1. THE DEATH MARCH
	1 	Cave, Beyond Courage, 146.
	2 	Ibid., 53. Pacheco was sworn into federal service in Luna County, New Mexico, on January 6, 1941.
	3 	Ibid., 4–5, 14–15. The men of the 200th referred to themselves as the “Old Two Hon’erd.”
	4 	Ibid., 28, 37.
	5 	Wartime interview video of Alberto Pacheco, January 1945.
	6 	Bruce Elliott biographical information from Jennifer Meixner e-mail of September 24, 2015; Bruce Elliott interview with Roger Mansell, 2001; Mansell archives. Elliott, born in Kansas, had moved with his family to Alameda, California, to escape the Dust Bowl. He joined the U.S. Navy in 1940 at age seventeen, but since December 1941, two of the apprentice yeoman’s assigned ships had been destroyed.
	7 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 118–119; Daniel William Crowley Oral History transcription.
	8 	Cave, Beyond Courage , 160.
	9 	Sloan, Undefeated , 109.
	10 	Edwin Petry was born July 15, 1920, to Edgar Avren and Helen Wallace Petry, who had been married in Temple, Texas, in 1912. They had two daughters and then son Edwin, who had been working as an attendant on a used-car lot in San Antonio when he enlisted in the Army on May 20, 1941.
Thomas Daniels, having only a fourth-grade education, signed all of his military papers as “Tommie,” and that name would remain on all of his records. Tommie’s mother, Louisa Indiana Saxon Daniels, had eight children born to several different fathers, and Tommie was thus raised without a real father figure. His mother died in 1929.
	11 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 2.
	12 	Philip Brodsky Oral History, UNT Collection No. 815; interviewed by George Burlage on December 11, 1989, pp. 1–2, 11–12.
	13 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 3.
2. PRISONERS OF THE ROCK
	1 	Ibid., 3.
	2 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 1.
	3 	“Wife Escapes in Sub,” Mason City Globe-Gazette , July 7, 1943, 8; Tomblin, Barbara Brooks. G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996, 30–31.
	4 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 4.
	5 	Bruce Elliott interview with Roger Mansell, 2001, Mansell archives.
	6 	Nielsen Oral History, 6.
	7 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 2.
	8 	Sloan, Undefeated , 218–219.
	9 	Ibid., 220–221.
	10 	Rufus W. Smith, 1983 University of Kentucky Oral History; Lukacs, Escape from Davao , 86.
	11 	Sloan, Undefeated , 224–225.
	12 	Ibid., 225–227.
	13 	Videotaped memoirs of Lieutenant Commander Robert Enson Russell, USN (Ret.), Veterans Oral History Project.
	14 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 2.
	15 	Glenn McDole Oral History, 3, 19.
	16 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 25.
	17 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 7.
	18 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 10.
	19 	E&E (Evasion and Escape) Report No. 23, January 26, 1945. Joint statements of Douglas W. Bogue, Fern Joseph Barta, and Glen W. McDole. RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 7-1, 1.
Douglas William Bogue was born in 1918 in Omaha, Nebraska. He left his job as a railway switchman to fulfill a boyhood dream by enlisting in the U.S. Marines on February 10, 1935. Bogue arrived in Shanghai, China, on April 27, 1941, with the 4th Marines, and was moved to Olongapo in the Philippines in November. Following the Japanese attacks on December 8, he was ordered to evacuate through Bataan to Mariveles. Bogue was then transferred to Corregidor, where he celebrated his twenty-fourth birthday and seven-year anniversary in the Marines while serving on beach defense.
	20 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 1.
	21 	E&E Report No. 23, 4.
3. PASSAGE TO PALAWAN
	1 	E&E Report No. 23, 4; Wright, John M. Jr. Captured on Corregidor: Diary of an American P.O.W. in World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009, 10.
	2 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	3 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 8; McDole Oral History, 23.
	4 	Wright, Captured on Corregidor , 10; Galligan videotaped Veterans Oral History.
	5 	Daniel Crowley Oral History transcript; Russell, Robert Enson, “A Kind of Personal History,” 26–27.
	6 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 32.
	7 	Ibid., 33.
	8 	Ibid., 34; Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 9.
	9 	Daniel Crowley Oral History; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 35.
	10 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	11 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 36–37.
	12 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 13.
	13 	Escape and Evasion Report No. 23, 4.
	14 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 39–40; E&E Report No. 23, 4.
	15 	E&E Report No. 23, 5; Joseph Dupont Oral History, Tape 2039 transcription, 6–7.
	16 	Sloan, Undefeated , 250.
	17 	Joseph Dupont Oral History, 8–9.
	18 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 42.
	19 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 15–16.
	20 	Rufus Smith Oral History, 7; Joseph Dupont Oral History, Tape 2039 transcription, 11.
	21 	Robert Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 28.
	22 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 42–43; Hubert D. Hough wartime diary.
	23 	Philip Brodsky Oral History transcription, 13, 17.
	24 	Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 22; Henry Clay Henderson diary; Bruce Elliott interview with Mansell, 2001.
	25 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 43; Joseph Dupont Oral History transcription, 12.
	26 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 28.
	27 	Hubert D. Hough wartime diary; Elliott interview with Mansell, 2001.
	28 	Hough diary; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 43–44.
4. CAMP 10-A
	1 	Philip Brodsky Oral History transcription, 13.
	2 	Hubert D. Hough wartime diary.
	3 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 3.
	4 	Ibid., 26.
	5 	Ibid., 30, 42, 96, 84–85.
	6 	Ibid., 99–100, 116–118.
	7 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 29.
