CHAPTER 6
1. Gabrielle Glaser, “Unfortunately, Doctors Are Pretty Good at Suicide,” Journal of Medicine, August 15, 2015, https://www.ncnp.org/journal-of-medicine/1601-unfortunately-doctors-are-pretty-good-at-suicide.html.
2. Mark Bostridge, Florence Nightingale: The Making of an Icon (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008), 56–60.
3. Ibid., 35.
4. Ibid., 31–35.
5. Ibid., 68–70.
6. Ibid., 47–50.
7. Ibid., 105.
8. Ibid., 157.
9. Introduction to The Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 14, The Crimean War, ed. Lynn McDonald (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010), 9.
10. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale, 248.
11. Ibid., 219–20.
12. Ibid., 203.
13. Ibid., 220, 225–29.
14. Ibid., 229.
15. Ibid.
16. Letter, August 7, 1855, in Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 14, McDonald, ed., 204.
17. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale, 237.
18. Lynn McDonald, “Florence Nightingale and Her Crimean War Statistics: Lessons for Hospital Safety, Public Administration and Nursing,” transcript of presentation at Gresham College, October 30, 2014, https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/florence-nightingale-and-her-crimean-war-statistics-lessons-for-hospital-safety-.
19. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale, 248.
20. Ibid., 226.
21. Ibid., 229.
22. The Times, February 8, 1855, quoted in E. T. Cook, The Life of Florence Nightingale, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1913), 1:236–37, available at https://archive.org/details/lifeofflorenceni01cookuoft.
23. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale, 260–62.
24. Ibid., 321.
25. E. H. Sieveking, “Training Institutions for Nurses,” Englishwoman’s Magazine 7 (1852): 294, from Anne Summers, “The Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp: The Domiciliary Nurse and Her Detractors,” Victorian Studies 32, no. 3 (1989): 365.
26. Edwin W. Kopf, “Florence Nightingale as Statistician,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 15, no. 116 (1916): 390.
27. John Hall, letter to Dr. Andrew Smith, April 6, 1856. The letter was sold at auction in 2007 and is transcribed at https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/15231/lot/26/.
28. Florence Nightingale, “Notes on the Health of the British Army,” in Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 14, McDonald, ed., 864.
29. Kopf, “Florence Nightingale as Statistician,” 390.
30. Ibid.
31. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale, 345.
32. Ibid., 335–39.
33. Florence Nightingale, “Notes on the Health of the British Army,” in Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 14, McDonald, ed., 854–55.
34. Kopf, “Florence Nightingale as Statistician,” 394.
35. Florence Nightingale, “Notes on Hospitals,” in Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 16, Florence Nightingale and Hospital Reform, ed. Lynn McDonald (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2012), 215.
36. Kopf, “Florence Nightingale as Statistician,” 397.
37. Jocelyn Keith, “Florence Nightingale: Statistician and Consultant Epidemiologist,” International Nursing Review 35, no. 5 (1988): 147–50.
38. Jan Beyersmann and Christine Schrade, “Florence Nightingale, William Farr and Competing Risks,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) 180, no. 1 (Jan. 2017): 285–93.
39. Most of the measurements of Joe’s kidney function would have been of his serum creatinine, rather than his GFR directly. All these measurements were converted here to GFR for the purpose of visualization. Joseph Futoma et al., “Scalable Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Point Process Data for Disease Trajectory Prediction and Improving Management of Chronic Kidney Disease,” in Proceedings of the 32nd Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, ed. Alexander Ihler and Dominik Janzig (Corvallis, Ore.: AUAI Press, 2016), 222–31.
40. No patient data was accessed in creating this plot. This data has been simulated to resemble the data from the actual patient. To find a plot of the original data, please see Futoma et al., “Scalable Joint Modeling,” 223.
41. Kevin C. Oeffinger et al., “Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk: 2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society,” Journal of the American Medical Association 314, no. 15 (2015): 1599–1614.
42. Letter to William Farr, September 14, 1859, in Lynn McDonald, ed., Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, vol. 5, Florence Nightingale on Society and Politics, Philosophy, Science, Education and Literature (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003), 76.
43. Futoma et al., “Scalable Joint Modeling.”
44. J. Balog et al., “Intraoperative Tissue Identification Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry,” Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 194 (2013): 194ra93; “‘Intelligent Knife’ Tells Surgeon If Tissue Is Cancerous,” Imperial College London press release, July 17, 2013, http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_17-7-2013-17-17-32.
45. “MiniMed 670G System Launches in the United States,” Medtronic Meaningful Information blog, June 7, 2017, https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/blog/fda-approves-minimed-670g-system-worlds-first-hybrid-closed-loop-system/.
46. P. J. Schüffler et al., “Semi-automatic Crohn’s Disease Severity Estimation on MR Imaging,” in Abdominal Imaging: Computational and Clinical Applications, ed. H. Yoshida, J. Näppi, and S. Saini (Heidelberg and New York: Springer, Cham, 2014), 128–39.
47. Thomas J. Fuchs and Joachim M. Buhmann, “Computational Pathology: Challenges and Promises for Tissue Analysis,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 35, nos. 7–8 (2011): 515–30.
48. Varun Gulshan et al., “Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs,” Journal of the American Medical Association 316, no. 22 (2016): 2402–10. The research partnership with Moorfields Eye Hospital is described in a press release at http://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/news/moorfields-announces-research-partnership.
49. Jim McHugh, “Man, Machine and Medicine: Mass General Researchers Using AI,” Nvidia blog, December 7, 2016, https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/12/07/mass-general-researchers-ai/. See also Lee Bell, “Nvidia to Train 100,000 Developers in ‘Deep Learning’ AI to Bolster Healthcare Research,” Forbes.com, May 11, 2017, https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/12/07/mass-general-researchers-ai/. See also Lee Bell, “Nvidia to Train 100,000 Developers in ‘Deep Learning’ AI to Bolster Healthcare Research,” Forbes.com, May 11, 2017, https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/12/07/mass-general-researchers-ai/. See also Lee Bell, “Nvidia to Train 100,000 Developers in ‘Deep Learning’ AI to Bolster Healthcare Research,” Forbes.com, May 11, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/leebelltech/2017/05/11/nvidia-to-train-100000-developers-in-deep-learning-ai-to-bolster-health-care-research/.
50. See, e.g., Tom Simonite, “The Recipe for the Perfect Robot Surgeon,” MIT Technology Review, October 14, 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602595/the-recipe-for-the-perfect-robot-surgeon/.
51. David Szondy, “IBM’s Watson Adapted to Teach Medical Students and Aid Diagnosis,” New Atlas, October 21, 2013, http://newatlas.com/ibm-supercomputer-watsonpath/29415/.