/********************//* 1. Global styles */ /********************/a{text-decoration: none;}a:link, a:active{color: #0176C3;}a:visited{color: #5f5f5f;}body{font-family: "Cambria", "Minion Pro", "Times New Roman", "Times", serif;/*margin: 0;*/}img{border: 0;vertical-align: middle;}video { display: block; margin-top: 1em; text-indent: 0;width: 100%;} p{margin: 0; }.Heading, .SubHeading, .ContextInformation, .MainTitleSection, .PartTitle, .SeriesTitle, .SeriesSubTitle, .SubSeriesTitle, .SubSeriesSubTitle, .BookTitle, .BookSubTitle, .ForewordTitle, .PrefaceTitle, .BookAcknowledgmentsTitle, .BookNotesTitle{ text-align: left !important;}.Heading, .SubHeading{display: block;font-weight: bold;}/*****************************//* 2. Article/Chapter Header *//*****************************//* Context information at the top of the page *//**********************************************/.ArticleContextInformation{border-bottom: 1px solid;margin-bottom: 0.8em;padding-bottom: 0.3em;}.ArticleContextInformation .ContextInformation{display: block;font-size: 80%;}.ArticleContextInformation .JournalTitle:after, .ArticleContextInformation .JournalSubTitle:after{content: ", ";}.ArticleCopyright{display: inline;}.ArticleCopyright .CopyrightComment, .ArticleContextInformation .ArticleDOI{display: block;}.ChapterContextInformation{border-bottom: 1px solid;margin-bottom: 0.8em;padding-bottom: 0.3em;}.ChapterContextInformation .ContextInformation{display: block;font-size: 80%;}.ChapterCopyright .CopyrightComment{display: block;}.ChapterContextInformation .BookEdition:before{content: ', ';}.ChapterContextInformation .ContextInformationAuthorEditorNames:after{content: ', ';}.ChapterContextInformation .BookTitle{font-style: italic;}.ChapterContextInformation .SeriesTitle:before{content: ', ';}.ChapterContextInformation .SeriesSubTitle:before{content: ': ';}.ChapterContextInformation .ContextInformationVolumeNumber:before{content: ' ';}.ChapterContextInformation .ChapterDOI{display: block;}/*.BookContextInformation { font-size: 80%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } .BookContextInformation .ContextInformationEditorsAuthors:after { content: ", "; } .BookContextInformation .SeriesSubTitle:before { content: ": "; } .BookContextInformation .ContextInformationSeriesTitles:after { content: ", "; } .BookContextInformation .BookTitle:after { content: ", "; } .BookContextInformation .BookTitle { font-style: italic; } .BookContextInformation .BookEdition:after { content: ", "; } .BookContextInformation .BookSubTitle:after { content: ", "; } .BookContextInformation .ContextInformationDOI:after { content: ", "; } .BookFrontmatter .ContextInformation, .PartFrontmatter .ContextInformation, .BookBackmatter .ContextInformation { border-bottom: 1px solid; padding-bottom: 5px; }*//* Article/Chapter Categories *//******************************/.Categories{color: #666666;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.ArticleCategory, .ChapterCategory{font-size: 1.2rem;}.ArticleSubCategory, .ChapterSubCategory{font-size: 1rem;}/* Article/Chaper Titles *//*************************/.MainTitleSection{font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 1.2em;margin-top: 1.2em;}.ArticleSuperTitle{font-size: 1.2rem;}.MainTitleSection .ArticleTitle, .ForeignLanguageHeader .ArticleTitle, .MainTitleSection .ChapterTitle, .ForeignLanguageHeader .ChapterTitle{font-size: 1.73rem;margin: 0;}.ArticleSubTitle, .ChapterSubTitle{font-size: 1.2rem;padding-top: 0.2em;}/* Author Information *//**********************/body>.AuthorGroup .AuthorNames, .BookBackmatter>.AuthorGroup .AuthorNames{font-size: 100%;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;text-align: left !important;}.BookBackmatter>.AuthorGroup .AuthorNames{font-weight: bold;}.AuthorNames sup{font-size: 70%;}.Prefix:after{content: '\00a0';}.Suffix:before{content: '\00a0';}.Degrees:before{content: ',\00a0';}.NativeName:before, .Role:before{content: '\00a0(';}.NativeName:after, .Role:after{content: ')';}.AffiliationNumber{float: left;padding-right: 0.5em;}.AffiliationText{margin-left: 2em;}.AffiliationHint{font-style: italic;}.AuthorNames .DeceasedSymbol:before{content: "\2020";padding-left: 3px;}.AuthorNames .EqualContributionSymbol:before{content: "*";padding-left: 3px;}.InstitutionMembers:before{content: '\00a0(';}.InstitutionMembers:after{content: ')';}.AffiliationLegend .DeceasedSymbol:before{content: "\2020";display: inline-block;width: 14px;}.AffiliationLegend .EqualContributionSymbol:before{content: "*";display: inline-block;width: 14px;}.ClearBoth{clear: both;font-size: 0rem;line-height: 0 !important;}.Contact, .AffiliationLegend{margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.ContactIcon{background-image:url(Image00001.gif);background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;width: 0.8rem;}.AuthorNames .ContactIcon{display: inline-block;}.Contact .ContactIcon{float: left;margin-top: 4px;margin-right: 4px;}.ContactAuthorLine{padding-left: 20px;font-weight: bold;}.ContactAdditionalLine{padding-left:20px;}.ContactType{font-weight: bold;}/* Article/Chapter History *//***************************/.ArticleHistory{margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.HistoryLabel{font-weight: bold;}.History+.History{padding-left: 0.5em;}/* Table of Contents *//*********************/.ArticleOrChapterToc{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 1em;}.ArticleOrChapterToc .HeadingNumber{font-weight: bold;padding-right: 0.3em;}/* Abstract *//************/.Abstract{margin-top: 1em;}.Abstract>.Heading{font-size: 1em;margin: 0;}.AbstractSection{margin-top: 0.3em;}.Heading+.AbstractSection{margin-top: 0;}.AbstractSection>.Heading{font-size: 1em;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;margin: 0;}/* Keywords *//************/.KeywordGroup{margin-top: 1em;}.KeywordGroup .Heading{display: inline;font-size: 1em;margin: 0;padding-right: 0.5em;}.Keyword+.Keyword:before{content: " \2013 ";}/* Foreign Language Header *//***************************/.ForeignLanguageHeader{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;}.ForeignLanguageTitleSection{font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 1.2em;margin-top: 1rem;}/* AbbreviationGroup *//*********************/.AbbreviationGroup{margin-top: 1em;}.ForeignLanguageHeader+.AbbreviationGroup{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 1em;}.AbbreviationGroup>.Heading{font-size: 1em;margin: 0;}.AbbreviationGroup .DefinitionList{margin-top: 0em;margin-bottom: 0em;padding-right: 0.1em;padding-top: 0.1em;padding-bottom: 0.1em;}.AbbreviationGroupSection>.Heading{font-size: 1em;margin: 0;padding-top: 0.2em;}/* ArticleNote *//***************/.ArticleNote{margin-top: 1em;}.ArticleNote>.Heading{font-size: 1em;margin: 0;}.ArticleNoteMotto{font-style: italic;margin-left: 1.5em;margin-right: 1.5em;text-align: right;}/* Biography *//*************/.Biography{display: block;margin-top: 0.8em;padding-bottom: 0;width: 100%;}.Loc .AuthorGroup .Biography{margin-top: 0em;}.Biography .FormalPara, .Biography .BiographyFigure{display: block;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.Biography .BiographyFigure{float: right;margin-left: 6px;}.Biography .Figure{border-bottom: none;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0;}/*********************//* 3. General styles *//*********************//* BlockQuote *//**************/.Fulltext>.Para:first-of-type>.BlockQuote:first-of-type{margin-top: 0;}.BlockQuote{margin: 1em 1.5em;}.BlockQuote>.Heading{font-size: 1em;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;}.BlockQuote>.Para{text-indent: 0;}.Heading+.Para>.BlockQuote:first-child{margin-top: 0;}/* Caption *//***********/.Caption, .TableFooter{display: block;text-align: left;}.TableFooter .SimplePara + .SimplePara{text-indent: 0;}.Caption{margin-top: 0.5em;}.CaptionContent{font-size: 90%;}.TableFooter{margin-top: 1em;}.Table .Caption{margin-top: 0.5em;}.Figure .Caption, video+.Caption{margin-bottom: 1em;}.Table .Caption{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.CaptionNumber{font-style: italic;font-weight: bold;padding-right: 0.6em;}.CaptionContent>span.Heading{display: inline;}.CaptionContent>span.SimplePara{display: block;}.CaptionContent >.SimplePara:first-child, .CaptionContent>.CaptionNumber+.SimplePara, .CaptionContent>a+.SimplePara{display: inline;margin-top: 0;}.Credit >.SimplePara{text-indent: 1.5em;}/* DefinitionList *//******************/.DefinitionList{margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 0.1em;}.DefinitionList>.Heading{font-size: 1rem;margin: 0;text-indent: 0;}dl{margin: 0;}.DefinitionList:after{content: "";clear: both;display: table;}.Term{clear: both;float: left;font-style: italic;padding-right: 1em;text-indent: 0;vertical-align: top;}.Description{float: left;padding-bottom: 0.3em;margin-left: 0;}.Description .Para:first-child{text-indent: 0;}.Heading+.Para>div.DefinitionList:first-child{margin-top: 0;}/* Emphasis *//************/.EmphasisTypeBold{font-weight: bold;}.EmphasisTypeItalic{font-style: italic;}.EmphasisTypeUnderline{text-decoration: underline;}.EmphasisTypeDoubleUnderline{border-bottom-style:double;}.EmphasisTypeSmallCaps{font-variant:small-caps;}.EmphasisTypeBoldItalic{font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;}.EmphasisTypeBoldUnderline{font-weight: bold;text-decoration: underline;}.EmphasisTypeBoldDoubleUnderline{font-weight: bold;border-bottom-style:double;}.EmphasisTypeBoldSmallCaps{font-weight: bold;font-variant:small-caps;}.EmphasisTypeItalicUnderline{font-style: italic;text-decoration: underline;}.EmphasisTypeItalicDoubleUnderline{font-style: italic;border-bottom-style: double;}.EmphasisTypeItalicSmallCaps{font-style: italic;font-variant: small-caps;}.EmphasisTypeBoldItalicUnderline{font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;text-decoration: underline;}.EmphasisTypeBoldItalicDoubleUnderline{font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;border-bottom-style: double;}.EmphasisTypeBoldItalicSmallCaps{font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;font-variant: small-caps;}.EmphasisTypeUnderlineSmallCaps{text-decoration: underline;font-variant: small-caps;}.EmphasisTypeDoubleUnderlineSmallCaps{border-bottom-style: double;font-variant: small-caps;}.EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional{font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;}:not(.ParaTypeProgramcode)>.EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional{font-size: 95%;}.EmphasisFontCategorySansSerif{font-family: "Arial", "Helvetica", sans-serif;font-size: 75%;}.EmphasisTypeStrikethrough{text-decoration: line-through;}/* Equations *//*************/.Equation{display: block;/*margin-bottom: -0.7em !important;*/text-indent: 0;vertical-align: middle;}.NumberedEquation{display: table;width: 100%;}.NumberedEquation .EquationWrapper{display: table-row;}.NumberedEquation .EquationContent{display: table-cell;}.EquationContent{margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0;width: 100%;text-align: center;text-indent: 0;vertical-align: middle;}.EquationContent div{margin-top: 0.5em;}.EquationContent .MediaObject{margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.EquationContent img{background: white; }.EquationNumber{display: table-cell;margin-bottom: 0.4em;text-align: right;vertical-align: middle;}.EquationSourceXml{white-space: nowrap;}.InlineEquation img{background: white;/*margin-top: 0.05em; vertical-align: top;*/vertical-align: text-top;}/* Figure *//**********/.Figure{margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;text-align: center;text-indent: 0;}.OpeningFigure .Figure{/*padding-bottom: 1em;*/}.Figure img{height: auto;margin: 0; padding: 2px;}.MediaObject{display: block;text-align: center;}.MediaObject:last-child{margin-bottom: 1em;}.EquationContent>.MediaObject:last-child{margin-bottom: 0;}.MediaObject+.MediaObject{margin-top: 1em;}/* Footnotes *//*************/.FootnoteSection{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;}.FootnoteSection>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Footnote{clear: both;font-size: 90%;text-align: left;}.FootnoteNumber{float: left;padding-right: 0.5em;}.FootnoteParas > div{margin-left: 1em;margin-top: 0.3em;}/* FormalPara *//**************/.FormalPara{margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.FormalPara .Heading{font-size: 1em;margin: 0;}.FormalParaRenderingStyle1>.Heading{display: inline;padding-right: 1em;}.FormalParaRenderingStyle2>.Heading{display: inline;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;padding-right: 1em;}.FormalParaRenderingStyle3>.Heading{padding-right: 1em;}.FormalParaRenderingStyle1>p:first-of-type, .FormalParaRenderingStyle2>p:first-of-type{display: inline;}.Heading+.FormalPara{margin-top: 0;}.FormalPara .AuthorNames{font-style: italic;font-weight: normal !important;}/* Headings *//************/.HeadingNumber{padding-right: 0.3em;}.RenderAsSection1>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.RenderAsSection2>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section2>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}.RenderAsSection3>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;font-style: italic;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section3>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}.RenderAsSection4>.Heading{font-size: 100%;font-style: italic;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section4>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}.RenderAsSection5>.Heading{font-size: 100%;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section5>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}.RenderAsSection6>.Heading{font-size: 100%;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section6>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}.RenderAsSection7>.Heading{font-size: 100%;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Heading + .Section7>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0;}/* Literal *//***********/.Literal{font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;}/* Ordered List *//****************/.OrderedList{margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;text-indent: 0em;display:table;}.OrderedList > ol{margin: 0;padding: 0;}.OrderedList .Heading{font-size: 1em;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;display:table-caption;}.OrderedList .Heading+.ListItem{margin-top: 0;}.Heading+.Para>div.OrderedList:first-child, .Heading+.Para>div.OrderedList:first-child>.Heading{margin-top: 0;}.ListItem{/*margin-left: 0em;*/margin-top: 0.5em;display:table-row;}.ItemNumber{/*float: left;*/padding-right: 0.5em;display: table-cell;vertical-align: top;}.ItemContent{/*overflow: hidden;*/display: table-cell;}/* Para *//********/.Fulltext>.Para:first-of-type{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 1em;}.Fulltext>.Para~.Para:first-of-type{/* needed for the case that .Fulltext content starts with p.Para and div.Para */border-top: none;margin-top: 0;padding-top: 0;}.Para+.Para{margin-top: 0;text-indent: 1.5em;}.ParaTextBreak{margin-top: 1em !important;text-indent: 0 !important;}.ParaTypeExample{border-left: 4px solid;padding-left: 0.5em;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ParaTypeEyeCatcher, .ParaTypeTip{border-left: 4px solid;padding-left: 0.5em;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.ParaTypeImportant{background: #bbbbbb;border: 2px solid;padding: 0.5em;margin-top: 0.8em !important;margin-bottom: 0.8em;}.ParaTypeImportant img{background-color: transparent;}.ParaTypeGeneticSequence, .ParaTypeLiteral, .ParaTypeProgramcode{font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size: 95%;}.ParaTypeProgramcode{text-indent: 0 !important;word-wrap: break-word;}.Para:not(.ParaTypeProgramcode)+.ParaTypeProgramcode{margin-top: 0.5em;}.ParaTypeProgramcode+.Para:not(.ParaTypeProgramcode){margin-top: 0.5em;}.ParaTypeLegalText{font-weight: bold;margin-left: 1em;text-align: left;}.ParaTypeOverview, .ParaTypeAnswers, .ParaTypeQuestions, .ParaTypeDefinition, .ParaTypeProcedure, .ParaTypeRecipe{border: 2px solid;margin-top: 0.8em !important;margin-bottom: 0.8em;padding: 0.5em}.ParaTypeSource{font-style: italic;}.ParaTypeTrailer, .ParaTypeLearningGoals{font-weight: bold;padding-left: 0.5em;padding-right: 0.5em;}.ParaTypeWarning{font-weight: bold;}.ParaTypeExample, .ParaTypeEyeCatcher, .ParaTypeImportant, .ParaTypeLegalText, .ParaTypeOverview, .ParaTypeTip, .ParaTypeAnswers, .ParaTypeQuestions, .ParaTypeDefinition, .ParaTypeProcedure, .ParaTypeRecipe{text-indent: 0 !important;}.Para+.ParaOneEmphasisChild{margin-top: 1em;text-indent: 0 !important;}.ParaOneEmphasisChild+.Para{text-indent: 0 !important;}/* Part *//********/.PartNumber{display: block;font-size: 1.73rem;}.PartTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.73rem;}.SubPartTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.44rem;}/* ProgramCode *//***************/.ProgramCode{margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ProgramCode .FixedLine{font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size: 95%;word-wrap: break-word;}.LineGroup+.LineGroup{margin-top: 1em;}/* Quiz *//********/.Heading+.Para>.Quiz>.Heading{margin-top: 0;/* omit space above quiz heading if it follows another heading */}.Quiz .Heading{font-size: 1rem;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;}.QuizTask{display: table;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;width: 100%;text-indent: 0;}.QuizTask + .QuizTask{margin-top: 1.5em;}.QuizItem{padding: 0.1em;}.QuizItemTypeSolution{/*background-color: #eeeeee;*/border: 2px solid #aaaaaa;margin-top: 0.5em;padding: 10px;}.QuizTask > input{display: none;}.QuizItem > label{color: #0176C3;}.QuizTask > input ~ .QuizItem > label + div{display: none;}.QuizTask > input:checked ~ .QuizItem > label + div{display: table-cell;}.QuizTask > input ~ .QuizItem > label:after{content: " \00BB";}.QuizTask > input:checked ~ .QuizItem > label:after{content: " \00AB";}.QuizTask > input ~ .QuizItemTypeCorrectAnswer{background-color: transparent;transition: background 0.4s;}.QuizTask > input:checked ~ .QuizItemTypeCorrectAnswer{background-color: #EAF2DB;transition: background 0.4s;}/* Review *//**********/.ReviewTitle{font-weight: bold;margin-top: 1em;text-indent: 0;}.Review .AuthorName+.AuthorName:before{content: ', ';}.Review .ISBN, .ReviewDataUnstructured{text-indent: 0;}.Review .Para:first-of-type{margin-top: 1em;text-indent: 0;}/* Sections *//************/.BookBackmatter>.Appendix:first-child>div:first-child{/* omit the top border of the first div inside BookBackmatter */border-top: none !important;margin-top: 0 !important;padding-top: 0 !important;}.BookAcknowledgmentsBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child, .BookNotesBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child, .ForewordBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child, .PrefaceBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child, .BookBackmatter>.Appendix:first-child>.RenderAsSection1:first-child{border-top: none;margin-top: 0em;}.BookAcknowledgmentsBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child>.Heading, .ForewordBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child>.Heading, .PrefaceBody>.RenderAsSection1:first-child>.Heading{margin-top: 0em;}/* Section Authors *//*******************/.Section1 .AuthorNames, .Section2 .AuthorNames, .Section3 .AuthorNames{font-weight: bold;margin-top: 0.3em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.Section1 .AuthorNames sup, .Section2 .AuthorNames sup, .Section3 .AuthorNames sup{font-size: 70%;}.Section1 .Affiliations, .Section2 .Affiliations, .Section3 .Affiliations{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}/* Section Types *//*****************/.SectionTypeBackgroundInformation, .SectionTypeExcurse{font-size: 90%;}.SectionTypeBox, .SectionTypeOverview, .SectionTypeQuestionnaire{background-color: #BBB;margin-top: 1em !important;padding: 0.5em;}.SectionTypeCaseStudy, .SectionTypeExample, .SectionTypeTip{border-left: 4px solid;margin-top: 1em !important;padding-top: 0em;padding-left: 0.5em;padding-right: 0.5em;padding-bottom: 0.5em;}.SectionTypeTrailer, .SectionTypeLearningGoals{font-weight: bold;text-align: left;}.SectionTypeLegalText{font-weight: bold;margin-left: 1em;text-align: left;text-indent: 0 !important;}.SectionTypeProcedure, .SectionTypeRecipe{border: 2px solid;margin-top: 0.8em !important;margin-bottom: 0.8em;padding: 0.5em;}.SectionTypeWarning{font-weight: bold;}.RenderAsSection1{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;}.SectionTypeBox+.RenderAsSection1, .SectionTypeOverview+.RenderAsSection1, .SectionTypeQuestionnaire+.RenderAsSection1{border-top: 0;/* no bar above the section if the previous section is in a box */}.SectionTypeBox>.Heading, .SectionTypeOverview>.Heading, .SectionTypeQuestionnaire>.Heading, .SectionTypeProcedure>.Heading, .SectionTypeRecipe>.Heading{margin-top: 0em;}/* Sidebars *//************/.InternalRefSidebarLexicon{background-image:url(Image00002.gif);background-repeat: no-repeat;font-weight: bold;padding-left: 20px;}.SidebarDialog{border: 1px solid;margin-left: 1.5em;margin-top: 0.4em;margin-bottom: 0.2em;padding: 0.2em;text-indent: 0;}.SidebarNumber{font-weight: bold;padding-right: 0.5em;}/* SimplePara *//**************/.SimplePara+.SimplePara{margin-top: 0;text-indent: 1.5em;}/* Stack *//*********//*.Stack { position: relative; padding-left: 0.25em; } .Stack sub { position: relative; } .Stack sup { left: 0.25em; position: absolute; top: -0.25em; }*/.Stack{display: inline-table;vertical-align: top;}.Stack sub{display: table-row;}.Stack sup{display: table-header-group;}/* Tables *//**********/table{border-collapse: collapse;font-size: 80%; text-indent: 0;}table .SimplePara + .SimplePara{text-indent: 0;}table, tr, td{border-color: #bbb !important;}th{border-color: #999 !important;}thead{background: #bbbbbb;color: #000000 !important;}.Table{margin-bottom: 1em;text-indent: 0;}.Caption .Table{margin-bottom: 0;}.Table img{height: auto;margin: 0; }th div{text-align: left;}td div, td p, th div, th p{padding: 0.2em;}.Para+.Table, .Para>.Table{margin-top: 1em;}.SimplePara>.Table{margin-top: .5em;}thead, tbody{vertical-align: top;}tbody+tbody tr:first-child td{padding-top: 1em;}.ExternalTable{background-color: #F8F8F8;border-top: 1px solid;border-bottom: 1px solid;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;padding-top: 0em;padding-bottom: 0em;}.ExternalTable .Table{padding-bottom: 0.3em;}/* UnorderedList *//*****************/.UnorderedList>.Heading{font-size: 1em;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.Heading+.Para>div.UnorderedList:first-child>.Heading{margin-top: 0;}.UnorderedList li .Para:first-child{text-indent: 0;}.Heading+ul{margin-top: 0;}ul{margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkBullet{list-style-type: disc;padding-left: 1em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkBullet div{margin-bottom: 0.3em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkBullet .Equation div{margin-bottom: 0;}ul.UnorderedListMarkNone{list-style-type: none;padding-left: 1em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkNone div{margin-bottom: 0.3em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkNone .Equation div{margin-bottom: 0;}ul.UnorderedListMarkDash{list-style: none;padding-left: 1.1em;text-indent: -0.8em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkDash > li > *:first-child{display:inline;}ul.UnorderedListMarkDash div{text-indent: 0;margin-top: 0.3em;margin-bottom: 0.3em;}ul.UnorderedListMarkDash>li:before{content: "\2013\0020";}/* Verse *//*********/.Verse{margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.Verse .Heading{font-size: 1rem;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;text-indent: 0;}/*********************************//* 4. Article/Chapter Backmatter *//*********************************//* Acknowledgments, AuthorContribution, FundingInformation, DataAvailability, Ethics *//*************************************************************************************/.Acknowledgments, .AuthorContribution, .Ethics{margin-top: 1em;}.Acknowledgments>.Heading, .AuthorContribution>.Heading, .FundingInformation>.Heading, .DataAvailability>.Heading, .Ethics>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin-bottom: 0;}/* License *//***********/.License{font-size: 0.9rem !important;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.License>a:first-child img{float: left;height:1.9rem;padding-right: 0.5em;padding-bottom: 0.0em;padding-top: 0.2em;}/*.LicenseSubType-cc-by>a:first-child { content:url('cc-by.svg'); } .LicenseSubType-cc-by-nc>a:first-child { content:url('cc-by-nc.svg'); } .LicenseSubType-cc-by-nc-nd>a:first-child { content:url('cc-by-nc-nd.svg'); } .LicenseSubType-cc-by-nc-sa>a:first-child { content:url('cc-by-nc-sa.svg'); } .LicenseSubType-cc-by-sa>a:first-child { content:url('cc-by-sa.svg'); }*//* Glossary *//************/.Glossary{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 1em;padding-top: 0.3em;}.Glossary .Headings{margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.8em;}.Glossary>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.Glossary>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.GlossarySection .Headings{margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.4em;}.GlossarySection>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin: 0;}.GlossarySection>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 100%;}.GlossaryTerm{float: left;font-style: italic;padding-right: 0.5em;}.GlossarySeeLabel, .GlossarySeeAlsoLabel{font-style: italic;padding-right: 0.3em;}.GlossaryDef{display: inline;margin-top: 0.3em;}.GlossaryDef>.SimplePara, .GlossaryDef>.GlossarySee, .GlossaryDef>.GlossarySeeAlso{display: block;}.GlossaryDef>:first-child{display: inline;margin-top: 0;margin-left: 0;}.GlossaryDef .SimplePara+.GlossarySee, .GlossaryDef .SimplePara+.GlossarySeeAlso{text-indent: 0em;}.GlossaryTerm{display: inline;}.GlossaryTerm+.GlossarySee, .GlossaryTerm+.GlossarySeeAlso{display: inline;}.InternalRefGlossaryEntry{border-bottom: thin dotted;cursor: help;}.InternalRefGlossaryEntry:hover{border-bottom: none;}.InternalRefGlossaryEntry a:link, .InternalRefGlossaryEntry a:active, .InternalRefGlossaryEntry a:visited{color: inherit;}.InternalRefGlossaryEntry .InlineGlossaryDefinition{background: #ffffff;display: none;margin: 0px 3em 0 2em;padding: 3px 3px 3px 6px;border-style:solid;border-color:#49546F;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 5px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888;}.InternalRefGlossaryEntry:hover .InlineGlossaryDefinition{display: block;z-index: 6;}/* Table of Contents *//*********************/.TocAppendix{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 1em;}.BookContextInformation+.Appendix>.TocAppendix:first-child{/* omit the top border of the first section1 of the first appendix if it immediately follows the book context information (otherwise there would be two lines) */border-top: none;padding-top: 0;}.TocAppendix .Headings{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.TocAppendix>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.TocAppendix>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.TocEntry, .TocPart, .TocBack{margin-top: 0.5em;text-align: left !important;}.TocItem{font-weight: bold;}.TocPageNumber{display: none;}.TocAuthors{padding-left: 1.5em;}.TocSection1, .TocSection2, .TocSection3, .TocSection4, .TocSection5, .TocSection6, .TocSection7{padding-left: 1.5em;}/* Index *//*********/.Index{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 0.3em;margin-bottom: 0.8em;}.BookBackmatter>.Index:first-child{border-top: none;margin-top: 0em;}.Index .Headings{margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.BookBackmatter>.Index:first-child>.Headings{margin-top: 0em;}.Index>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.Index>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.IndexDiv .Headings{margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.IndexDiv>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin: 0;}.IndexDiv>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 100%;font-style: italic;}.IndexEntrySeeLabel{font-style: italic;margin-left: 1em;padding-right: 0.3em;}.SecondaryIE{margin-left: 1em;}.TertiaryIE{margin-left: 2em;}/* Change History *//******************/.ChangeHistory{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;}.ChangeHistory>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.3em;}.ChangeDate{font-weight: bold;padding-right: 1em;}.ChangeDetails{display: inline;}.ChangeDetails>p:first-of-type{display: inline;}/* Bibliography *//****************/.Bibliography{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;}.BookBackmatter>.Bibliography:first-child{border-top: none;}.Bibliography>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}/*.BibliographyWrapper { display: table; max-width: 100%; width: 100%; }*/.BibliographyWrapper{display: table;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.Bibliography>.BibliographyWrapper{padding-top: 1em;}.Bibliography>.Heading+.BibliographyWrapper{padding-top: 0;}.BibSection>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin-top: 0.8em;margin-bottom: 0.2em;}.BibliographyWrapper>.BibSection:first-child>.Heading:first-child{margin-top: 0.3em;}.Citation{display: table-row;font-size: 90%;}.CitationNumber{display: table-cell;}.CitationNumber+.CitationContent{padding-left: 0.5em;text-align: left;}.CitationContent{padding-top: 1em;display: table-cell;}.BibliographyWrapper>.Citation:first-child>.CitationContent{padding-top: 0;}.Occurrences{display: block;}.Occurrence{margin-right: 0px;}.Occurrence:before{content:'[';}.Occurrence:after{content:']';}.Citation .ArticleTitle:before, .Citation .ChapterTitle:before{content: ' \201C';/* opening quotes */}.Citation .ArticleTitle, .Citation .ChapterTitle{display: inline;}.Citation .ArticleTitle:after{content: '\201D\ ';/* closing quotes */}.Citation .ChapterTitle:after{content: '\201D\ In: ';/* closing quotes */}.Citation .Year:before{content: ' (';}.Citation .Year:after{content: ') ';}.Citation .JournalTitle:after{content: ' ';}.Citation .VolumeID:after{content: ':';}.BibChapter .FirstPage:before, .BibBook .FirstPage:before{content: ', pp ';}.Citation .FirstPage + .LastPage:before{content: '\2013';/* en dash */}.Citation .BookTitle:after, .Citation .BibEditorName:after, .Citation .EditionNumber:after, .Citation .PublisherName:after{content: ', ';}.BibComments{display: block;}/**********************//* 5. BookFrontmatter *//**********************//* Cover *//*********/.CoverFigure img{/* autoscale cover figure, used by the EPUB converter */margin: 0 auto 6px;width: 100%; height: auto;}/* Series Title Page *//*********************/.SeriesTitlePage{padding-bottom: 1.5em;padding-top: 1em;}.SeriesTitlePage .VolumeNumber{font-size: 1.44rem;}.SeriesTitlePage span.SeriesTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.73rem;font-weight: bold;margin-top: 0.5em;}.SeriesTitlePage .SeriesSubTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;}.SeriesTitlePage .SubSeriesTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;margin-top: 0.5em;}.SeriesTitlePage .SubSeriesSubTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.2rem;font-weight: bold;}.SeriesTitlePage .CollaboratorDesignation{display: block;font-weight: bold;padding-top: 3em;}.SeriesTitlePage .Collaborators{display: block;}.SeriesTitlePage .AffiliationText{font-style: italic;margin-left: 0;}.SeriesTitlePage .Affiliation+.CollaboratorName{display: inline-block;margin-top: 1em;}.SeriesInformationText{padding-top: 3em;}/* BookTitlePage *//*****************/.BookTitlePage{padding-top: 1em;}.BookTitlePageAfterSeriesTitlePage{/* .SeriesTitlePage+.BookTitlePage doesn't work on the