INTRODUCTION: THE BIG O
1. New York Amsterdam News, November 4, 1967, p. 21.
2. Deborah Norville, The Power of Respect: Benefit from the Most Forgotten Element of Success (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2009), p. 18.
3. “By the Numbers: 10 Greatest Jukebox Hits of All Time,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 1990.
4. Robert Hilburn, “Ole King Soul,” Los Angeles Times, February 9, 1997.
5. Roni Sarig, “Redding in the Face,” Sharp Notes, CreativeLoafingAtlanta.com, November 27, 2002, http://clatl.com/atlanta/sharp-notes/Content?oid=1239433.
6. Jack Barlow, “Otis Redding’s Widow: ‘I Always Thought Everything He Sang, He Sang for Me,’” August 18, 2013, Salon, http://www.salon.com/2013/08/18/otis_reddings_widow_i_always_thought_everything_he_sang_he_sang_for_me/.
7. Doug Moe, “The Riddle of Otis Redding,” in Surrounded by Reality: The Best of Dog Moe on Madison, (Madison, WI: Jones Books, 2005).
8. Ibid.
9. Barlow, “Otis Redding’s Widow: ‘I Always Thought Everything He Sang, He Sang for Me.’ ”
10. William Clark, Joe Cogan, Temples of Sound: Inside the Great Recording Studios (San Francisco: Chronicle, 2003), pp. 74, 79.
11. Paul Grein, “Week Ending July 17, 2011, Kanye West Album & Song Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs,” Yahoo! Music, https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-july-17-2011-songs-demis-breakthrough.html.
12. Wayne Jackson, In My Wildest Dreams—Take 3 (Memphis: Wayne and Amy Jackson, 2013), pp. 27–28, 37.
13. “JEF_AEROSOL_Galerie XIN ART_La Rochelle_Fresque Ray Charles & Otis Redding,” YouTube video, 5:22, posted by PLANAS Alexandra, October 10, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrJ14VXMcIA.
14. Clair MacDougall, “Too Small to Succeed? Liberia’s New Army Comes of Age,” AlJazeeraAmerica.com, March 4, 2014, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/3/4/too-small-to-succeedliberiasnewarmycomesofage.html.
15. Booker T. Jones, “100 Greatest Singers: Otis Redding,” Rolling-Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/otis-redding-20101202.
16. Steve Cropper, “100 Greatest Artists: Otis Redding,” RollingStone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/otis-redding-20110420#ixzz2qzHLPG2O.
17. Jim Delehant, “Otis Redding: Soul Survivor,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
PROLOGUE: “IT WAS MUSIC”
1. Robert Palmer, “Pop and Jazz Guide,” New York Times, July 24, 1987, p. C28.
2. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.
3. Author’s interview with Tim Sampson.
4. Russ Bynum, “Redding’s Legend Lives On,” Associated Press, December 7, 1997.
CHAPTER 1: SON OF A PREACHER MAN
1. “Martin Luther King and the Global Freedom Struggle,” http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_davis_benjamin_jefferson_jr_1903_1964.
2. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 6.
3. Ibid.
4. Edwin S. Redkey, “Bishop Turner’s African Dream,” The Journal of American History (September 1967), pp. 271–90.
5. A. L. Glenn, Sr., History of the National Alliance of Postal Employees, 1913–1955 (Cleveland, OH: Cadillac Press Co., 1957), pp. 17, 38.
6. Macon, Georgia Visitor, Information, http://www.maconga.org/about/culture-and-heritage/african-american/#sthash.1g1Jsvqa.dpuf.
7. Andrew Michael Manis, Macon Black and White: An Unutterable Separation in the American Century (Macon: Mercer University Press and the Tubman African American Museum, 2004).
8. Robert Chalmers, “Legend: Little Richard,” British GQ online, November 1, 2010, http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/men-of-the-year/home/winners-2010/gq-men-of-the-year-2010-little-richard-legend.
9. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 134.
10. Geoff Brown, Try a Little Tenderness (Edinburgh, Scotland: MOJO Books, 2001), p. 9.
CHAPTER 2: HEEBIE JEEBIES
1. Robert Chalmers, “Legend: Little Richard,” British GQ online, November 1, 2010, http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/men-of-the-year/home/winners-2010/gq-men-of-the-year-2010-little-richard-legend/page/3.
2. Charles White, The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Quasar of Rock (New York: Harmony Books, 1985), p. 231.
3. “Online Etymology Dictionary,” http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=soul.
4. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 22.
5. Phillip Ramati, “Famed ‘Three Horsemen’ to Be Inducted into Ga. Radio Hall of Fame,” The Telegraph (Macon), March 29, 2012, http://www.macon.com/2012/03/29/1967594/famed-three-horsemen-to-be-inducted.html#storylink=cpy.
