The Last Giant of Beringia

Dr. William Schneider, curator of oral history at the University of Alaska, conducted a number of oral history interviews with Dave Hopkins between 1984 and 1994. Sometimes Schneider was joined by other interviewers. I recorded interviews with Dave in 1986 and 1989. Copies of the tape recordings, most of which are transcribed in rough draft form, are available in the Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hopkins has donated more than twenty boxes of as yet unorganized and unaccessioned papers to the same repository. Of particular use to me were the field notebooks, the correspondence file (filed by correspondent), the correspondence with family members (roughly grouped by year), his correspondence with Louis Giddings, and his file of published and unpublished writing (which he had labeled the “Narcissus File”). In addition to archival sources, I interviewed Hopkins many times, in person and over the telephone, between 1998 and 2001. These interviews were not tape-recorded. A list of Dave Hopkins’ two-hundred-odd publications can be found at http://alaska.usgs.gov/geology/d.hopkins.biblio.

Dawson, George M. “Geological Notes on Some of the Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea and Vicinity,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 5, 1894.

Dixon, E. James. Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Dixon, E. James. Telephone interview, 12 December 1998.

Elias, S. A. and J. Brigham-Grette, eds. “Beringian Paleo-environments Festschrift in Honor of D. M. Hopkins,” Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 20, Nos. 1−3, Pergamon, January 2001.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author, various dates.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks and correspondence with parents.

Hopkins, David M., ed. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Dixon, E. James. Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Elias, Scott A. The Ice Age History of Alaska National Parks. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.

Elias, S. A. and J. Brigham-Grette, eds. “Beringian Paleo-environments Festschrift in Honor of D. M. Hopkins,” Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 20, Nos. 1−3, Pergamon, January 2001.

Fagan, Brian M. The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. Thames and Hudson, 1987.

Guthrie, R. Dale. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Guthrie, Russell D. “Re-creating a Vanished World,” National Geographic, Vol. 141 (3).

Haag, William G. “The Bering Strait Land Bridge,” in Richard S. MacNeish, ed., Early Man in America: Readings from Scientific American. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1973.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the book reviews file.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, David M. “Cenozoic History of the Bering Land Bridge,” Science, Vol. 129, June 5, 1959.

Hopkins, David M., ed. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Meltzer, David J. Search for the First Americans. Smithsonian Books, 1993.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author; various dates.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, Henrietta M. and Ruth W. Ledward. A Brief History of Greenfield, New Hampshire, 1791−1941. Apparently published by the General Committee of the Sesquicentennial Celebration of Greenfield’s founding, Greenfield, New Hampshire, 1941.

Hopkins, Doris E. Greenfield, N.H.: The Story of a Town, 1791−1976. Wallace Press, Milford, New Hampshire, 1977.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author, various dates.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the correspondence with parents.

Constance, Lincoln, “Plants in Beringia,” book review in Science, October 25, 1968.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the correspondence with parents, field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

David M. Hopkins. “The Bering Land Bridge—Early Research,” Ublasaun (First Light): Inupiaq Hunters and Herders in the Early Twentieth Century, Northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. National Park Service, 1996.

Hopkins, David M. “Thaw Lakes and Thaw Sinks in the Imuruk Lake Area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” Journal of Geology, Vol. 57, 1949.

Hopkins, David M. “History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 70, 1959.

Hultén, Eric, Outline of the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota During the Quaternary Period, Strauss und Cramer, Germany, 1937. Reprint of the Stockholm edition, 1937.

Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press, 1968.

Hultén, Eric. Autobiography. Undated manuscript in David M. Hopkins Collection, University of Alaska Fairbanks Archives.

Hultén, Eric. Men Roligt har det Varit: En Forskares Memoarer. Generalstabens Lithografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, 1973.

Larsen, Helge. “Trail Creek: Final Report on the Excavation of Two Caves on Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” Acta Arctica, Fasc. XV. Ejnar Munksgaard, Kobenhavn; 1968.

Love, Askell. “Eric Hultén: 1894−1981, In Memoriam,” obituary in Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research (formerly Arctic and Alpine Research), Vol. 13, No. 13, August 1981.

Murray, David. F., Sylvia Kelso, and Boris A. Yurtsev. “Floristic Novelties in Beringia: Patterns and Questions of Their Origins,” in Bridges of Science Between North America and the Russian Far East: Proceedings of the 45th Arctic Science Conference, August 25−27, 1994, Anchorage, Alaska and August 29−September 2, 1994, Vladivostock, Russia.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author, various dates.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the correspondence with parents.

———. Obituary of J. L. Giddings in Polar Record, Vol. 66, No. 82, January 1966.

Collins, Henry B. Obituary of J. L. Giddings in Arctic, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 1965.

Dayton, Paul. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000. Dayton is Louis Giddings’ nephew and worked with him in the field.

Giddings, J. Louis. Ancient Men of the Arctic. Knopf, 1967.

Giddings, J. Louis. “Early Man in the Arctic;” in Richard S. MacNeish, ed., Early Man in America. W. H. Freeman, 1973.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the correspondence with Giddings, correspondence with parents, field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, D. M. and J. L. Giddings. Geological Background of the Iyatayet Archeological Site, Cape Denbigh, Alaska. Smithsonian Institution, 1953.

Larsen, Helge. “Trail Creek: Final Report on the Excavation of Two Caves on Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” in Acta Arctica, Fasc. XV. Ejnar Munksgaard, Kobenhavn; 1968.

Nash, Stephen E. “James Louis Giddings’ Archeological Tree-ring Dating in the American Arctic: A Forgotten Legacy,” Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2000, pp. 60−78, 2000.

Elias, Scott A., Susan Short, C. Hans Nelson, and Hillary Birks. “Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge,” Nature, Vol. 382, July 4, 1996.

Fagan, Brian M. The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. Thames and Hudson, 1987.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, David M., The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Hopkins, David M., J. V. Matthews, C. E. Schweger, and S. B. Young. Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press, 1982.

Marincovich, Louie, Jr. and Andrey Yu. Gladenkov. “Evidence for an Early Opening of Bering Strait,” Nature, Vol. 397, January 14, 1999.

Marincovich, Louie, Jr., Elisabeth M. Brouwers, David M. Hopkins, and Malcolm C. McKenna. “Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleographic and Paleoclimatic History of the Arctic Ocean Basin, Based on Shallow-water Marine Faunas and Terrestrial Vertebrates,” in The Geology of North America, Vol. L, The Arctic Ocean Region. The Geological Society of America, 1990.

Marincovich, Louie, Jr. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000.

Oquilluk, William A, with Laurel L. Bland. People of Kauwerak: Legends of the Northern Eskimo. Alaska Methodist University Press, 1973.

Repenning, Charles A. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000.

Repenning, Charles A. “Palearctic-Neararctic Mammalian Dispersal in the Late Cenozoic,” in David M. Hopkins, ed. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Sher, Andrei. “Traffic Lights at the Beringian Crossroads,” Nature, Vol. 397, January 1999, pp. 103−104.

Creager, Joe S. and Dean A. McManus. “Geology of the Floor of Bering and Chukchi Seas—American Studies,” in David M. Hopkins, ed. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Hopkins, David M. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Repenning, Charles A. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000.

Repenning, Charles A. “Palearctic-Neararctic Mammalian Dispersal in the Late Cenozoic,” in David M. Hopkins, ed. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

Scholl, David W. and David M. Hopkins. “Newly Discovered Cenozoic Basins, Bering Sea Shelf, Alaska,” The American Association of Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 10 October, 1969, pp. 2067−2078.

Scholl, David W., Edwin C. Buffington, David M. Hopkins, and Tau Rho Alpha. “The Structure and Origin of the Large Submarine Canyons of the Bering Sea,” Marine Geology, Vol. 8, 1970, pp. 187−210.

Colinvaux, Paul A. and Fredrick H. West. “The Beringian Ecosystem,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, September 1984.

Colinvaux, Paul A. “Plain Thinking on Bering Land Bridge Vegetation and Mammoth Populations,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, March 1986.

Fagan, Brian M. The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America, Thames and Hudson, 1987.

Guthrie, R. D. and John V. Matthews. “The Cape Deceit Fauna—Early Pleistocene Mammalian Assemblage from the Alaskan Arctic,” Quaternary Research, Vol. 1, 1971.

Guthrie, R. Dale. “Woolly Arguments Against the Mammoth Steppe—A New Look at the Palynological Data,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, September 1985.

Guthrie, R. Dale. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Hopkins, David M., J. V. Matthews, C. E. Schweger, and S. B. Young. Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press, 1982.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider and Dan O’Neill, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Matthews, J. V., Jr. “Quaternary Environments at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska): Evolution of a Tundra Ecosystem,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 85, September 1974.