	8 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	9 	Pitts, Corporal Bernie Byron. Affidavit of September 7, 1945. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Philip Brodsky Oral History transcription, 13.
	10 	Elliott interview with Mansell, 2001.
	11 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 48; George Burlage Oral History transcription, 57–67.
	12 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 49.
	13 	Ibid., 49–50.
	14 	Ibid., 50–51.
	15 	Norval Giles Smith affidavit of August 27, 1946. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	16 	Ballou, Billy E., Sgt, USA. Affidavit of August 19, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 4.
	17 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 51; Philip Brodsky Oral History transcription, 15; Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 3.
	18 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 52.
	19 	Mango, Albert L. “Carl Louis Mango, 1907–1944,” 2–4. Unpublished family tribute compilation, courtesy of Al Mango.
	20 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 52.
	21 	Rufus Smith Oral History, 7–8.
	22 	Joseph Dupont Oral History, transcription, 14.
	23 	Richard C. McClellan affidavit, May 8, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6; Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	24 	Joseph Dupont Oral History, transcription, 15–17.
	25 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 54.
	26 	Clarence Clough Memoirs.
	27 	Bruce Elliott interview with Roger Mansell, 2001.
	28 	Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 23; Bruce Elliott Philippine Evacuee Report No. 211, August 21, 1944; Sidney T. Wright, “War Experiences” compilation, courtesy of David S. Wright. Another who contemplated escape, Chief Water Tender William Earl Fox, finally decided he was too old to try it.
	29 	Elliott interview with Mansell; Wright, “Wartime Experiences.”
	30 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 98, 138–139.
	31 	Cobb, Alfred Ervin (civilian). Report of evasion from Philippine Islands, June 21, 1944, Record Group 319, Entry 85.
5. PALAWAN’S “FIGHTING ONE THOUSAND”
	1 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 30; Burlage Oral History, 64–65.
	2 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 54.
	3 	Hubert D. Hough to Glenn McDole, January 16, 1971.
	4 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 3.
	5 	Burlage Oral History, 64–65.
	6 	Henry Henderson diary.
	7 	William Andrew Kerr interview, December 12, 2005, Veterans History Project.
	8 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 56.
	9 	“Dramatic Story of Local Sailor,” St. Petersburg (FL) Times , Sunday, January 14, 1945. Joe Little had been a newspaper delivery boy and then a paint salesman for Montgomery Ward before joining the Navy in August 1940. All of his personal possessions were removed from him by Japanese soldiers at Corregidor, where he watched as a fellow sailor was killed near him just for eating a can of food. At Cabanatuan, he had witnessed the execution of four American prisoners who had attempted to escape. Little, Charlie Watkins, and his brother, Dodd Wayne Watkins, had served together in VP-102 before the fall of the Philippines.
	10 	Little, Jopaul, AOM3c, USN. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 169, July 5, 1944.
	11 	Ibid.
	12 	“Outwitted Enemy for Years after Escaping in Philippines,” Milwaukee Journal , January 14, 1945, 2.
	13 	Cobb, Alfred Ervin (civilian). Report of evasion from Philippine Islands, June 21, 1944, Record Group 319, Entry 85.
	14 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 153–154. Higinio Mendoza was the fifth of six children of Agustin B. and Juana Acosta Mendoza. His beautiful wife, Trinidad, was the daughter of John Tompson Clark, who had moved to the Philippines from Pike County, Illinois, settled in Puerto Princesa, married local girl Miraflores Palanca, and was blessed with nine children. Higinio and “Triny” Mendoza became parents of four children: John, Higinio Jr., David, and Julie Mendoza.
	15 	Ibid., 117–121; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 1.
	16 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 115–117, 127; “Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 9. The Mendoza company started with twenty-two members but grew in time to number 299 men, armed with only fifty firearms of various calibers.
	17 	United States vs. the Moros Ipil, et al., August 21, 1914, Supreme Court, Republic of the Philippines, Manila. Courtesy of Mary Ann Ancheta.
	18 	Thomas F. Loudon to sister Nell, August 10, 1913. Although the mob was brought to justice, Loudon was left a broken man. He moved away from Balabac, first to resume his lumber business on Bakalon Island, another island off the coast of Palawan. His murdered daughter, Nellie, was one day short of being fourteen months old.
	19 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 15. Mayor was originally under the command of Major Guillermo Maramba and served a former PC soldier, First Sergeant Emilio Tumbaga.
6. “WE GOT THE THIRD AND FOURTH DEGREE”
	1 	Hubert Hough diary transcription, 3.
	2 	Ibid., 4.
	3 	Ibid., 57.
	4 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 7–9, 17–19.
	5 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 33.
	6 	Ernest J. Koblos to John Koblos, March 31, 1940, and March 28, 1941. Courtesy of Jack and Felice Koblos.
	7 	Ernest John Koblos affidavit, May 11, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	8 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 17–18.
	9 	Ibid., 19–20.
	10 	Richard C. McClelland affidavit of May 8, 1945. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 4.
	11 	Skripsky, Gerald L., Cpl, USMC. Affidavit of September 11, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 5.
	12 	Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 24; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 57–58.
	13 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 60–61.
	14 	Ibid., 64.
	15 	Eugene Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” 2006 interview transcription, 5–6.
	16 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 60.
	17 	Mango, “Carl Louis Mango” tribute, 4–6.
	18 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 60.
	19 	Ibid., 80.
	20 	Ibid., 62–63.
	21 	Burlage Oral History, 70.
	22 	Munekazu Miyahara deposition, “Affidavits of Kempei Tai Members, Palawan Case,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	23 	Shiro Isono deposition, “Affidavits of Kempei Tai Members, Palawan Case,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	24 	Hough to Glenn McDole and Donald Thomas, June 16, 1971; Hubert Hough diary transcription, 4.
	25 	Dimeo, Carmen M., Sgt, USMC. August 10, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 4.
	26 	Cleere, Neal C., U.S. Marines. May 3, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Richards, James P., Pvt, USA. October 22, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6. Some prisoners would later offer the name of Boatswain’s Mate 2c George Graham as being involved in the punishment for this offense.
	27 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 64.
	28 	Charles H. Weston affidavit, March 6, 1945, RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	29 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 65.
	30 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 37; Norris, Charles Douglas, Pfc, USMC. August 26, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Weston affidavit; “Report of Atrocities at Camp 10A, Puerto Princesa.”
	31 	Francis Galligan affidavit, October 2, 1946, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	32 	John Flowers Taylor affidavit of October 8, 1946, and CTM John Marvin Cheek affidavit of December 20, 1945. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	33 	Donald H. Thomas to Hubert D. Hough, June 28, 1971; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 66.
7. ESCAPE AND EVASION
	1 	Rufus W. Smith Oral History, University of North Texas Oral History Collection, No. 788. Interview date: June 13, 1989, with George Burlage. Transcription, 1–2.
Rufus Smith was born on November 12, 1918, in the farming community of Nashville, Arkansas. He had two half brothers, born to another mother who passed away before Taylor Brooks Smith married his second wife, Elizabeth, and had five more children. When Rufus was eight years old, his family relocated to East Texas and settled in Cornett, a community near the town of Hughes Springs.
	2 	Bajorek, F1c Aloysius Stanley. Affidavit of September 7, 1945. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	3 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 5.
	4 	Ibid., 5; Fern Joseph Barta affidavit of August 28, 1946. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Preslar, Lyndal B. Affidavit of September 7, 1945. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	5 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 66–68.
	6 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 32.
	7 	Philip Brodsky Oral History transcription, 16.
	8 	Levine, Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II , 65–67; Sidney Wright, “Wartime Experiences.”
	9 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 29. The guides, named Hamja and Lahoud, had teeth filed flat and stained black with beetle juice. “I’m sure they thought our white teeth were ugly,” thought Elliott.
	10 	Sidney Wright, “Wartime Experiences.”
	11 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 13–19, 24–27.
	12 	Ibid., 29.
	13 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 8.
	14 	Macaset, Valentin, Filipino resident. March 4, 1945. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 4.
	15 	Johnston, Robert T. Jr., Cpl, USAA. January 16, 1945. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6. Johnston learned of Palawan’s Camp 10-A from Watkins and Little but remained behind when the pair moved toward Palawan’s northern tip after Christmas. Johnston moved to Cuyo Island in June 1943.
	16 	“Dramatic Story of Local Sailor,” St. Petersburg (FL) Times , Sunday, January 14, 1945.
	17 	Elliott interview with Mansell.
	18 	Swift, William Dewey, Cpl, USMC. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 214, August 21, 1944.
	19 	Schloat, Don T., Pfc, USA. Affidavit of April 27, 1945. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 5.
	20 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 5; Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 25.
	21 	Johnston, Robert T. Jr., Cpl, USAA. January 16, 1945. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Vicouroux, McVea J., Cpl. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 200, August 21, 1944.
	22 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 83–87; Levine, Alan J. Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II , 74–75. The two servicemen were Army Air Force Corporal McVea J. Vigouroux and Private Calvin R. Hogg. The Filipino was Reynalda Abandiene. Hogg dropped out of the sailing party on northern Palawan at Bacuit after developing malaria.
8. CHANGING OF THE GUARD
	1 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 69.
	2 	Ibid., 81.
	3 	Clarence Clough Memoirs.
	4 	Joseph Dupont Oral History, Tape 2039 transcription, 26–27; Joseph E. Dupont Jr. Veterans Administration Statement in Support of Claim, November 4, 1982, Hubert D. Hough Papers.
	5 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 70.
	6 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 30.
	7 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 72–73.
	8 	Ibid., 73–74.
	9 	Ibid., 75–76.
	10 	Mango, “Carl Louis Mango” tribute, 8.
	11 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 78.
	12 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	13 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	14 	Rufus Smith OH, 9.
	15 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 77.
	16 	Burlage Oral History, 74–75.
	17 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	18 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 6.
	19 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 6.
	20 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 80.
	21 	Munekazu Miyahara, Taichi Deguchi, and Shiro Isono depositions, “Affidavits of Kempei Tai Members, Palawan Case,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folders 1–2.
	22 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	23 	Clough, Pfc Clarence Sylvester. Affidavit of January 15, 1946. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	24 	Aaron Lee Clemons affidavit, December 27, 1945, and Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	25 	Sadaaki Katsuki affidavit, “Affidavits by Kinoshita Unit’s Members, Palawan Case, Volume I,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 4; Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 25; Anthony Daniel Marangiello affidavit, December 27, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6; Kneeland, Harold William, CSM, USN, September 17, 1946 affidavit, RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 5.
	26 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 86–87.
	27 	King, Frank, Cox, USN. Affidavit of August 23, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 5.
	28 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 87; William Andrew Kerr interview, December 12, 2005, Veterans History Project.
	29 	Ibid., 88; Frank King affidavit of August 23, 1946; Douglas Bogue testimony in trial of Manichi, RG 153, Entry 143, Box 1358, transcript, 20–21. Earl Szwabo and Sanford Schrout assisted Bogue and Bingham with the tea. Schrout assisted Bogue once Bingham was burned.
	30 	“Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” 3.
	31 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 89–90.
	32 	“Death and Wound Reports Compiled and Maintained at Palawan, P.I.” RG 407, Entry 1072, Box 184; Jack Burton Flynn death report, September 2, 1945, typed by Hubert D. Hough. Prisoners Phil Brodsky, Alonzo Cook, and Russell Lash narrowly escaped death when the dive-bomber crashed into the shack.
	33 	Burlage, “The Palawan Massacre,” 26; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 89–90.
	34 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 88.
	35 	Burlage Oral History, 72; Kerr interview, December 12, 2005, Veterans History Project. Camp barber John Warren suggested the plan to steal the truck.
9. CODE NAME “RED HANKIE”
	1 	Lee Wayne Moore affidavit of May 15, 1945, and Clifford A. Martinez affidavit of September 9, 1946, Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folders 6 and 5. Martinez was paralyzed by the beating.
	2 	Holm, Holger Larsen, Cpl, USA. August 26, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Burlage Oral History, 75. Holm was the POW badly beaten by Oguri.
	3 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 90–91; Walter A. Ditto affidavit, RG 331, Entry 1364UD, Folder 2.
	4 	“The Palawan Massacre.” Research report of the General Headquarters Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, May 15, 1946. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 7, 5. Demitrio Otero and Urubano Tabinga assisted Pipori with the escape plans.
	5 	May, Robert Carl, Pfc, USMC. September 10, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 4.
	6 	Affidavit of Walter Ditto, RG 331, Entry 1364UD, Folder 2.
	7 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6; “Death and Wound Reports Compiled and Maintained at Palawan, P.I.” RG 407, Entry 1072, Box 184; statement of Moore, Pfc Neuvell Puckett, December 10, 1943. Driver Moore was ordered to make a sharp turn, whereupon Willie Balchus saw Burson fall, strike the post, and be crushed by the truck. Captain Harry Hickman determined that the victim had suffered an internal pulmonary hemorrhage.
	8 	Budzaj, CGM Zygmond. Affidavit of September 7, 1945. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6; Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 141. On December 21, Budzaj was beaten with a shovel by a guard named Takaytada and suffered a broken forearm. Doctors Mango and Hickman put his arm in a splint and left Budzaj on light duty for thirty-nine days. Joe “J. D.” Merritt was among the stevedores who helped smuggle notes to his Palawan comrades.
	9 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 92–94.
	10 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 38–39. The American cigarette brands favored by the Japanese guards included Lucky Strike, Chesterfield, and Camel.
	11 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 94–95. McDole also learned that his sister was dating a young man named Johnny Sirfus, the son of fellow Palawan POW Charlie “Pop” Sirfus, who was separated from his wife and had lost contact with his son.
	12 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 127; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 4, 142.
	13 	George Davis was declared dead by the military in 1946. The two Australians sailing with Bruce Elliott and Sid Wright were Walter Wallace and Charles Wagner. Wagner was killed in January 1944 while fleeing from Japanese patrols.
	14 	Sidney Wright, “Wartime Experiences.”
	15 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 122.
	16 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 60.
	17 	Ibid., 60–61; de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 150.
	18 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 62; Taichi Deguchi statement, RG 331, Entry 1364, Box 2028, Folder 2.
	19 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 151.
	20 	Taichi Deguchi statement, RG 331, Entry 1364, Box 2028, Folder 2.
	21 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 123.
	22 	“Palawan Massacre” report, RG 331, 105; de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 152; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 63.
	23 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 128; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand, 5-10, 65, 31–32. General MacArthur had appointed Colonel Macario Peralta as a regional corps commander of the guerrilla units on several islands, all charged with gathering intelligence for the Allies based in Australia. On August 13, he appointed Major Pablo P. Muyco to go to Palawan Island and formally organize the Palawan Special Battalion as a unit of the 6th Military District. Muyco divided Palawan into four sectors on October 4. Captain Mendoza’s Sector A covered the areas from Puerto Princesa to Caramay, with its headquarters at Tinitian. Sector B was under Lieutenant Felipe Batul, with his headquarters in Danlig, while Sector C under Captain Carlos Amores operated from Sibaltan.
	24 	Elliott/ Mansell interview.
	25 	“Dramatic Story of Local Sailor,” St. Petersburg (FL) Times , Sunday, January 14, 1945.
	26 	“Death and Wound Reports Compiled and Maintained at Palawan, P.I.” RG 407, Entry 1072, Box 184; Sergeant Douglas William Bogue Affidavit of Witness to Accident, Hubert D. Hough collection, courtesy of Lynhon Stout; Hubert D. Hough to Mrs. Burson, November 7, 1945.
	27 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 92.
	28 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 7; Norris, Charles Douglas, Pfc, USMC. August 26, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	29 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 7.
	30 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 123.
	31 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 7; Hough to Rear Admiral John D. Bulkeley, November 28, 1971; Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 179–180.
	32 	Hubert Hough/Trinidad Mendoza correspondence, July 1946.
	33 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 98; Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 22–23.
	34 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 7–8; Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 33–34.
	35 	Hubert D. Hough diary transcription, 8.
	36 	Pedro S. Paje trial testimony, September 7, 1948, Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 424.
	37 	Mrs. Triny C. Mendoza to Hubert D. Hough, January 7, 1946.
10. SUB SURVIVORS AND COASTWATCHERS
	1 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 87–89; Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 157. The other members of the Corpus unit were Sergeant Raymon F. Cortez, Corporal Teodoro J. “Butch” Rallojay, Sergeant J. “Slug” Reynoso, and Technician 5 R. D. “Dac” Dacquel.
	2 	Carlos Placido guerrilla diary, May 28–July 24, 1944.
	3 	Moore, War of the Wolf , 382–384.
	4 	Escape and Evasion Report No. 23, 16; Edwin A. Petry August 13, 1948, testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 185–186; Williams, George Rudd CQM, USN. Affidavit of September 25, 1946. RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 5.
	5 	Statements of Poston and Martin made to Palawan guards, Palawan Military Police Report No. 56, August 28, 1944. Traditional accounts of USS Robalo list its date of loss as July 26, 1944. For the lesser-known true story of its survivors, see Moore, “New Light on the Last Days of the USS Robalo ,” Journal of the Australian Association for Military History, 65–79.
Three men on the bridge drowned soon after Robalo ’s sinking. They were Lieutenant Reginald Proseus, the officer of the deck; and two lookouts, Fire Controlman Second Class Edward Joseph Paw and Seaman First Class Marvin Clifford. The executive officer, Lieutenant Commander Charlie Fell, and Robalo ’s senior radar man, Radar Technician Second Class Holley Berry Ivey, were seen swimming toward Comrian Island, but the other four survivors did not see them again.
	6 	“Palawan Massacre” document, RG 331, 104; Affidavit of Pedro C. Aukay, RG 331, Entry 1364UD, Folder 2; Takeo Kawamura statement of December 12, 1949, from “Affidavits of Kempei Tai Members, Palawan Case,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 1; “Palawan Military Police Report No. 55, 18 August 1944. Examination of POWs from American Submarine.” National Archives, courtesy of Douglas Campbell.
	7 	Kawamura statement; Statement of Charles B. McAfoos, Office of Naval Records and History, USS Robalo file; Michno, Death on the Hellships, 225, 333.
	8 	“Mistreatment of Crew of U.S. Sub Robalo , Palawan.” RG 331, 1211UD, Box 1265.
	9 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 162–180.
	10 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 188–211; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 43; “Record of Proceedings of an Investigation conducted at the headquarters of the Commander Submarines Seventh Fleet by order of the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and the Chief of Naval Operations to investigate the circumstances connected with the loss of the U.S.S. Robalo and the loss of the U.S.S. Flier ,” 14 September 1944. National Archives, College Park, MD.
	11 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 216–218.
	12 	Ibid., 220, 227.
	13 	Carlos Placido guerrilla diary, August 19–26, 1944.
	14 	Campbell, Eight Survived , 150, 234–239.
	15 	Ibid., 240–248; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 30; Carlos Placido diary, August 30–31, 1944.
	16 	“Dramatic Story of Local Sailor,” St. Petersburg (FL) Times , Sunday, January 14, 1945.
11. THE WEASEL AND THE BUZZARD
	1 	Mango, “Carl Louis Mango” tribute, 7.
	2 	Philip Brodsky Oral History, 17.
	3 	Hubert D. Hough to Ben Guyton, circa November 1977; Hough to Guyton, January 18, 1978.
	4 	Francis Galligan, Veterans Oral History, videotaped interview.
	5 	Michno, Death on the Hellships , 241; Peter Elsworth Wannebo affidavit, July 8, 1948. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, “Palawan Massacre,” Entry 1364UD, Folder 1.
	6 	Hubert D. Hough to Mrs. Frances Lipe, November 11, 1979. Hough collection courtesy of Lynhon Stout.
	7 	Russell, “A Kind of Personal History,” 42.
	8 	Coons, Hannibal, “Massacre at Palawan,” Liberty , August 18, 1945, 26; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 128.
	9 	“The Palawan Massacre,” May 15, 1946, RG 331, Entry 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 7, National Archives, 7.
	10 	“The Palawan Massacre,” May 15, 1946, RG 331, Entry 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 7, National Archives, 11; Kojima biographical information from RG 125, Box 2. Kojima is also listed as Chokichi Kojima in some war crimes documents.
	11 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, pp. 2–3, Sugamo Prison. National Archives, Record Group 331, Box 1276. Some accounts list Yoshikazu Sato as Masahiko Sato.
	12 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 100.
	13 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 129.
	14 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 21.
	15 	McDole Oral History, 43.
	16 	Tillman, Barrett. “Two Coconuts and a Navy Cross,” Naval History Magazine , February 2010 (Vol. 24, No. 1), 36–37.
	17 	Ibid., 37.
	18 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	19 	Tillman, “Two Coconuts and a Navy Cross,” 38.
	20 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor, 187; Mrs. Triny C. Mendoza to Hubert D. Hough, January 7, 1946.
	21 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 105.
	22 	de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 142.
	23 	Edwin A. Petry August 12, 1948, testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 167.
	24 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 3; Fern Joseph Barta affidavit of August 28, 1946. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	25 	Rufus Smith Oral History, 11.
	26 	“Death and Wound Reports Compiled and Maintained at Palawan, P.I.” RG 407, Entry 1072, Box 184.
	27 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, pp. 1–8, Sugamo Prison. National Archives, Record Group 331, Box 1276.
	28 	Edwin A. Petry August 12, 1948, testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 168.
	29 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 104.
12. “ANNIHILATE THEM ALL”
	1 	Tillman, “Two Coconuts and a Navy Cross,” 38.
	2 	Mrs. Triny C. Mendoza to Hubert D. Hough, January 7, 1946.
	3 	The four aviators were from Bombing Eighteen. (VB-18: Ensign Ralph Beatle, radioman Ralph “Bud” Johnson, Ensign Everett Bunch Jr., and his radioman, Edwin Cunningham. They were assisted by Filipinos and spent weeks being shepherded toward safety on Palawan Island.)
	4 	Tillman, “Two Coconuts and a Navy Cross,” 38; Forsyth, Hell-Divers , 120.
	5 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 106.
	6 	Ibid., 105.
	7 	Ibid., 107–108.
	8 	Michno, Death on the Hellships, 244–249.
	9 	Ibid., 249–250.
	10 	Ibid., 251–258.
	11 	Henderson, Rescue at Los Baños , 170.
	12 	“The Palawan Massacre,” May 15, 1946, RG 331, Entry 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 7, National Archives, 13.
	13 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 109.
	14 	Ibid., 110.
	15 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
13. THE GAUNTLET
	1 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 111.
	2 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 23–24; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 8.
	3 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 111.
	4 	Coons, “Massacre at Palawan,” Liberty , August 18, 1945, 27; Summers, The Japanese Story , 22; Edwin A. Petry August 13, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 186–187.
	5 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	6 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	7 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	8 	Edwin A. Petry August 13, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 187–188.
	9 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, pp. 8–10, Sugamo Prison. National Archives, Record Group 331, Box 1276.
	10 	Ibid., 10–12.
	11 	Ibid., 12.
	12 	Ibid., 20.
	13 	Nielsen Oral History, 25.
	14 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	15 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 12.
	16 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, p. 13.
	17 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	18 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 14.
	19 	Balchus, William J., May 28, 1945 affidavit, RG 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1213-UD, Box 1098.
	20 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, p. 13.
	21 	Ibid., 14–15.
	22 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	23 	Edwin A. Petry August 13, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 190–191.
	24 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 3.
	25 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 115.
	26 	Bogue testimony from E&E Report No. 23.
	27 	Douglas Bogue statement of January 23, 1945, RG 331, Box 1111.
	28 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	29 	Puerto Princesa During the Second World War , 91; Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 179–182; Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 99; “Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” January 7, 1945, RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 7-1, 5.
	30 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 14.
	31 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 3.
	32 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 26–27; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 9–10.
	33 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	34 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 117.
	35 	Summers, The Japanese Story , 23.
14. HUNTED
	1 	Fern Joseph Barta affidavit of August 28, 1946. Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	2 	“Survivor Tells How Japanese Murdered Yanks.” The Fresno (CA) Bee Republican , Monday, March 5, 1945, 10.
	3 	Barta statement from E&E Report No. 23.
	4 	Fern Joseph Barta, August 12, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 147, 150. Barta’s account says age twenty-one, but Hamric was born on December 14, 1920.
	5 	Ibid., 148.
	6 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 27–28; Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	7 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 29.
	8 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 117–118.
	9 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 15.
	10 	Rufus W. Smith Oral History, 1983 Interview with Colonel Arthur Kelly, University of Kentucky.
	11 	Sommers, The Japanese Story , 23.
	12 	Glenn McDole Oral History, Admiral Nimitz Museum and University of North Texas Oral History Collection, No. 1317, October 10, 1996, 56.
	13 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 29; Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	14 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 118.
	15 	Ibid., 119.
	16 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 29–30.
	17 	Ibid., 29–30; Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	18 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 119.
	19 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 30.
	20 	Ibid., 30–31; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 14.
	21 	Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, 15.
	22 	Ibid., 14, 17.
15. FIGHTS AND FLIGHT
	1 	Sommers, The Japanese Story , 23.
	2 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 17.
	3 	Ibid., 18.
	4 	Sommers, The Japanese Story , 23.
	5 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 31.
	6 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	7 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 11; Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	8 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 31–32.
	9 	Koblos narrative of January 17, 1945, from Terada trial documents, RG 153, Box 1353.
	10 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 14.
	11 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 32–33.
	12 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 15.
	13 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 122.
	14 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	15 	Fern Joseph Barta, August 12, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 148.
	16 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	17 	Rufus W. Smith, 1983 University of Kentucky Oral History; Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 19.
	18 	Rufus W. Smith, 1983 University of Kentucky Oral History.
	19 	Sommers, The Japanese Story , 24.
	20 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 20.
	21 	Elmo Deal was the son of Floyd Joseph Edward Deal, who moved his family to California in the 1930s. Mo was working at the Mayers Brothers automotive shop in Modesto when he enlisted in the Army, where he became an expert marksman with both a .30-caliber rifle and a .45-caliber pistol.
	22 	William J. Balchus statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	23 	Ibid.; “Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” January 7, 1945, RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 7-1, 5.
	24 	Several sources report that Deal was both shot again and bayoneted before being left for dead by his assailants: Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 99; Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 182; Poweleit, USAFFE , 139. Colonel J. K. Evans of the War Department reported on January 13, 1945, that he had information from Palawan guerrillas that Elmo Deal had suffered “24 wounds from a blunt instrument and third degree burns.” See Evans to Major C. B. Warren Jr., January 13, 1945, in Terada trial documents, Record Group 153, Box 1353.
	25 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	26 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 34.
	27 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 15–16.
	28 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	29 	Alberto D. Pacheco statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	30 	Summers, The Japanese Story , 22.
	31 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	32 	Ernest J. Koblos testimony of January 19, 1945, from “American POWs” transcript, 6th AAF Combat Camera Unit documentary film. National Archives, Record Group 153, Box 1353.
16. SWIMMERS AND SURVIVORS
	1 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 5.
	2 	Bondad, Rufino G. “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944, and Rescued by Colony Officials and Some Prisoners from the Japanese.” Record of American escapees aided by members of the Iwahig Penal Colony. Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	3 	Edwin A. Petry statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6. Petry testimony of January 19, 1945, from Terada trial documents, Record Group 153, Box 1353.
	4 	Beck, Mary. “Dreams Come True. $4000 Back Pay Given Liberated Sergeant.” El Paso (TX) Herald Post , April 10, 1945, 5, 14; Summers, The Japanese Story , 22.
	5 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 21.
	6 	“Palawan Massacre” report of March 14, 1948. RG 331, Box 1276, Folder 3. Kojima invited members of Captain Tsuneji Shoji’s Kempei Tai military police unit to join in the celebration, as well as First Lieutenant Rokumi Obayashi’s 4th Company, 174th Independent Infantry Battalion.
	7 	Pedro S. Paje, September 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 403–406, 426, 441.
	8 	Ibid., 408–416.
	9 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 99–100; Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 182.
	10 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 126.
	11 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 16–17.
	12 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 35.
	13 	Ibid., 36; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 18.
	14 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6; Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 38.
	15 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 39.
	16 	Ibid., 40; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 21.
	17 	Ibid., 39–40; Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6.
	18 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 39. Nielsen says it was Petry and Koblos in his 1989 recollections, but Filipino records show that the other American was Pacheco at this time. Nielsen, in “World War II Stories,” transcription, 21, says Petry and Pacheco.
	19 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	20 	Fern Joseph Barta testimony of February 14, 1945, transcript, 5; Fern Joseph Barta, August 12, 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 151.
	21 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2. The colonists Smith spotted were Inteng Moro, Rogelio Martino, Dayato Moro, Francisco Ulina, Gregorio Sato, Tumanbud Moro, and Pedro Sacoso.
	22 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 22.
	23 	Ibid., 23.
	24 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	25 	Rufus Smith Oral History, 23.
	26 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 126.
	27 	Statement of Celerino O. Poyatos, circa 1947, for the war crimes trials, Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	28 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 26–27.
	29 	Pedro S. Paje, September 7, 1948 testimony, Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 439.
	30 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	31 	Koblos narrative of January 17, 1945, from Terada trial documents, RG 153, Box 1353.
	32 	Ibid. They were Anacleto Canada, Dioscoro Rivaldo, Dionisio Ando, and Macaraya Moro.
	33 	Ibid.
	34 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 41–42.
17. MAC’S ODYSSEY
	1 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 124.
	2 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 58.
	3 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 124–125.
	4 	Ibid., 125.
	5 	Ibid., 126.
	6 	Filipinos later said that the Allies had bombed the Catholic church in Puerto Princesa, exploding ammunition and explosives the Japanese had stored inside.
	7 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 127.
18. ELEVEN AGAINST THE ELEMENTS
	1 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 28.
	2 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 42–43.
	3 	Ibid., 43.
	4 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History, transcription, 29.
	5 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 22; Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 43.
	6 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 44.
	7 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 128.
	8 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 61.
	9 	Bogue, “Survivor Tells How Japanese Murdered Yanks,” 10.
	10 	They were Kirin C. Lim, Maximino Liwag, Ponciano Bautista, and Alejandro Bautista.
	11 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 63.
	12 	Ibid., 129–130; Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 64.
	13 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2. The men were Mayor Kirin Lim, Maximino Liwag, Ponciano Bautista, and Alejandro Bautista.
	14 	Ibid., 130.
	15 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 30.
	16 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 44–45.
	17 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 183.
	18 	Poweleit, USAFFE, 139.
	19 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 100.
	20 	Mrs. Triny C. Mendoza to Hubert D. Hough, January 7, 1946.
	21 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 188; Elizabeth Clark Alba account in Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 126. “He was very badly cut up,” Alba wrote, “having around 23 wounds all over his body.”
	22 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 182.
	23 	Fern Joseph Barta interview transcription, 4.
	24 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2; Fern Joseph Barta, testimony of August 12, 1948, from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 151–152.
19. EXODUS FROM BROOKE’S POINT
	1 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 130.
	2 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 64.
	3 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 131.
	4 	Escape and Evasion Report No. 23, 16.
	5 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	6 	Pedro S. Paje 1948 testimony from Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 417.
	7 	Manlavi, Palawan’s Fighting One Thousand , 30–31.
	8 	Rufus W. Smith, 1983 University of Kentucky Oral History.
	9 	Pedro S. Paje trial testimony of September 7, 1948, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 420. The interpreter was Kintoku Uehara.
	10 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 131.
	11 	Bondad, “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944,” Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.
	12 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 132.
	13 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 31; Carlos Placidos guerrilla diary, December 10–24, 1944. The survivors were particularly interested in the coastwatcher group that had set up a station near Captain Mayor’s headquarters. Sergeant Carlos Placido was in charge of the four men who had helped secure safe passage from Palawan for the nine survivors of the lost submarine Flier in August. Placido’s men had the only working radio in southern Palawan, and they communicated to the U.S. Army that American prisoners of war had been liberated and were in reasonably good health.
Two of Placido’s men had been sent farther north to man a remote radio station near Inagawan while Placido remained near the Brooke’s Point home of Harry Edwards with his other two men. Placido had long since run out of gasoline, so their radio set was now functioning on coconut oil and battery power from a windmill generator hooked to Edwards’s rice mill. Another coastwatcher group under Master Sergeant Eutiquio Cabais was stationed much farther north on Palawan.
Coastwatcher Ray Cortez had been married to a local girl in a simple ceremony on December 21, with Sergeant Placido serving as his best man. On Christmas Eve, Placido made doughnuts, and the entire group enjoyed midnight services conducted by the priest. The second wedding ceremony on December 29 was conducted to solemnize the Cortez couple’s union.
	14 	Eugene Nielsen Oral History, UNT No. 802 transcription, 46.
	15 	Ibid., 46–47; Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 25. Captain Solander, from Iron River, Michigan, was twenty-seven, flying with First Lieutenant Wayne Lucas Schandelmeier as his copilot.
	16 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 26.
	17 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 31.
	18 	Sides, Ghost Soldiers , 17–19.
	19 	Ibid., 269–282; Henderson, Rescue at Los Baños , 170–171.
	20 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 68.
	21 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 133.
	22 	Patrol Bombing Squadron Fifty-four war diary, January 1945; Carlos Placido guerrilla diary, January 21, 1945. Placido, whose 978th Signal Service Company men who had helped arrange the previous PBY, had asked for more supplies from this PBY when it came to get three more Americans. “It was supposed to bring us about four tons of supplies and equipment,” Placido wrote in his diary. “We only got radio equipment and medicines, however. Four tons? Heck no! Just about 1,500 pounds, that was all.”
	23 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 134–135.
20. THE LONG ROAD HOME
	1 	Rufus Smith Oral History, 33.
	2 	Eugene Nielsen statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6. The 6th AAF Combat Camera Unit filmed a twenty-one-hundred-foot documentary, narrated by the MIS-X (Military Intelligence Service, Experimental) officer in charge at Morotai, Captain Eykes.
	3 	Joint survivors statement of March 16, 1945, from Manila Report No. 49, RG 331, E 1214, Box 1111, Folder 6. G-2 officer Perry Nelson accompanied them to Hollandia, where Lieutenant Colonel Joseph H. Steger offered them hope they would be headed home soon.
	4 	Ibid., Sides, Ghost Soldiers , 323–325.
	5 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 135. McDole was down to 113 pounds.
	6 	Glenn McDole Oral History No. 1317, 72.
	7 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 137.
	8 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 183.
	9 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 126. A large group of Filipino civilians was still there, including Elizabeth Clark, Triny Mendoza’s sister. The group included Chief Torpedoman Hugh H. Pippin and Lieutenant Edward J. Pope Jr., a Yale graduate from Rye, New York, who was skipper of PT-134 —an eighty-foot vessel of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 25 stationed in the Philippines.
	10 	Ibid., 161. Lieutenant Antonio Palanca, Sergeant Vicente Aizo, and Pascual de la Cruz of Mayor’s company returned with the PT boats.
	11 	VPB-17 War Diary, February 1945. Mulford, from Woodbury, New Jersey, and his VPB-17 were temporarily operating from the USS Orca (AVP-49) in Lingayen Gulf on Luzon.
	12 	Deal to parents letter, March 25, 1941; courtesy of Sharon Deal Spears.
	13 	Poweleit, USAFFE, 139; Thomas Tinsley Daniels military records; Hoyett Adams, CWO, U.S. Army, affidavit of July 27, 1945, National Archives Record Group 153, Box 1353. En route home, Daniels shared some of his story with a naval officer and with Warrant Officer Hoyett Adams, who had been a POW in Manila until U.S. forces overran Bilibid Prison. Daniels reached California on May 31, 1945, having spent three years, eleven months, and twenty-five days overseas.
	14 	Lofgren, Stephen J. Southern Philippines Campaign. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History, CMH Pub 72-40, 10; Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, 21.
	15 	Carlos Placido guerrilla diary, January 1–April 19, 1945. Placido accompanied Captain Mayor’s guerrillas to Balabac Island on March 6 to secure boatloads of ammunition, food, and equipment for Brooke’s Point.
	16 	RG 331, Box 1111, F4.
	17 	“Palawan Massacre,” Report of Investigation Division, Legal Section, GHQ, SCAP, March 15, 1948. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1276, p. 8.
	18 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 28–29. John Koblos received a telegram in Chicago from his son, Ernie, on March 24. He had received two prior letters from the War Department on January 12 and February 2, stating that his son was slightly injured but had been recovered from a POW camp. Now, the elder Koblos learned that Ernie was at Letterman General Hospital, “convalescing from slight malnutrition, condition good.”
	19 	“Wedding Bells Will Ring Joyously in Unusual War Romance,” El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, April 6, 1945.
	20 	Rufus Smith, UNT Oral History No. 788, transcription, 35.
	21 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 139. Ditto, like McDole, would serve with the highway patrol after the war.
21. TRIALS AND TRIBUTES
	1 	“Palawan Massacre,” RG 331, 28.
	2 	Ibid., 29.
	3 	Ibid., 31–32.
	4 	Ibid., 35–38.
	5 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 142.
	6 	Ibid., 141.
	7 	Ibid., 142.
	8 	Ibid., 143.
	9 	Pedro S. Paje, September 7, 1948 testimony, Seeichi Terada et al. trial, Record Group 153, Box 1354, 430–431, 441.
	10 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 144.
	11 	Ogden, Col. Bruce, “An Extraordinary Marine.”
	12 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 155. Per his nephew, the horrors of war had taken a toll on Daniels, and he made little contact with former military companions, although he did enjoy squirrel hunting with some of his Blalock relatives. He lived on the sixty-five-acre farm of his stepbrother, Walter Blalock, for a while before establishing his own property west of the little Sugar Hill community.
	13 	Nielsen, “World War II Stories,” transcription, 27; Wilbanks, Last Man Out , 155.
	14 	Wilbanks, Last Man Out, 148–152.
	15 	Smith Oral History, 36–37.
	16 	Ponce de Leon, The Puerto Princesa Story , 152.
	17 	Ibid., 153.
	18 	Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor , 188.
	19 	Lieberman, Bruce. “Veteran Won’t Let Massacre Be Forgotten.” San Diego Union-Tribune, December 13, 2009.