NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1 John Rock, quoted in Lara Marks, Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 13.

2 Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 39-40.

3 Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), pp. 203, 227-228, 233- 236. There is no data available on the number of unmarried women who took the pill in its first decade on the market. See Chapter 4 in this book.

4 Throughout the book, respondents to the Internet survey are identified by first name and last initial. In the endnotes I have included any information about the respondents that they provided, such as age, religion, occupation, marital status, sexual orientation, and racial or ethnic background.

5 For this revelation I am indebted to Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner, whose outstanding biography of John Rock contains the story. See Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner, The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), pp. 215-221. The detailed account of the FDA approval process is in Suzanne White Junod and Lara Marks, “Women’s Trials: The Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive Pill in the United States and Great Britain,” Journal of the History of Medicine, vol. 57 (April 2002), pp. 117-160. I have drawn on these works to recount the story at the end of Chapter 1 in this book.

CHAPTER 1

1 “(Since I’ve Got) The Pill,” writers Don McHan, Loretta Lynn, T. D. Bayless, © Copyright 1973, Renewed 2001. Guaranty Music/ BMI/Coal Miners Music, Inc./BMI (admin. By EverGreen Copyrights). All rights reserved. Used by permission.

2 For an excellent history of abortion before 1973, see Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). See also James Reed, The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).

3 Elaine Tyler May, Barren in the Promised Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness (New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 46-54.

4 Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002 edition). Quote on page 34. For an outstanding discussion of this history, see John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 1997), especially Parts II and III.

5 Gordon, Moral Property, p. 138.

6 Quoted in Gordon, Moral Property, p. 150; see also p. 157.

7 See Gordon, Moral Property, Chapter 8.

8 Lara V. Marks, Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 51-52.

9 Gordon, Moral Property, p. 157.

10 No byline, “Disorder in Court as Sanger Is Fined,” New York Times, September 11, 1915, unpaginated pdf file, New York Times online, accessed 8/11/08.

11 Quoted in Gordon, Moral Property, p. 221.

12 See Gordon, Moral Property, Chapter 11.

13 Quoted in Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 207; and Bernard Asbell, The Pill: A Biography of the Drug that Changed the World (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 9.

14 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 204-205.

15 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, pp. 53-54.

16 Quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 214; and Asbell, The Pill, p. 234.

17 Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 25-26.

18 Sheldon J. Segal, Under the Banyan Tree (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 71.

19 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 209-214.

20 There are several excellent accounts of the development of the pill. These include Marks, Sexual Chemistry; Tone, Devices and Desires; Asbell, The Pill, Book 1; Watkins, On the Pill, Chapter 1; and the PBS documentary The Pill, produced for the American Experience, along with its Web site www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/filmmore/index.html.

21 Sanger and Pincus quoted in Marks, Sexual Chemistry, p. 37.

22 Carl Djerassi, This Man’s Pill (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

23 The author remembers her father, Edward T. Tyler, M.D., giving this explanation many times when asked about his research on both infertility and contraception.

24 Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner, The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), Chapter 1.

25 Quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 217. For an in-depth account of John Rock’s life, work, research, and Catholicism, see Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor; Loretta McLaughlin, The Pill, John Rock, and the Church: The Biography of a Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1982); and John Rock, The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor’s Proposals to End the Battle Over Birth Control (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963).

26 See Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor.

27 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 216-219, quote is on p. 219.

28 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 219-220.

29 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, Chapter 4. The discussion of the clinical trials here is largely drawn from Marks’s study.

30 Quoted in Marks, Sexual Chemistry, p. 98.

31 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 220-221. See also Chapter 9 for an excellent discussion of the development of the pill.

32 Quotes are from Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 223-224.

33 Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 223-224.

34 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, p. 114.

35 Suzanne White Junod and Lara Marks, “Women’s Trials: The Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive Pill in the United States and Great Britain,” Journal of the History of Medicine, vol. 57 (April 2002), pp. 117-160.

36 Quoted in Junod and Marks, “Women’s Trials,” p. 130, footnote 33.

37 Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 231; for a detailed study of the approval process of the pill, and Edward Tyler’s role in it, see Junod and Marks, “Women’s Trials,” especially pp. 131-133; see also Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, pp. 219-221.

CHAPTER 2

1 Hugh Moore, quoted in Lara V. Marks, Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 28.

2 The author attended this conference and remembers it vividly. After the presentation, during informal conversations, many of the Indian physicians predicted that the pill would not work in India. It turned out that they were correct.

3 See Marks, Sexual Chemistry, especially Chapter 1. Some researchers were dubious about claims that the pill would prove to be a panacea for overpopulation, including John Rock, who believed that the pill would be of little value in places like India, especially in rural areas where women had no access to education, no rights, and no privacy. See Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner, The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), pp. 200-201.