Meltzer, David J. Search for the First Americans. Smithsonian Books, 1993.

Colinvaux, Paul A. and Fredrick H. West. “The Beringian Ecosystem,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, September 1984.

Colinvaux, Paul A. “Plain Thinking on Bering Land Bridge Vegetation and Mammoth Populations,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, March 1986.

Colinvaux, Paul A. “Low-down on the Land Bridge,” Nature, Vol. 382, July 4, 1996.

Colinvaux, Paul A., Dan A. Livingstone, and David M. Hopkins. “Reconnaissance of Large Lakes in the Proposed Imuruk-Chukchi Wildlands to Consider Possibility and Desirability of Lifting Long Cores,” unpublished and undated manuscript, David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Elias, Scott A. The Ice Age History of Alaska National Parks. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.

Elias, Scott A., Susan Short, C. Hans Nelson, and Hillary Birks. “Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge,” Nature, Vol. 382, July 4, 1996.

Guthrie, R. Dale. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Guthrie, R. D. and John V. Matthews. “The Cape Deceit Fauna—Early Pleistocene Mammalian Assemblage from the Alaskan Arctic,” Quaternary Research, Vol. 1, 1971.

Guthrie, R. Dale. “Woolly Arguments Against the Mammoth Steppe—A New Look at the Palynological Data,” The Quarterly Review of Archeology, September 1985.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider, Dan O’Neill, and others, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, David M., J. V. Matthews, C. E. Schweger, and S. B. Young. Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press, 1982.

Matthews, J. V., Jr. “Quaternary Environments at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska): Evolution of a Tundra Ecosystem,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 85, September 1974.

U.S. National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, Alaska Support Office. Journey of Discovery: Landscape History of the Bering Land Bridge. Video recording produced by Taylor Productions, Inc., undated.

U.S. National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, Alaska Support Office. Siulipta Paitaat: Our Ancestors’ Heritage. Video recording produced by Taylor Productions, Inc., undated.

Wood, Charles A. and Jürgen Kienle. Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Colinvaux, Paul A., Dan A. Livingstone, and David M. Hopkins. “Reconnaissance of Large Lakes in the Proposed Imuruk-Chukchi Wildlands to Consider Possibility and Desirability of Lifting Long Cores.” Unpublished and undated manuscript, David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Goetcheus, Victoria G., Jan Janssens, and David M. Hopkins. “The Vegetation of A17 Buried Surface on the Northern Seward Peninsula,” Arctic Workshop, 24th, Quebec, Abstracts, 1995.

Goetcheus, Victoria G. “Reconstruction of a Full Glacial Landscape Based on Macrofossils,” Quaternary Geology/Geomorphology (Posters II), Session 119, Annual Meeting, Denver, 1996, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 28, No. 7, p. A-303.

Goetcheus, Victoria G. and Hilary H. Birks. “Full-Glacial Upland Tundra Vegetation Preserved under Tephra in the Beringia National Park, Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” unpublished, undated manuscript.

Hopkins, David M. “The Espenberg Maars: A Record of Explosive Volcanic Activity in the Devil Mountain-Cape Espenberg Area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska,” in The Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: An Archeological Survey, J. Schaaf, National Park Service, Alaska Region Research/Management Report AR-14, 1988.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider, Dan O’Neill, and others, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author, various dates.

Höfle, Claudia. Buried Soils on Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska: A Window into the Late-Pleistocene Environment of the Bering Land Bridge. Masters thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, August 1995.

Wolf, Victoria Goetcheus. A Window to the Past: Macrofossil Remains from an 18,000 Year-old Surface, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Masters thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, December, 2001.

Wood, Charles A. and Jürgen Kienle. Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

———. Obituary of J. L. Giddings in Polar Record, Vol. 66, No. 82, January 1966.

———. “Brown Professor Badly Hurt in Seekonk Highway Crash” and “Auto Injuries Prove Fatal to Dr. Giddings,” undated (probably December 1964), unattributed newspaper clippings. Provided by Bruce Crooks, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, Rhode Island.

Anderson, Douglas. Telephone interview, April 6, 2000. Anderson was Giddings’ student and completed the excavations begun by Giddings at Onion Portage.

Anderson, Douglas. “Onion Portage: The Archeology of a Stratified Site from the Kobuk River, Northwest Alaska,” Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, Vol. 22, Nos. 1−2, 1986.

Carlisle, Kate. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000. Carlisle is Giddings’ niece and was a student at Brown at the time of her uncle’s death.

Collins, Henry B. Obituary of J. L. Giddings in Arctic, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 1965.

Dayton, Paul. E-mail correspondence with author, 2000. Dayton is Louis Giddings’ nephew and worked with him in the field.

Dixon, E. James. Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Dixon, E. James. Bones, Boats and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonists of Western North America. University of New Mexico Press, 1999.

Elias, Scott A. The Ice Age History of Alaska National Parks. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.

Fagan, Brian M. The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. Thames and Hudson, 1987.

Giddings, J. Louis. Ancient Men of the Arctic. Knopf, 1967.

Greenberg, Joseph H., Christy G. Turner II, and Stephen L. Zegura. “The Settlement of the Americas: A Comparison of the Linguistic, Dental, and Genetic Evidence,” Current Anthropology, Vol. 27, No. 5, December 1986.

Greenberg, Joseph H. “Beringia and New World Origins: The Linguistic Evidence,” in F. H. West, ed., American Beginnings, University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Hamilton, Thomas D. and Ted Goebel. “Late Pleistocene Peopling of Alaska,” in R. Bonnichsen and K. L. Turnmire, eds., Ice Age Peoples of North America. Oregon State University Press, 1999.

Hopkins, David M. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, 1967.

David M. Hopkins Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. See especially the field notebooks.

Hopkins, David M. Oral history interviews conducted by William Schneider, Dan O’Neill, and others, various dates; Oral History Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Laughlin, William S. and Albert B. Harper, eds. The First Americans: Origins, Affinities, and Adaptations. Gustav Fischer, 1979.

Laughlin, William S. “Human Migration and Permanent Occupation in the Bering Sea Area,” in David M. Hopkins, ed. The Bering Land Bridge, Stanford University Press, 1967.

Meltzer, David J. Search for the First Americans. Smithsonian Books, 1993.

Turner, Christy G. “Teeth and Prehistory in Asia,” Scientific American, February 1989.

Turner, Christy G. The Dentition of Arctic Peoples. Garland, 1991.

Thomas, David Hurst. Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity. Basic Books, 2000.

West, Fredrick H., ed. American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecology of Beringia. University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Dixon, E. James. Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Dixon, E. James. Bones, Boats and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonists of Western North America. University of New Mexico Press, 1999.

Meltzer, David J. Search for the First Americans. Smithsonian Books, 1993.

Mobley, Charles M. The Campus Site: A Prehistoric Camp at Fairbanks, Alaska. University of Alaska Press, 1991.

Rainey, Froelich. “Louis Giddings: Obituary; American Anthropologist,” Vol. 67, No. 6, Pt. 1, December 1965.

West, Fredrick H., ed. American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecology of Beringia. University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Workman, William. To author, January 6, 2001.

Brigham-Grette, Julie. E-mail to author, May 16, 2001; telephone interview, May 3, 2001.

Hamilton, Thomas. Oral history interview, January 6, 2001; numerous telephone interviews and e-mails, various dates, 2001.

Hopkins, David M. Interviewed by author, various dates.

Reynolds, John. Telephone interview, May 1, 2001.

Schaaf, Jeanne. Oral history interviews with author, April 1, 1999, September 15, 2000; numerous telephone interviews, 1998−2002.

Sher, Andrei, to Professor Julie Brigham-Grette, November 17, 2001.

Society for American Archeology. 1988 Fryxell Award for Interdisciplinary Research, citation in American Antiquity, 53(3), 1988, pp. 453−454.

Thorson, Robert M. Citation on the presentation of the Archeological Geology Division Award, 1990.

University of Alaska Fairbanks. Citation for David M. Hopkins, honorary doctorate, May 2000.

University of Maine at Orono. Citation for David M. Hopkins, Distinguished Lecture Series, October 1983.

Workman, William, to The Fryxell Award Committee, October 20, 1986.

Hopkins, Dana. Telephone interviews, November 2001 to February 2002.

Hopkins, David M. Telephone interviews, November. 2001.

Schaaf, Jeanne. Telephone interviews, November 2001.

Note on Sources

1. The toast of Khabarovsk

2. The Ice Age

3. Hebe’s son

4. Calling

5. Fieldwork in arctic Alaska

6. Something going on

7. Giddings

8. A simultaneous equation

9. Writing the bible

10. The productivity paradox

11. Mammoth fauna

12. Soil from maars

13. The first Americans

14. The first of the first

15. The last of the last

Afterword