PART III: CODING, COUNTING, CORRELATION, AND CAUSALITY

  1. Lehman, Lempert, and Nisbett, “The Effects of Graduate Training on Reasoning: Formal Discipline and Thinking About Everyday Life Events.”

7. ODDS AND NS

  1. Kuncel, Hezlett, and Ones, “A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examinations: Implications for Graduate Student Selection and Performance.”

  2. Kunda and Nisbett, “The Psychometrics of Everyday Life.”

  3. Rein and Rainwater, “How Large Is the Welfare Class?”

  4. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow.

8. LINKED UP

  1. Smedslund, “The Concept of Correlation in Adults”; Ward and Jenkins, “The Display of Information and the Judgment of Contingency.”

  2. Zagorsky, “Do You Have to Be Smart to Be Rich? The Impact of IQ on Wealth, Income and Financial Distress.”

  3. Kuncel, Hezlett, and Ones, “A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examinations: Implications for Graduate Student Selection and Performance.”

  4. Schnall et al., “The Relationship Between Religion and Cardiovascular Outcomes and All-Cause Mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (Electronic Version).”

  5. Arden et al., “Intelligence and Semen Quality Are Positively Correlated.”

  6. Chapman and Chapman, “Genesis of Popular but Erroneous Diagnostic Observations.”

  7. Ibid.

  8. Seligman, “On the Generality of the Laws of Learning.”

  9. Jennings, Amabile, and Ross, “Informal Covariation Assessment: Data-Based Vs. Theory-Based Judgments,” in Tversky and Kahneman, Judgment Under Uncertainty.

10. Valochovic et al., “Examiner Reliability in Dental Radiography.”

11. Keel, “How Reliable Are Results from the Semen Analysis?”

12. Lu et al., “Comparison of Three Sperm-Counting Methods for the Determination of Sperm Concentration in Human Semen and Sperm Suspensions.”

13. Kunda and Nisbett, “Prediction and the Partial Understanding of the Law of Large Numbers.”

14. Ibid.

15. Fong, Krantz, and Nisbett, “The Effects of Statistical Training on Thinking About Everyday Problems.”

9. IGNORE THE HiPPO

  1. Christian, “The A/B Test: Inside the Technology That’s Changing the Rules of Business.”

  2. Carey, “Academic ‘Dream Team’ Helped Obama’s Effort.”

  3. Moss, “Nudged to the Produce Aisle by a Look in the Mirror.”

  4. Ibid.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Cialdini, Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things.

  7. Silver, The Signal and the Noise.

10. EXPERIMENTS NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTS PROPER

  1. See, e.g., McDade et al., “Early Origins of Inflammation: Microbial Exposures in Infancy Predict Lower Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Adulthood.”

  2. Bisgaard et al., “Reduced Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota During Infancy Is Associated with Increased Risk of Allergic Disease at School Age.”

  3. Olszak et al., “Microbial Exposure During Early Life Has Persistent Effects on Natural Killer T Cell Function.”

  4. Slomski, “Prophylactic Probiotic May Prevent Colic in Newborns.”

  5. Balistreri, “Does Childhood Antibiotic Use Cause IBD?”

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Hamre and Pianta, “Can Instructional and Emotional Support in the First-Grade Classroom Make a Difference for Children at Risk of School Failure?”

  9. Kuo and Sullivan, “Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue.”

10. Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count.

11. Deming, “Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development.”

12. Magnuson, Ruhm, and Waldfogel, “How Much Is Too Much? The Influence of Preschool Centers on Children’s Social and Cognitive Development.”

13. Roberts et al., “Multiple Session Early Psychological Interventions for Prevention of Post-Traumatic Disorder.”

14. Wilson, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change.

15. Pennebaker, “Putting Stress into Words: Health, Linguistic and Therapeutic Implications.”

16. Wilson, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Prentice and Miller, “Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus.”

11. EEKONOMICS

  1. Cheney, “National Center on Education and the Economy: New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce.”

  2. Heraty, Morley, and McCarthy, “Vocational Education and Training in the Republic of Ireland: Institutional Reform and Policy Developments Since the 1960s.”

  3. Hanushek, “The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools”; Hoxby, “The Effects of Class Size on Student Achievement: New Evidence from Population Variation”; Jencks et al., Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effects of Family and Schooling in America.

  4. Krueger, “Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions.”

  5. Shin and Chung, “Class Size and Student Achievement in the United States: A Meta-Analysis.”

  6. Samieri et al., “Olive Oil Consumption, Plasma Oleic Acid, and Stroke Incidence.”

  7. Fong et al., “Correction of Visual Impairment by Cataract Surgery and Improved Survival in Older Persons.”

  8. Samieri et al., “Olive Oil Consumption, Plasma Oleic Acid, and Stroke Incidence.”

  9. Humphrey and Chan, “Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.”

10. Klein, “Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer.”

11. Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine.

12. Ibid.

13. Lowry, “Caught in a Revolving Door of Unemployment.”

14. Kahn, “Our Long-Term Unemployment Challenge (in Charts).”

15. Bertrand and Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.”

16. Fryer and Levitt, “The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names.”

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh, “Temporal Distance and Discrimination: An Audit Study in Academia.” Additional analysis of data provided by Milkman.

21. Levitt and Dubner, Freakonomics.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. I have discussed the evidence on the importance of the environment for intelligence in Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It, and in Nisbett et al., “Intelligence: New Findings and Theoretical Developments.”

25. Munk, The Idealist.

26. Ibid.

27. Mullainathan and Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much.

28. Chetty, Friedman, and Rockoff, “Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood.”

29. Fryer, “Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials.”

30. Fryer et al., “Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: A Field Experiment.”

31. Kalev, Dobbin, and Kelley, “Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies.”

32. Ayres, “Fair Driving: Gender and Race Discrimination in Retail Car Negotiations.”

33. Zebrowitz, Reading Faces: Window to the Soul?

12. DON’T ASK, CAN’T TELL

  1. Strack, Martin, and Stepper, “Inhibiting and Facilitating Conditions of the Human Smile: A Nonobtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis.”

  2. Caspi and Elder, “Life Satisfaction in Old Age: Linking Social Psychology and History.”

  3. Schwarz and Clore, “Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States.”

  4. Schwarz, Strack, and Mai, “Assimilation-Contrast Effects in Part-Whole Question Sequences: A Conversational Logic Analysis.”

  5. Asch, “Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes.”

  6. Ellsworth and Ross, “Public Opinion and Capital Punishment: A Close Examination of the Views of Abolitionists and Retentionists.”

  7. Saad, “U.S. Abortion Attitudes Closely Divided.”

  8. Ibid.

  9. Weiss and Brown, “Self-Insight Error in the Explanation of Mood.”

10. Peng, Nisbett, and Wong, “Validity Problems Comparing Values Across Cultures and Possible Solutions.”

11. Schmitt et al., “The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description Across 56 Nations.”

12. Heine et al., “What’s Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference Group Effect.”

13. Naumann and John, “Are Asian Americans Lower in Conscientiousness and Openness?”

14. College Board, “Student Descriptive Questionnaire.”

15. Heine and Lehman, “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group-Serving Biases.”

16. Heine, Cultural Psychology.

17. Straub, “Mind the Gap: On the Appropriate Use of Focus Groups and Usability Testing in Planning and Evaluating Interfaces.”

13. LOGIC

  1. Morris and Nisbett, “Tools of the Trade: Deductive Reasoning Schemas Taught in Psychology and Philosophy”; Nisbett, Rules for Reasoning.

  2. Cheng and Holyoak, “Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas”; Cheng et al., “Pragmatic Versus Syntactic Approaches to Training Deductive Reasoning.”

  3. Cheng and Holyoak, “Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas”; Cheng et al., “Pragmatic Versus Syntactic Approaches to Training Deductive Reasoning.”

  4. Lehman and Nisbett, “A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Undergraduate Education on Reasoning.”

  5. Ibid.