4 Quoted in Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002 edition), p. 147.

5 See Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), for a powerful critique of the population control movement. He notes the distinction between the two terms on p. 16.

6 James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 (New York: Basic Books, 1978), pp. 102, 144, and 187.

7 Abraham Stone, “The Control of Fertility,” Scientific American, April 1954, p. 31; on Sanger’s opposition see Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), pp. 393-394.

8 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, pp. 21-22; Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 2008 edition), pp. 142-143.

9 See Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 16-19; Sheldon J. Segal, Under the Banyan Tree (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. xviii.

10 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, pp. 31-34.

11 Quoted in Gordon, Moral Property of Women, p. 284.

12 Quoted in Marks, Sexual Chemistry, p. 28.

13 U.S. News & World Report articles: “Surging Population: An ‘Erupting Volcano,’ ” 52, 20 (May 14, 1962), p. 9; “An Overcrowded World?” 45, 9 (Aug. 29, 1958), p. 48; “Too Many People in the World?” 41, 2 (July 13, 1956), p. 80; “As Population Keeps Climbing,” 46, 1 (Jan. 2, 1959), p. 54; “Asia’s ‘Boom’ in Babies,” 51, 6 (August 7, 1961), p. 66; “World Choice: Limit Population or Face Famine,” 58, 24 (June 14, 1965), p. 64; and “The World’s Biggest Problem,” 55, 13 (Sept. 16, 1963), p. 60; “Where Will U.S. Put 60 Million More People?” 43, 6 (Aug. 9, 1957), p. 46; “How the Population Boom Will Change America,” 45, 22 (Nov. 28, 1958), p. 86; “Breakthrough in Birth Control: Answer to Population Explosion?” 59, 14 (Oct. 4, 1965), p. 56. David Lyle, “The Human Race Has, Maybe, Thirty-Five Years Left,” Esquire LXVII, 3 (Whole No. 406) (September 1967), p. 116.

14 Marks, Sexual Chemistry, pp. 29-31.

15 Quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 214; and Asbell, The Pill, p. 234.

16 Edward G. Stockwell, Population and People (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968), pp. 5-11; See also Margaret O. Hyde, This Crowded Planet (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961).

17 Paul Ehrlich quoted in Connelly, Fatal Misconception, p. 259; Asbell, The Pill, pp. 326-328.

18 Connelly, Fatal Misconception, pp. 239, 259.

19 No byline, Life, April 17, 1970, vol. 68, no. 14.

20 Gordon Rattray Taylor, chief science adviser to the British Broadcasting Company, “People Pollution . . . ” Ladies Home Journal, October 1970, pp. 74-80; Leyhausen quoted on p. 78.

21 No byline, “Our Multiplying Families,” Changing Times, The Kiplinger Magazine, May 1966, p. 6.

22 David Lyle, “The Human Race Has, Maybe, Thirty-Five Years Left,” Esquire LXVII, 3 (Whole No. 406) (September 1967), pp. 182-183.

23 See Elaine Tyler May, Barren in the Promised Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness (New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 114-119.

24 Johanna Schoen, Choice and Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), pp. 2-3.

25 Schoen, Choice and Coercion, pp. 4-12.

26 “How to Plan a Family,” Ebony magazine, July 1948, pp. 13-15, quoted in “Case for Birth Control,” Newsweek, 31 January 1955, pp. 60-61.

27 See, for example, Gordon, Moral Property of Women, p. 200; Marks, Sexual Chemistry, p. 20.

28 Quoted in Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997), pp. 76-77.

29 Legal scholar Dorothy Roberts concluded that Sanger was motivated by a genuine desire to improve the lives of the poor women she served. See Roberts, Killing the Black Body, quotes on p. 81.

30 In the same year, he abandoned his former name, LeRoi Jones, to become Amiri Baraka.

31 Discussion of Black Power leaders’ opposition and quote from Dawes in Roberts, Killing the Black Body, pp. 98-99, quote on p. 99.

32 Quotes are from Roberts, Killing the Black Body, p. 100. Emphasis in the original.

33 Roberts, Killing the Black Body, pp. 100-101, quotes on p. 100; Ralph Z. Hallow, “The Blacks Cry Genocide,” The Nation, April 28, 1969, pp. 535-537.

34 Legal scholar Dorothy Roberts noted, “We must acknowledge the justice of ensuring equal access to birth control for poor and minority women without denying the injustice of imposing birth control as a means of reducing their fertility.” See Roberts, Killing the Black Body, pp. 56-57; Ralph Z. Hallow, “The Blacks Cry Genocide,” The Nation, April 28, 1969, p. 537.

35 Asbell, The Pill, pp. 326-328.

36 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. xxvii.

37 Ibid., p. xviii.

38 For data supporting these claims, see Connelly, Fatal Misconception , pp. 374-376.

39 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. xv.

40 Asbell, The Pill, pp. 326-328; Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. xii.

41 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. xxviii.

42 Ibid., pp. xxiv, xxviii.

43 Connelly, Fatal Misconception, p. 373.

CHAPTER 3

1 Both quotes are from Robert W. Kistner, M.D., “What ‘The Pill’ Does to Husbands,” Ladies Home Journal, January 1969, pp. 66, 68.

2 See Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

3 Joyce Johnson, Minor Characters: A Beat Memoir (New York: Penguin, 1999).

4 “The Pill Versus The Springhill Mine Disaster” from The Pill Versus The Springhill Mine Disaster, by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © by Richard Brautigan. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

5 Elizabeth Fraterrigo, Playboy and the Making of the Good Life in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), readership on p. 1.

6 See Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor Books/Double-day, 1983).

7 Carrie Pitzulo, “The Battle in Every Man’s Bed: Playboy and the Fiery Feminists,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 17, 2 (May 2008), pp. 259-289. On funding for Masters and Johnson, see Thomas Maier, Masters of Sex: The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love (New York: Basic Books, 2009), pp. 203-206.

8 Philip Wylie, “The Womanization of America,” Playboy, September 1958; a forum including comments by Edward Bernays, Dr. Ernest Dichter, Alexander King, Norman Mailer, Herbert Mayes, Dr. Ashley Montagu, Dr. Theodor Reik, and Mort Sahl, “The Playboy Panel: The Womanization of America,” Playboy, June 1962, vol. 9, issue 6, pp. 43 et seq.

9 Ibid.

10 Quotes are from the Playboy Panel, June 1962, p. 46.

11 Cartoons are from Playboy, April 1960, vol. 7, issue 4; January 1961, vol. 8, issue 1; January 1962, vol. 9, issue 1.

12 Playboy, 1964, vol. 11, issue 5, p. 170; Playboy, 1964, vol. 11, issue 5, p. 145.

13 Playboy, 1965, vol. 12, issue 7; p. 202; 1965, vol. 12, issue 4, p. 161.

14 Playboy, 1965 vol. 12, issue 9, p. 258; 1966, vol.13, issue 7, p. 100.

15 Hugh M. Hefner, “The Playboy Philosophy,” Playboy, January 1964, vol. 11, issue 1, p. 64; responses in Playboy, May 1964, vol. 11, issue 5, p. 55

16 “(Name Withheld by request),” Grenada Hills, California, “Playboy Forum,” and Stephen L. Larson, M.D., Rochester, Minnesota, “Alternative to Abortion,” in Playboy, 1966, vol. 13, issue 5, p. 135; Harry Clark, Cleveland, Ohio, “Abortion: Doctors’ View”; Mark Ross, University of California, Santa Barbara, “Contraception and Abortion”; Kenneth Sherwood, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, “Birth-Control Ban”; and Thomas Gibbons, Los Angeles, California, “Catholics and the Pill,” all in the “Playboy Forum” of Playboy, 1967, vol. 14, issue 8, p. 37.

17 Hugh Hefner, “The Playboy Philosophy,” Playboy, 1964, vol. 11, issue 7, p. 115.

18 By the mid-1960s female readers began to write to the magazine. It is not altogether certain that female writers actually wrote all the letters attributed to women. Some letters with the “name withheld” may have been generated by the editors in order for Playboy to argue against the views expressed. Either way, Playboy was not sympathetic to women who were reluctant to take the pill.

19 Charleen Dimmick, New Orleans, Louisiana, “Perils of the Pill,” and response by the editors, Playboy, 1967, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 63-64.

20 “(Name Withheld by Request),” Letter to the Editor, and Editor’s Reply, “Perils of the Pill,” Playboy, 1967, vol. 14, issue 11, p. 164. Response quoted a study by Dr. Frederick J. Ziegler of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

21 “The Pill,” Redbook, January 1966, p. 76, quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 252.

22 Quoted in Linda Witt, “The Male Contraceptive, A Bitter Pill?” Today’s Health, June 1970, p. 18.

23 Quoted in Witt, “Male Contraceptive,” p. 18.

24 Kistner was widely regarded as one of the leading experts on oral contraceptives. He also served as an expert witness for Searle in a suit resulting from the death of a woman from thromboembolic disease in 1965. See Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner, The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), pp. 260, 262.

25 All of these quotes are from experts quoted in Robert W. Kistner, M.D., “What ‘The Pill’ Does to Husbands,” Ladies Home Journal , January 1969, pp. 66, 68.

26 Quotes are from Kistner, “What ‘The Pill’ Does to Husbands.”

27 Kistner and other experts are quoted in Kistner, “What ‘The Pill’ Does to Husbands.”

CHAPTER 4

1 Gloria Steinem, “The Moral Disarmament of Betty Coed,” Esquire LVIII, 3 (Whole no. 346) September 1962, pp. 97, 153-157, quote on p. 155.

2 Pearl S. Buck, in Readers Digest, quoted in Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950- 1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) p. 66.

3 Beth Bailey, Sex in the Heartland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 106.

4 Quotes are from Steinem, “Moral Disarmament,” p. 153.

5 See John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 1997), especially Chapter 13.

6 Dr. John Gagnon and clinical psychologist Isadore Rubin quoted in Bernard Asbell, The Pill: A Biography of the Drug that Changed the World (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 198.

7 Steinem, “Moral Disarmament,” pp. 155-157.

8 Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 2000 edition), pp. 182-183, 194, 202; Watkins, On the Pill, p. 9.

9 Coontz, The Way We Never Were, pp. 194, 198; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, p. 286; Asbell, The Pill, p. 200.

10 D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, Chapters 10 and 11.

11 Quoted in Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002 edition), pp. 151-152.

12 D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, Part II. These views were also reflected in early motion pictures. Seven films between 1916 and 1939 dealt with birth control, taking on the controversies. Each film was explicitly either for or against contraception. Those that promoted birth control, including Margaret Sanger’s documentary Birth Control (1917) and the feature film The Hand that Rocks the Cradle (1917), show the dangers to women of having too many children and the folly of making birth control illegal. Those that opposed contraception, such as Where Are My Children? (1916) and The House Without Children (1919), condemned the “modern” woman who tried to prevent pregnancy as immoral and anti-family. In Cecil B. DeMille’s biggest box-office failure, Four Frightened People (1934), westerners marooned on an island of “pygmies” try to teach birth control to native women. Unborn Souls (1939) promotes birth control as the positive alternative to illegal abortion. After Unborn Souls was released, birth control disappeared from American screens until the 1950s, when two films touched very lightly on the subject. Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), based on a true story, includes a brief scene when the mother of twelve is approached to be the president of a local Planned Parenthood chapter; Full of Life (1957) includes graphic discussions of pregnancy and birth control and was criticized for being in bad taste. Film plots and reviews were gathered at the Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles.

13 See Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

14 See Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).

15 See Rickie Solinger, Wake Up Little Susie: Single Pregnancy and Race before Roe v. Wade (New York: Routledge, 1992).

16 Mary McCarthy, “Dottie Makes an Honest Woman of Herself,” Partisan Review, January-February 1954, pp. 34-52. Quotes are from pp. 34 and 52. See also Nancy K. Miller, “Women’s Secrets and the Novel: Remembering Mary McCarthy’s The Group,” Social Research, Vol. 68, 2001.

17 Philip Roth, Goodbye, Columbus (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1959).

18 Philip Roth interview with Terry Gross, Fresh Air, National Public Radio, 2005, rebroadcast April 11, 2008.

19 Mad Men season 1, episode 1, “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes,” AMC, 2007.

20 Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 2, 44-45, 54-55, quote from Mademoiselle on pp. 44-45.

21 Bailey, Sex in the Heartland, p. 119.

22 Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 58-59.

23 Quoted in Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 65-66.

24 Asbell, The Pill, p. 196.

25 Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 66-67; Asbell, The Pill, pp. 196, 198; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, p. 251.

26 Quoted in Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 236.

27 No byline, “The Second Sexual Revolution,” Time, January 24, 1964, pp. 54-59, quotes on pp. 55-58.

28 No byline, “No Moral Revolution Discovered, Yet,” Science News, 93, 3 (Jan. 20, 1968), pp. 60-61.

29 Reiss quoted in Asbell, The Pill, pp. 198-199; Ira L. Reiss, The Social Context of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967).

30 Sean Goldberg, San Francisco, California, “Morning-After Pill,” Playboy, 1967, vol. 4, issue 7, p. 133.

31 Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 60, 63-64; Asbell, The Pill, pp. 200, 206-207; Watkins, On the Pill, pp. 58-59.

32 Rebecca L, e-mail response to Internet survey.

33 Eleanor S, e-mail response to Internet survey.

34 Bailey, Sex in the Heartland, esp. Chapter 4.

35 Bailey, Sex in the Heartland, p. 110; Watkins, On the Pill, p. 2.

36 Asbell, The Pill, pp. 195, 198.

37 Asbell, The Pill, p. 201.

38 Bailey, Sex in the Heartland, p. 120.

39 Bailey, Sex in the Heartland, pp. 120-130.

40 Goodbye Columbus and Prudence and the Pill, viewed by the author. Other film plot summaries derived from listings at the Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles.

CHAPTER 5

1 Internet survey respondent Leslie C, age 27, 2008.

2 Nelly Oudshoorn, The Male Pill: A Biography of a Technology in the Making (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 29-31.

3 No byline, “Birth control: Is male contraception the answer?” Good Housekeeping, April 1969, vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 201-203, quote on p. 202.

4 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 6-10, 46.

5 George Gallup, “Male Sterilization Approved,” Boston Globe, September 4, 1970, unpaginated clipping, clipping file of the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Cambridge, MA (hereafter cited as “Schlesinger clipping file”).

6 Elizabeth Canfield, editor, Emko Newsletter, August 1973, p. 2 (Schlesinger clipping file).

7 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 24, 70-73, 87-88; Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), pp. 253-254.

8 Harold Jackson, “Chemical Methods of Male Contraception,” quoted in Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, p. 19.

9 Quoted in Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, p. 21.

10 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 39-40, 72.

11 Ibid., pp. 21, 47, quote on p. 47.

12 Quoted in Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, p. 19.

13 Quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 253.

14 Letters are quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, pp. 246-247.

15 Dr. Lindsay R. Curtis, “Pill for men? Research under way,” Boston Globe, November 13, 1970, unpaginated clipping, Schlesinger clipping file.

16 Gregory Pincus, The Control of Fertility (New York: Academic Press, 1965), p. 194, quoted in Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 20.

17 Quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 252.

18 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 87-110, quote on page 107.

19 Victor Cohn, “Pill scare, lib movement place birth onus on male,” The Washington Post, undated clipping, 1970, Schlesinger clipping file.

20 Ernest Dunbar, “Foolproof Birth Control,” Look, March 9, 1971, p. 45, Schlesinger clipping file.

21 Dr. Lindsay R. Curtis, “Male reader asks about sterilization,” Boston Globe, October 7, 1970, unpaginated clipping, Schlesinger clipping file.

22 John J. Fried, “The Incision Decision,” Esquire LXXVII, 6 (Whole No. 463) ( June 1972), pp. 118-177.

23 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, p. 67; L. Witt, “The Male Contraceptive: A Bitter Pill?” Today’s Health, June 1970, pp. 17-20, 60-63.

24 Jennifer Macleod, “How to Hold a Wife: A Bridegroom’s Guide,” Village Voice, February 11, 1971, p. 5, quoted in Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 251.

25 B. Cowan, “Breakthrough in Male Contraception,” Spare Rib, April 1980, issue 93, p. 9, reprinted from East Bay Men’s Centre Newsletter and The Periodical Lunch, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Illustration by Dawn Bracey, Schlesinger clipping file.

26 No byline, “Tiny Gold Valves to Control Fertility,” Life, July 28, 1972, pp. 54-56.

27 Witt, “The Male Contraceptive,” p. 20.

28 Victor Cohn, “Contraceptive cream for males proposed,” Boston Globe, August 20, 1983, unpaginated clipping; Associated Press, “Contraceptive Salve for Men Reported Ready for Testing,” unidentified clipping (both in Schlesinger clipping file).

29 Quoted in David M. Rorvik, “What’s better than the Pill, Vasectomy, Celibacy and Rhythm?” Esquire LXXXII, 1 (Whole No. 494) ( January 1975), pp. 100-158.

30 Ibid.

31 No byline, World Book Science Service, “Antifertility Drug Developed for Men, Rats,” Minneapolis Tribune, July 7, 1970, unpaginated clipping, Schlesinger clipping file. The compound was also mentioned as a promising male contraceptive in “Birth Control: is male contraception the answer?” in Good Housekeeping, April 1969, vol. 168, no. 4, p. 202.

32 Witt, “The Male Contraceptive,” pp. 17-20.

33 No byline, “Birth Control: is male contraception the answer?” Good Housekeeping, April 1969, vol. 168, no. 4, p. 202.

34 No byline (UPI), “Male Contraceptive Is Tested But Side-Effects Prohibit Use,” New York Times, September 17, 1981, unpaginated clipping (Schlesinger clipping file).

35 No byline, “Researchers Test Birth Control Injection for Men,” New York Times, February 24, 1987, unpaginated clipping (Schlesinger clipping file).

36 Sheldon J. Segal, “Contraceptive research: A male chauvinist plot?” Family Planning Perspectives, vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 21-25, quoted in Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 8-9.

37 Morton Hair, researcher at St. Mary’s Hospital, University of Manchester, in an interview with the BBC News, October 25, 1998, quoted in Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, p. 9; Bernard Asbell, The Pill (New York: Random House, 1995), pp. 341-346.

38 Jane E. Brody, “Why a Lag in Male-Oriented Birth Control?” New York Times, October 16, 1983, p. 18 E (Schlesinger clipping file).

39 Unsigned editorial, “Men and Birth Control,” New York Times, November 19, 1983, Section 1, page 24, Schlesinger clipping file.

40 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 25-27.

41 For more on thalidomide and Kelsey, see Chapter 6.

42 Ann Banks, “Futura: The Pill for Men?” Boston Magazine, February 1977, p. 4, Schlesinger clipping file.

43 Erin M, age 23.

44 Quotes are from Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 180-181, 183, 189. For changing attitudes, see Chapter 8. For the astronaut ad, see p. 187.

45 Jonathan Bender, “244 Words on Why Men Need The Pill,” DAME for women who know better, April 29, 2008 www.damemagazine.com/dame-daily/features/f346/244WordsonWhyMenNeedThePill.php , accessed July 7, 2008.

46 Quoted in John Schieszer, “Male Birth Control Pill Soon a Reality,” MSNBC at www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3543478/, accessed June 8, 2009.

47 Bender, “244 Words on Why Men Need The Pill.”

48 Mary B, Internet survey respondent.

49 Stuart H, Internet survey respondent.

50 Kelly H, Internet survey respondent.

51 Cathy S, Internet survey respondent.

52 Internet survey respondents Rachel A, age 28; Donna H, age 17; Susan G, 22-year-old student.

53 MSNBC article at www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3543478/, accessed June 8, 2009.

54 BBC Web site accessed 10/4/09: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/viagra/194029.stm; no byline, “Health Warnings to Viagra Users,” BBC News, November 25, 1998, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/viagra/221497.stm, accessed October 28, 2009.

CHAPTER 6

1 Barbara Seaman, The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill (Alameda, CA: Hunter House, originally published 1969, 1995 edition), p. 1.

2 Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 12.

3 Margaret March and Wanda Ronner, The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2008), especially Chapter 9: “The Pill Falls from Grace.”

4 David Burnham, “Birth Control: End of a Taboo,” The Nation, vol. 200, no. 4 ( January 25, 1965), pp. 85-86.

5 Loretta McLaughlin, The Pill, John Rock, and the Church: The Biography of a Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1982), pp. 151-153.

6 Colin S, Internet survey respondent, October 6, 2008.

7 Quoted in U.S. News & World Report, vol. 55, no. 12 (September 9, 1963), p. 11.

8 Robert E. Hall, M.D., “The Church and the Pill,” The Nation, vol. 199, no. 9 (October 5, 1964), pp. 191-193.

9 For an excellent history of the controversy within the Church and the events leading to the Pope’s encyclical, see Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, pp. 227-257; see also McLaughlin, The Pill, John Rock, and the Church.

10 For Rock’s views on contraception and abortion, see Marsh and Ronner, Fertility Doctor, p. 241. For his Catholic upbringing, see p. 10.

11 Marsh and Ronner, Fertility Doctor, pp. 235-245.

12 See Rev. John W. O’Malley, What Happened at Vatican II (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2008).

13 Pete Seeger, The Pill, 1966.

14 Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, pp. 254-255; Lara V. Marks, Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), Chapter 9.

15 Xavier Rynne, “Letter from Vatican City,” The New Yorker, vol. XLIV, no. 37, November 2, 1968, pp. 131-147.

16 Marsh and Ronner, Fertility Doctor, pp. 227, 254.

17 Robert W. Kistner, M.D., “What ‘The Pill’ Does to Husbands,” Ladies Home Journal, January 1969, pp. 66-68.

18 See, for example, David Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005); and Andrea Tone, The Age of Anxiety: A History of America’s Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers (New York: Basic Books, 2009).

19 Tone, The Age of Anxiety, p. 27, and Chapter 2 on Miltown.

20 Tone, The Age of Anxiety, pp. 147-150.

21 Lara V. Marks, Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 138 and Chapter 6.

22 Aurora M, 54, African American, Internet survey respondent.

23 June S, no age given, story of her mother, Internet survey respondent.

24 Ilene W, 64, Internet survey respondent.

25 One man responding to the Internet survey recalled, “The Pill plus Barbara Seaman’s book The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill were instrumental solidifying my interest in women’s health issues and becoming a pro-feminist.” Stephen M, age 59, married 30 years, Canadian, Internet survey respondent.

26 Seaman, The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill, p. 12.

27 Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, pp. 269-277.

28 Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, p. 275.

29 Marsh and Ronner, The Fertility Doctor, pp. 269-277.

30 Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, On the Pill, p. 4.

31 David Susskind Show, 1977, viewed at the Schlesinger Library. The panelists included Barbara Seaman, Melvin Taymor, M.D. (Harvard), Howard I. Shapiro, M.D. (Author of The Birth Control Book), Ben Zion Taber, M.D. (Stanford), and Edwin Ortiz, M.D. (FDA).

32 Tone, Devices and Desires (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 249.

33 Quoted in Kathy Davis, The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: How Feminism Travels Across Borders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), p. 23.

34 Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973 edition), p. 115.

35 BWHBC, Our Bodies, Ourselves, 1976 edition, p. 188; 1984 edition, p. 240, emphasis added.

36 BWHBC, Our Bodies, Ourselves, 1992 edition, p. 280; 1998 edition, pp. 293-294.

37 BWHBC, Our Bodies, Ourselves, A New Edition for a New Era, 2005, pp. 322, 332.

38 Sheldon J. Segal, Under the Banyan Tree (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 95-98.

39 Quoted in Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997), pp. 106-107.

40 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, pp. 100-101.

41 Quoted in Roberts, Killing the Black Body, pp. 104-108.

42 Roberts, Killing the Black Body, p. 117. Dorothy Roberts also noted that distributing Norplant to adolescent girls deflected the problem away from the adult men who were largely responsible for teen pregnancies.

43 Tone, Devices and Desires, p. 288.

44 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, pp. 101-105.

45 Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. 141.

46 More than 3,000 women sued Johnson and Johnson, claiming that users of the Ortho-Evra birth control patch suffered heart attacks and strokes. Between 2002 and 2006, the FDA received reports of fifty deaths associated with the patch. Johnson and Johnson acknowledged that the patch delivered much more estrogen than the low-dose birth control pill and that the company had not made that information available to consumers. Yet because the FDA had approved the patch and had not notified the public about potential risks until 2005, Johnson and Johnson claimed that it was not liable for any harm. New warnings were added to the package in 2006 and again in 2008. Gardiner Harris and Alex Berenson, “Drug Makers Near Old Goal: A Legal Shield,” The New York Times, April 6, 2008, www.nytimes.com; Miranda Hitte, “Stronger Warning for Birth Control Patch: FDA Strengthens Warning on Blood Clot Risk for Users of Ortho Evra Birth Control Skin Patch,” Jan. 18, 2008, WebMD Health News, reviewed by Louise Chang, M.D., www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/news/20080118/birth-control-patch-stronger-warning, accessed 12/31/08.

47 American consumers continued to use the courts to assure product safety. In the 1990s, there were 20,000 product liability suits in the United States for all products, including contraceptives, and only 200 in the United Kingdom. Other European countries had similarly low rates of litigation. These contrasts result in part from different legal systems. For example, contingent fee arrangements, in which lawyers are paid only if they win the case for their clients, are common in the United States but not allowed in Europe. Expert witnesses in the United States are selected by each side in a conflict, leading to courtroom battles between experts who have been prepared as friendly witnesses by the lawyers whose case they promote. In Europe that practice would be considered unethical. European judges designate the experts who will testify and present scientific evidence, and lawyers cannot consult with the experts before the trial. Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, pp. 141-142.

48 Oudshoorn, The Male Pill, pp. 28-29.

CHAPTER 7

1 Susan G, 26; Carol O, 29. Unless otherwise noted, all quotes in this chapter are from respondents to the Internet survey. Notes include information provided by the respondents.

2 Anne S, 21, married, bisexual, ex-military, living below poverty line.

3 Alice Z, 30, married, white straight. She and her sisters are first-generation college attendees and first-generation birth control pill users. Atheist, Democrat. From a poor, working-class, fundamentalist Christian, small-town family. “My parents are still together but miserable.”

4 Elizabeth M, 23.

5 Martha L.

6 Kelly R.

7 Jessica P, age 38, married, nonmonogamous, bisexual, a lawyer.

8 The call for stories was circulated on e-mail to numerous people who also sent it to others; it was also posted on feministing.com and linked to other sites. There were no survey questions, simply a call for people to respond with their thoughts and experiences. Although most of the respondents are women under age 40, some older women and a few men also responded. The respondents came from a wide range of racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, marital status, and sexual orientations.

9 Melissa G.

10 Samantha J, 23.

11 Jessica P, age 38, married, nonmonogamous, bisexual, lawyer.

12 Karen E, 21, bisexual, living with boyfriend for 3 yrs.

13 http://www.thepill.com/thepill/shared/pi/Tri-Cyclen_Lo_PI.pdf#zoom=100, accessed 1/1/09.

14 http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pill, accessed 1/1/09; http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_birth.html, accessed 1/1/09.

15 http://www.epigee.org/guide/pill_sex.html, accessed 1/1/09.

16 Mandy B.

17 Helen P, 20.

18 Valerie J, 24.

19 Barbara E, married.

20 Sally G, 27.

21 Caroline Tiger, “10 myths about the pill busted,” CNN Web site, March 13, 2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/03/13/healthmag.pill/index.html.

22 Susan G, 26, chemical engineer, divorced, now living with her partner.

23 Katie M, 22, white, grad student, bisexual, single.

24 Jenny B, age 31, married, bisexual, began pill at 15, from a small town in north Florida.

25 Kristy H, 23.

26 Melissa B, 26.

27 Carrie R, 20, student, Canada.

28 Linda L, 27, white, pharmacy tech.

29 Erika B.

30 Carolyn P, 20.

31 Anita K, 25.

32 Julie D, 29.

33 Jane B, Melissa G, Carol O, 29.

34 Kristol R, 29.

35 As researcher Sheldon Segal explained regarding the placebo phase of the pill, “This schedule was not a medical requirement, but a marketing decision based on the belief that women consider menstruation as natural, and would be reluctant to use a product that stopped their periods.” With the newly formulated pills, “Finally, women will be freed from the control of marketers who decided that women want to have a pseudo-menstruation every month. They’ll be able to decide themselves.” Segal, Under the Banyan Tree, p. 78.

36 Robyn E, 22, Oxford, England.

37 Mary M, 23.

38 Linda O, 20.

39 Letty C, 27.

40 Jane D.

41 Natasha Singer, “A Birth Control Pill That Offered Too Much,” New York Times, Feb. 11, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/02/11/business/11pill.html?_r=1&hp.

42 Lauren C, 23.

43 Renae J, 20.

44 Lucy T, Canadian, 20, student, single.

45 Regina H.

46 Marianne B.

47 Lorena A, age 20.

48 Lynn E, 34, librarian, white, married 7 years to first boyfriend, only sex partner.

49 Cassie K, 24.

50 Shelley H, 27.

51 Alissa A, age 28, married six years, liberal, college graduate, sexually active since age 18.

52 Sue G, 22.

53 Mandy B, 26.

54 Kendra H, 23.

55 Jacqueline G, writer and executive producer, married.

56 Rose H, 27.

57 Anita B, 26, graduate student.

58 “National Conference of State Legislators Pharmacist Conscience Clauses: Laws and Legislation,” www.ncsl.org/Default.aspx?TabId=14380, updated May 2009; Saundra Young, “White House set to reverse health care conscience clause,” www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/27/conscience.rollback/index.html 2/27/09CNN.

59 Katie M, 22-year-old white graduate student from Indiana, nondenominational Christian, bisexual, single.

60 Krista A, 34, graduate student in medical science, married.

61 Amy K, age 25, Midwestern, married, feminist.

62 Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar, “FDA to allow ‘morning-after’ pill for 17-year-olds,” Associated Press, April 23, 2009; baltimoresun.com4/25/09, “The politics of Plan B: Our view: Morning-after pill for teens is safe, but no substitute for doctor’s care”; Marc Kaufman, “Nonprescription Sale Sought for Contraceptive; Petition to FDA to Offer ‘Morning After’ Pill Over the Counter Could Become Entangled in Abortion Debate,” Washington Post, April 21, p. A02; Susan Aschoff, “In Case of Emergency Break Glass: Birth Control Has Backup,” St. Petersburg Times (Florida), April 09, 2002, South Pinellas Edition, p. 3D.

63 Krista A, 34, grad student in medical science, married.

64 Cathy P, 20.

CONCLUSION

1 “The Age of the Thing,” The Economist, December 25, 1993, Section Modern Wonders, p. 47 (U.K. Edition, p. 87).

2 Quote and data from Sheldon J. Segal, Under the Banyan Tree (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 77.

3 William D. Mosher, Ph.D.; Gladys M. Martinez, Ph.D.; Anjani Chandra, Ph.D.; Joyce C. Abma, Ph.D.; and Stephanie J. Wilson, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics, “Use of Contraception and Use of Family Planning Services in the United States: 1982-2002,” Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, Department of Health and Human Services, Number 350, December 10, 2004.

4 Judy G, 23, Internet survey respondent.

5 In 2002, 7 percent of single women whose partners used condoms also used the pill, although double protection was much less common among married women. See Mosher et al., “Use of Contraception.”

6 Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves (New York: Touchstone, 2005 edition), pp. 332, 347.

7 Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), pp. 203, 233-236.