Kindle */border-top: 1px solid #bbb;page-break-before: always;}.BookContextInformation + .BookTitlePage{border-top: none;padding-top: 0;}.BookTitlePage .BookEditors, .BookTitlePage .BookAuthors, .BookTitlePage .BookEditorInChiefGroup, .BookTitlePage .BookSectionEditorGroup{text-align: left !important;}.BookTitlePage .BookEditorInChiefGroup, .BookTitlePage .BookSectionEditorGroup{margin-top: 1em;}.BookTitlePage .BookEditorGroup .CollaboratorDesignation, .BookTitlePage .BookEditorInChiefGroup .CollaboratorDesignation, .BookTitlePage .BookSectionEditorGroup .CollaboratorDesignation{font-style: italic;}.BookTitlePage .BookTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.73rem;font-weight: bold;margin-top: 1em;}.BookTitlePage .BookSubTitle{display: block;font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.BookTitlePage .BookEdition{display: block;font-size: 1rem;font-weight: normal;margin-top: 0.5em;}.BookTitlePage .CollaboratorLine{padding-top: 0.5em;}.BookFeatureText{margin-top: 0.5em;}/*.BookFeatureText+.BookFeatureText { margin-top: 0; }*/.BookTitlePage .PublisherLogo .Figure, .BookTitlePage .PublisherImprintName{font-size: 1.2rem;margin-top: 4em;margin-bottom: 1.5em;text-align: left;}/* Copyright Page *//******************/.CopyrightPage{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.CopyrightPage .CollaboratorDesignation{display: block;font-style: italic;padding-bottom: 0.5em;}.CopyrightPageOriginators{padding-bottom: 4em;}.CopyrightPage div + .CollaboratorDesignation{padding-top: 2em;}.CopyrightPage .EditorGroup + .AuthorGroup{padding-top: 2em;}.CopyrightPage .Author + .Author, .CopyrightPage .Author + .InstitutionalAuthor, .CopyrightPage .InstitutionalAuthor + .Author, .CopyrightPage .InstitutionalAuthor + .InstitutionalAuthor, .CopyrightPage .Editor + .Editor, .CopyrightPage .Editor + .InstitutionalEditor, .CopyrightPage .InstitutionalEditor + .Editor, .CopyrightPage .InstitutionalEditor + .InstitutionalEditor, .CopyrightPage .Collaborator + .Collaborator{padding-top: 1em;}.CopyrightPage .Affiliation{margin-top: 0;}.CopyrightPage .AffiliationText{margin-left: 0;}.CopyrightPage .CollaboratorLine{padding-top: 1em;}.CopyrightPage .CollaboratorLine .CollaboratorDesignation{display: inline;font-style: normal;}.BookFrontmatter .CopyrightPage .ArticleNoteESMHint{border: none;padding-bottom: 0;page-break-before: auto;}.CopyrightPageISBNs, .CopyrightPageISSNs, .SpringerLocationsLine, .CatalogingInformation, .MathematicsSubjectClassification, .CopyrightLine, .CopyrightPage .CopyrightComment, .CopyrightStandardText, .TrademarkQualifierText, .ProductLiability, .LegalNotice, .CoverDesigner, .BookCoverFigureText, .PaperInfo, .SpringerReferenceLine{margin-top: 1em;}.CopyrightComment + .CopyrightLine{margin-top: 0.5em;}.SeriesTitle+.CopyrightPageISBNs{margin-top: 0;}.CopyrightPage .SeriesTitle{display: block;margin-top: 1em;}.CopyrightPageISSNs + .SeriesTitle{margin-top: 0;}.SpringerReferenceLine .SimplePara + .SimplePara, .BookCoverFigureText .SimplePara + .SimplePara{text-indent: 0;}.CopyrightPagePrintISSN+.CopyrightPageElectronicISSN{padding-left: 1.5em;}.CopyrightPagePrintISBN+.CopyrightPageElectronicISBN{padding-left: 1.5em;}.CopyrightComment .SimplePara + .SimplePara{padding-top: 0.5em;text-indent: 0;}.MathematicsSubjectClassificationCode + .MathematicsSubjectClassificationCode:before{content: ", ";}/* Endorsement *//****************/.Endorsement{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}/* Frontispiece *//****************/.Frontispiece{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}/* Dedication *//**************/.Dedication{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}/* Foreword *//************/.Foreword{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.PartFrontmatter h1:first-child+.Foreword{border-top: none;padding-top: 0;page-break-before: auto;}.ForewordTitle{font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;padding-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}.Foreword .AuthorName{margin-top: 0.2em;}.Foreword .AuthorName, .ForewordLocations, .ForewordDate{font-weight: bold;text-align: right;}.ForewordLocation+.ForewordLocation:before{content: ", ";}.Foreword .RenderAsSection1>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.Foreword .RenderAsSection2>.Heading, .Foreword .RenderAsSection3>.Heading{font-size: 100%;}/* Preface *//***********/.Preface{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.PrefaceTitle{font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;padding-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}.Preface .AuthorName{margin-top: 0.2em;}.Preface .AuthorName, .PrefaceLocations, .PrefaceDate{font-weight: bold;text-align: right;}.PrefaceLocation+.PrefaceLocation:before{content: ", ";}.Preface .RenderAsSection1>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.Preface .RenderAsSection2>.Heading, .Preface .RenderAsSection3>.Heading{font-size: 100%;}/* ArticleNote *//***************/.BookFrontmatterArticleNote{/* .BookFrontmatter .ArticleNote doesn't work on Kindle */border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 0;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.PartFrontmatter .ArticleNote{padding-bottom: 1em;}.PartFrontmatter h1:first-child+.ArticleNote{border-top: none;page-break-before: auto;}.BookFrontmatter .ArticleNote .Heading, .PartFrontmatter .ArticleNote .Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;font-style: normal;padding-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}/* BookAcknlowledgments *//************************/.BookAcknowledgments{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.BookAcknowledgmentsTitle{font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;padding-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}.BookAcknowledgments .AuthorName{font-weight: bold;margin-top: 1em;}.BookAcknowledgments .RenderAsSection1>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.BookAcknowledgments .RenderAsSection2>.Heading, .BookAcknowledgments .RenderAsSection3>.Heading{font-size: 100%;}/* BookNotes *//*************/.BookNotes{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.BookNotesTitle{font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}.BookNotes .AuthorName{font-weight: bold;}/* Abbreviation Group *//**********************/.BookFrontmatterAbbreviationGroup{/* .BookFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroup doesn't work on Kindle */border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 0;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.PartFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroup{padding-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.BookFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroup .Heading, .PartFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroup .Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;font-weight: bold;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 0.1em;page-break-after: avoid;}.BookFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroupSection>.Heading, .PartFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroupSection>.Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;padding-top: 1em;padding-bottom: 0em;}.BookFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroupSection+.AbbreviationGroupSection>.Heading, .PartFrontmatter .AbbreviationGroupSection+.AbbreviationGroupSection>.Heading{padding-top: 0.5em;}/* Table of Contents *//*********************/.Toc{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 0em;padding-bottom: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.Toc .Headings{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.Toc>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.Toc>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}/* List of Headings *//********************/.Loh{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-bottom: 1em;padding-top: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.Loh .Headings{margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.Loh>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.Loh>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.LohPageNumber{/*float: right;*/display: none;}/* List of Contributors *//************************/.LocWithHeading, .LocWithoutHeading>.LocBody>.LocDiv{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;padding-bottom: 1em;padding-top: 1em;page-break-before: always;}.Loc .Headings{margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.LocWithHeading>.Headings>.Heading, .LocWithoutHeading>.LocBody>.LocDiv>.Headings>.Heading{font-size: 1.44rem;margin: 0;}.LocWithHeading>.Headings>.SubHeading, .LocWithoutHeading>.LocBody>.LocDiv>.Headings>.SubHeading{font-size: 1.2rem;}.LocWithHeading .LocDiv{margin-top: 1em;}.LocWithHeading .LocDiv .Heading{font-size: 1.2rem;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.LocWithHeading .LocDiv .SubHeading{font-size: 100%;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;}.LocDiv .FormalPara .Heading{font-size: 100%;}.Loc .AuthorGroup+.AuthorGroup, .Loc .AuthorGroup+.EditorGroup, .Loc .EditorGroup+.AuthorGroup, .Loc .EditorGroup+.EditorGroup{margin-top: 1em;}.Loc .Author, .Loc .Editor, .Loc .InstitutionalAuthor, .Loc .InstitutionalEditor{font-weight: bold;}.Loc .AffiliationText{margin-left: 0;}.Loc .Email + .Email:before{content: ", ";}.Loc .Emails, .Loc .URLs{display: inline;}.Loc .Emails + .URLs:before{content: ", ";}.Loc .URL + .URL:before{content: ", ";}/* BookFrontmatter FootnoteSection *//***********************************/.BookFrontmatterFootnoteSection{/* .BookFrontmatter .FootnoteSection doesn't work on Kindle */border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 0em;page-break-before: always;}.PartFrontmatter .FootnoteSection{border-top: none;margin-top: 0em;}/* Colophon *//**************/.Colophon{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 0.8em;font-style: italic;}/* ConferenceInfo *//******************/.ConferenceInfo{border-top: 1px solid #bbb;margin-top: 1em;padding-top: 0.8em;}.ConfEventAbbreviation, .ConfNumber+.ConfSeriesName, .ConfEventAbbreviation+.Year, .ConfEventDateStart, .ConfEventDateEnd{display: inline;}.ConfEventAbbreviation:after{content: ' ';}.ConfEventLocation .City:after{content: ', ';}.ConfEventDateEnd:before{content: '\2013';}.ConfEventDateStart .Year:after, .ConfEventDateStart .Month:after, .ConfEventDateEnd .Year:after, .ConfEventDateEnd .Month:after{content: '/';}.ConfEventDate .Month:after{content: '/';}/* Copyright owner style */.copyOwner{font-size: 0.8em;text-align: left;border-bottom: 1px solid black;padding-bottom: 5px;}