A
alternative communities, 12
alternative energy, 17
amphibians, endangered, 81–82
Animal Liberation (Singer), 21
animal-rights movement, 13, 21–23
anthropogenic schools of thought on environmentalism, 14–19, 20
apocalyptic environmentalism, 15–17, 18
emancipatory environmentalism, 17–19
apocalyptic environmentalism, 15–17, 18
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 38
Audubon, John James, 77
Austria, 60
B
Bald Eagle Act, 71
Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control (Japan), 56
biocentric schools of thought on environmentalism, 14, 19–23, 26
animal rights, 21–23
deep ecology, 21
ecofeminism, 23
social ecology, 20
biosphere, definition of, 10
birds, endangered, 76–78
black-footed ferret, 75
black rhinoceros, 64
Bookchin, Murray, 20
Brazil, 30
breeding programs for endangered species, 75
Buffalo Protection Act of 1894, 70
Bulgaria, 42
butterflies, 78–79
C
California condor, 75
capitalistic societies and environmental damage, 20, 21
Case for Animal Rights, The (Regan), 23
Chernobyl disaster, 59–60
Chile, 42
Chinese crested tern, 78
Clean Air Act, 35
Clean Water Act, 35
Commoner, Barry, 19
constitutional guarantees and environmental law, 41–42
Convention for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, 52
Convention for the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture, 52
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, 52, 68
Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, 60
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, 60
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), 57, 68–70
Convention on Nuclear Safety, 60
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), 56
Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State, 52–54
Countryside Act, 58
court decisions and environmental law, 42–44
crocodiles, 81
cross-border challenges of environmental law, 47–49
D
deep ecology, 21
Denmark, 59
dusky seaside sparrow, 78
E
early environmentalism, 24–28, 33–34
international agreements, 52–54
ecofeminism, 23
ecoterrorism, 13
Edge of the Sea, The (Carson), 17
Egypt, 52
Ehrlich, Paul, 15
emancipatory environmentalism, 17–19
endangered species, 64–75
causes of endangerment, 65–68
examples of, 76–84
policy in the United States, 34, 54, 70–72
protection of, 68–73
purpose of preservation, 74–75
trade in, 32, 34, 69, 70–71, 73
Endangered Species Act (1973), 71–72, 74
Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, 71
Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, 34, 71
enforcement efforts and environmental law/treaties, 46
England, 50
Environmental Action Programme (European Commission), 58–59
environmentalism
anthropocentric schools of thought, 14–19
approaches to, 13–14
biocentric schools of thought, 19–23
early, 24–28
goals and methods of, 12–13
the greens, 28–30
history of movement, 24–38
international movement, 30–32
overview of, 10–23
principles of, 12–13
stewardship and, 19
in the United States, 33–38
environmental law, 12
cross-border challenges, 47–49
current trends and prospects, 44–49
early international agreements, 52–54
effects of Chernobyl disaster and, 59–60
enforcement efforts, 46
in Europe, 57–59
flexibility in, 60–61
global warming policy, 61–63
history of, 50–63
introduction to, 39–49
levels of, 39–44
surge in national laws, 54–56
United Nations Environment Programme, 57
Environmental Protection Agency, 34–37, 54
Europe, environmentalism in, 24, 30, 49, 57–59
extinction, 64, 65–67, 69, 71, 74–75, 76–77
F
farming, organic, 19
fertilizers, 19
Fischer, Joschka, 30
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), U.S., 16, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78–79, 80, 81
fishes, endangered, 80
fossil fuels, 19
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 61, 63
France, 54
Franklin, Benjamin, 50
Friends of the Earth, 30
G
Global Warming Convention, 61
global warming policy, 32, 61–63
goals and methods of environmentalists, 12–13
Green Party, German, 29–30, 59
greens, the, 28–30
electoral victories of, 30, 59
the first green parties, 29–30
Grundgesetz (German Basic Law), 41–42
H
hazardous waste, management of, 32
Heilbroner, Robert, 15
I
Inquiry into the Human Prospect, An (Heilbroner), 15
insects, endangered, 78–79
international environmental issues, 30–32, 44–49
cross-border challenges, 47–49
early international agreements, 52–54
enforcement of treaties and, 46
flexibility in laws and, 60–61
international environmental movement, 30–32
International Panel on Climate Change, 61–63
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 64, 70, 76, 78, 81
Red List of Threatened Species, 70
Italy, 52
ivory-billed woodpecker, 77–78
J
K
Kahn, Herman, 17
L
Lacey Act, 70–71
land ethic, concept of, 26
Leopold, Aldo, 26
London Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Dumping of Wastes or Other Matter, 57
M
Maastricht Treaty, 49
mammals, endangered, 82–84
mandrinette, 64
maquiladoras, 47–49
mercury poisoning, 56
Muir Woods, 27
N
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, 44
National Conservation Commission, 33
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 34–35
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 71–72
national park system, U.S., 27–28
National Wildlife Refuge System, 71
Nature Conservancy, The, 73
Netherlands, The, 59
Nixon, Richard M., 34–35
nonrenewable resources, 19, 35
nonviolence and environmentalism, 12–13, 73
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 47–49
nuclear accidents, 59–60
O
organic farming, 19
ozone layer, depletion of, 15, 20, 61
P
passenger pigeon, 76–77
Penn, William, 50
Peru, 24
pesticides, 16, 17, 19, 54, 67, 79
Philippine eagle, 78
Pinchot, Gifford, 33
Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 15
Portugal, 52
preservation, purpose of for endangered species, 74–75
private organizations protecting endangered species, 72–73
R
Ramsar Convention, 56
recycling, 12, 17, 28, 35, 39, 85
“reduce, reuse, recycle,” 12
Regan, Tom, 23
renewable resources, 19
reptiles, endangered, 81–82
Resourceful Earth, The (Simon and Kahn), 17
rhinoceroses, 64
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 33
Russia, 52
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, 43–44
Schumacher, Ernst, 19
Sea Around Us, The (Carson), 16, 17
sea turtles, 81
shallow ecology, 14
Siberian crane, 78
Silent Spring (Carson), 15, 16, 17, 54
Simon, Julian, 17
Singer, Peter, 21
social ecology, 20
solar power, 19
Spain, 54
spiritual relationship with nature, 21, 23
Sudan, 52
“survivalist” environmentalism, 15
Switzerland, 29
T
Tanzania, 54
Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, 34
“think globally, act locally,” 19
tourism and environmental consequences, 32
trade and environmental consequences, 32
Trail Smelter arbitration, 42
Truman, Harry S., 34
U
Ukraine, 60
Under the Sea-Wind (Carson), 17
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (“Earth Summit”), 32, 61
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 32, 57, 58
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 57, 61
United States, environmental protection in, 33–38, 39, 42–43, 44, 54–56
early conservation efforts, 33–34, 50, 52, 70–71
endangered species and, 34, 54, 67, 68, 70–72, 76–79, 80, 81, 84
Environmental Protection Agency, 34–37, 54
Kyoto Protocol and, 62
NAFTA and, 47–49
national park system, 27
recent approaches, 37–38
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 16, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78–79, 80, 81
V
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 61
violence and environmentalism, 12–13
W
wetlands, protection of, 56
wind power, 19
women, and nature, 23
World Meteorological Organization, 61
Y
Yellowstone National Park, 70