Rāfi b. Umayr al-Tā’ī

Raqqa

Rashahr, battle of

Ravenna

Rayy

Rhodes

Rhône valley

Rib^ci b. Āmir al-Tamīmī

ridda wars

Rodrigo, Visigoth king

Roman Empire

Rosetta

Rusāfa

Rustam, Persian general

Rustam, legendary hero

Ruzbān

Rūzbih b. Buzurgmihr

 

Sabra

Sa^cd b. Abī Waqqās

Sa^cid al-Harashī

Sa^cid Khudhayna

Sa^cid b. Batrīq

Saghāniyān

Sahara, the

Sajāh

Sajūma

Sakas

Sālih b. Muslim al-Bāhilī

Saljuk Turks

Salm b. Ziyād

Samarqand

Samh b. Mālik al-Khawlāni

Sanutius

Sarat, the

Sardinia

Sasanian forces

Sasanian Persians

Sasanian wars

Sawād

Sawīrus b. al-Muqaffa

Sawra b. al-Hurr al-Tamīmī

Sayf b. Umar

Sbeitla

Scythopolis

Sebeos

Segermes

Seleucia

Seleucus Nicator

Seville

Shāhi Zinda, th

Shahnāmah

Shahrak

Shahrbarāz

Shāhriyār

Shapur I, Shāh

Shapur II, Shāh

Sharīk b. Shuway

Shāsh

Shaybān tribe

Shayzar

shields see weaponry

shipbuilding

Shiraz

Shīrzād

Shiz

Shūmān

Sicily

Sidi Okba; see also Uqba b. Nāfi

Sidon

siege engines

siege warfare

Silk Road, the

Sind

Sindered, Archbishop of Toledo

Sinkiang

Sirjān

Sistan

Sīwīstān

Siyāvush

slaves

Soghdia

Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem

Stephen, St

Straits of Gibraltar

Strategikon

Su-Lu

Subeita

Sufyān, Arab naval commander

Sulaym tribe

Sulaymān b. Abd Malik, Umayyad caliph

sulhan

Sūs al-Aqsā

Susa

Suwayd b. Muqarrin

Syracuse

Tāb river

Tabarī

Tabaristān

Tabensi

Tabūk

Tahert

Tā’if

Tajikistan

Tajiks

Talas, battle of

Tāliqān

Tamīm tribe

Tangier

Tāqi Bustān

Taraz see Talas

Tāriq b. Ziyād

Tarkhūn

Tarsus

Tashtakaracha Pass, battle of the

Tawwaj

taxation

Thābit b. Qutba

Thaqafīs

Thaqīf

Theodemir

Theodora Empress

Theodore

Theodore Trithurios

Theodosius Grammaticus

Theophanes

Theophilus

Thessalonica, siege of

Tiberias

Tigris river

Tikrit

Timgad

Tinnis

Tirmidh

Tlemcen

Tobna, battle of

Tokra

Toledo

Toulouse

Tours

Trajan, Emperor

Transjordan

transliteration

Transoxania

tribute

Tripoli

Tripolitania

Tu Huan

Tubna

Tughshāda

Tukhāristān

T’ung Yabghu

Tunis

Tunisia

Türgesh

Türgesh Kaghan

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Turks

Tus

Tustar

Tyre

Ubāda

Ubayd Allāh b. Abī Bakra

Ubulla

Uhud, battle of

Umar I b. al-Khattāb, Caliph

Umar II b. Abd al-Azīz, Umayyad caliph

Umar Khayyām

Umayya b. Abd Allāh b. Khālid b. Usayd

Umm Dunayn, battle of

Umm Jamīl

umma, the

Umayyad Caliphate

Uqba b. Nāfi

Ushtum

Utba b. Ghazwān al-Māzinī

Uthmān b. Abī’l-Ās al-Thaqafī

Uthmān b. Affān, Caliph

Uzbekistan

Uzbeks

 

Valerian, Emperor

Vandals, the

Visigoths

Volubilis

 

Wadi’l-Ruqqād

Wadi Araba

Wadi Dra

Wadi’-l^cAllān

Wadi Maskiyāna, battle of

Wadi Natrun

Wāj al-Rūdh

Wakī al-Tamīmī

Walīd I, Umayyad caliph

Walīd II, Umayyad caliph

Walīla see Volubilis

Wardān-Khudā

warships

weaponry ; bows ;

crossbows ; naval ; shields ,

; spears; swords

Wickham, Chris

Willibald, St

Witiza

 

Yahūdiya

Yamāma

Yāqūt al-Hamawī

Yarmūk, battle of

Yassi Adi wreck

Yazdānfar

Yazdgard III, Shāh

Yazīd I, Umayyad caliph

Yazīd II, Umayyad caliph

Yazīd III, Umayyad caliph

Yazīd (Mūsā supporter)

Yazīd b. Abū Sufyān

Yazīd b. al-Muhallab

Yemen

 

Zacharia

Zaghwān

Zagros mountains

Zanāta tribes

Zarafshan river

Zarafshan valley

Zaragoza

Zaranj

Zarq

Zenobia, Queen

Zeugitania

Zinābi

Zionists

Ziyād b. Abī Sufyān

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrian fire-temples

Zubayr

Zubayr b. al-Awwām

Zuhayr b. Dhu’ayb al-Adawī

Zuhayr b. Qays

Zunbīl

Zutt

Zuwayla