6. “Hello Mr. Soul: Otis Redding Speaks,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
7. Jane Schiesel, The Otis Redding Story (New York: Doubleday, 1973), p. 16.
CHAPTER 3: ROCKIN’ REDDING
1. Richard Harrington, “‘A Wopbopaloobop,’ and ‘Alopbamboom,’ as Little Richard Himself Would Be (and Was) First to Admit,” Washington Post, November 12, 1984.
2. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 27.
3. Ibid., p. 39.
4. Ibid., p. 136.
5. Robert Chalmers, “Legend: Little Richard,” British GQ online, November 1, 2010, http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/men-of-the-year/home/winners-2010/gq-men-of-the-year-2010-little-richard-legend/page/2.
6. Bruce Pegg, Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 14.
7. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
8. Phil Walden interview. Disc 2. The Complete Monterey Pop Festival. Directed by D. A. Pennebaker. (Criterion, 2001), DVD.
CHAPTER 4: “IT’S SOMETHING CALLED SOUL”
1. Phil Walden interview. Disc 2. The Complete Monterey Pop Festival. Directed by D. A. Pennebaker. (Criterion, 2001), DVD.
2. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001) p. 48.
3. All Alex Hodges quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
4. Freeman, Otis!, pp. 49–50.
5. David Kirby, Little Richard: The Birth of Rock ’n’ Roll (New York and London: Continuum, 2009), p. 59.
6. Otis Redding, The Definitive Otis Redding, Rhino Records, 1993, compact disc. Liner notes, Zelma Redding.
7. Author’s interview with James McEachin.
8. Harvey Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King of the Sunset Strip in 1966,” Goldmine.com, June 28, 2010, www.goldminemag.com/article/otis-redding-was-king-of-the-sunset-strip-in-1966.
9. George Lipsitz, Midnight at the Barrelhouse: The Johnny Otis Story (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), p. 43.
10. Stanley Booth, Rhythm Oil: A Journey Through the Music of the American South (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 76.
CHAPTER 5: “A LOUSY SINGER”
1. John Cohassey, “Otis Redding,” Contemporary Black Biography (Gale Group, 1998).
2. “Alan Walden talks about the first recording studios in Macon Ga.,” YouTube video, 6:39, posted by Tony Beazley/Rick Broyles, March 27, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03TKoDbzbWg.
3. All Alex Hodges quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
4. All Dennis Wheeler quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
5. “Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility,” Selective Service System, updated August 6, 2008, https://www.sss.gov/FSeffects.htm.
6. Bobby Smith, “The True Story of Confederate Record Co. and Otis Redding,” http://confederaterecordco.tripod.com.
7. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 73.
8. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 194.
9. “Johnny Jenkins, Guitarist Who Influenced Hendrix,” The Independent, July 1, 2006.
10. Wexler and Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues, p. 194.
11. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001) p. 75.
CHAPTER 6: “WAIT, WE GOT TIME FOR ANOTHER KID”
1. W. C. Handy, Arna Wendell Bontemps, Father of the Blues: An Autobiography (New York: Da Capo Press, 1991), p. 99.
2. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
3. Mark Ribowsky, Ain’t Too Proud to Beg: The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010), p. 58.
4. Elsa Dixler, “Sweet Soul Music: Robert Gordon’s ‘Respect Yourself,’ New York Times, December 6, 2013.
5. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.
6. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 40.
7. The Ronnie Wood Show, Sky Arts 1 Television (UK), episode 5, August 13, 2013.
8. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
9. Stanley Booth, Rhythm Oil: A Journey Through the Music of the American South (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 76.
10. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 76.
11. Bowman, Soulsville, p. 42.
12. Booker T. Jones, “100 Greatest Artists: Otis Redding,”Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/otis-redding-20110420#ixzz2qzHLPG2O.
13. Freeman, Otis!, p. 76.
14. Bowman, Soulsville, p. 42.
15. Freeman, Otis!, p. 84.
16. Ibid., p. 85.
17. Ibid., p. 75.
18. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
19. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 195.
CHAPTER 7: CHOPS LIKE A WOLF
1. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 86.
2. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 11.
3. Author’s interview with Alan Walden.
4. Denise Grollmus, “The Great Pretenders: They’re Defrauding the Legends of Soul—and It’s Perfectly Legal,” Cleveland Scene.com, http://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/the-great-pretenders/Content?oid=1496687.
5. Phil Phillips entry, Black Cat Rockabilly.com, http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/phil_phillips.htm.
6. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
7. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.
8. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
9. “Atlantic to Record Stars on Apollo Stage Saturday,” New York Amsterdam News, November 16, 1963, p. 16.
10. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 143.
11. Jane Schiesel, The Otis Redding Story (New York: Doubleday, 1973), pp. 58–59.
12. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 195.
13. “Otis Redding: Live at the Apollo November 1963,” BrownEyedHand someSoul.com, http://browneyedhandsomeman.blogspot.com/2006/05/otis-redding-live-at-apollo-november.html.
14. Ibid.
15. Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 143.
16. Wexler and Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues, p. 196.
CHAPTER 8: TURNING THE KNIFE
1. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
2. Bob Lamb, “Macon’s Own Otis Redding Returns Home,” The Telegraph (Macon), July 11, 1965.
3. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 328.
4. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
5. Booker T. Jones, “100 Greatest Singers: Otis Redding,” Rollingstone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/otis-redding-20101202.
6. John A. Warnick, “More Lessons from the Life of Ray Charles,” Seedlings: The Blog of John A. Warnick, August 2010, http://johnawarnick.typepad.com/seedlings/2010/08/more-lessons-from-the-life-of-ray-charles.html.
7. Author’s interview with Otis Williams.
8. “500 Greatest Songs of All Time: ‘I’ve Been Loving You Too Long (to Stop Now),’ ” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/otis-redding-ive-been-loving-you-too-long-to-stop-now-20110526#ixzz2wVK3Ngse.
9. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 117.
10. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
11. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 55.
12. Press releases from Phil Walden Artists and Promotions, 1963 and 1964, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
CHAPTER 9: THE KING OF SOUL
1. All Alex Hodges quotes in this chapter are from author’s interview.
2. Press release from Phil Walden Artists and Promotions, 1964; courtesy of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
3. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 64.
4. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
5. Louis Robinson, “The Tragic Death of Sam Cooke,” Ebony, February 1965, pp. 92–96.
6. Peter Guralnick, Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005), p. 264.
7. “Otis Redding, King of Soul—Still Ruling Forty-Seven Years After His Passing,” SoulandJazzandFunk.com, http://www.soulandjazzandfunk.com/interviews/2593-otis-redding-king-of-soul-still-ruling-forty-seven-years-after-his-passing.html?start=1.
8. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 146.
9. All Dennis Wheeler quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
10. Alan Walden, “Remembering Otis Redding,” http://jpp-product.perso.sfr.fr/nouvellepage1.htm.
11. Jon Pareles, “Of Rasps, Yowls and Din,” New York Times, June 14, 1987, section II, page 30.
12. Robert Shelton, “Otis Redding: A Major Loss,” New York Times, March 3, 1968.
13. Otis Redding, The Definitive Otis Redding, Rhino Records, 1993, compact disc. Liner notes, Booker T. Jones.
14. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
15. Robert Gordon, Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), p. 82.
16. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 194.
17. Baseball Almanac.com, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/quotes/quojckr.shtml.
18. Johnny Black, Classic Tracks Back to Back Singles and Albums (Charlotte, NC: Thunder Bay Press, 2008), p. 71.
19. Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 15.
20. Ian Crouch, “Otis Redding vs. Reading,” The New Yorker, March 14, 2014.
21. “Hello Mr. Soul: Otis Redding Speaks,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
22. Jann Wenner, “The Rolling Stone Roundtable: Booker T. and the MG’s,” Rolling Stone, August 24, 1968.
23. “500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Otis Redding, Otis Blue,” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/otis-redding-otis-blue-20120524.
24. Robert Christgau, “Otis Redding: Otis Blue—Otis Redding Sings Soul,” http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bl/redding-08.php.
25. Jack Doyle, “. . . No Satisfaction,” The Pop History Dig, July 11, 2011, http://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/%E2%80%9C-no-satisfaction%E2%80%9D1965-1966/.
26. Harvey Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King of the Sunset Strip in 1966,” Goldmine.com, June 28, 2010, http://www.goldminemag.com/article/otis-redding-was-king-of-the-sunset-strip-in-1966.
27. Atlantic Records internal memo, June 18, 1965, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
28. “500 Greatest Albums,” RollingStone.com.
29. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 111.
30. Alan Walden, “Remembering.”
31. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
CHAPTER 10: JUST ONE MORE DAY
1. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 64.
2. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
3. Robert Gordon, “The Rise of Stax Records: The Tragic Tale of Otis Redding and the Legendary Label He Helped Build,” Daily Mail online, January 18, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/event/article-2540752/Otis-Reddings-death-The-rise-Stax-Records-The-tragic-tale-Otis-Redding-legendary-label-helped-build.html.
4. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 194.
5. “Hello Mr. Soul: Otis Redding Speaks,” