Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?

First published as a Norton paperback 2017

For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,

500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110

For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact

W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830

Book design by Dana Sloan

Production manager: Louise Mattarelliano

Cover design by Darren Haggar

Cover photograph by Lisl Moolman / Barcroft Media

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

Names: Waal, F. B. M. de (Frans B. M.), 1948– , author.

Title: Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? / Frans de Waal ; with drawings by the author.

Description: First edition. | New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 2016. |

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015049994 | ISBN 9780393246186 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Animal intelligence. | Psychology, Comparative.

Classification: LCC QL785 .W127 2016 | DDC 591.5/13—dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015049994

ISBN 978-0-393-24619-3 (e-book)

ISBN 978-0-393-35366-2 (pbk.)

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.

15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS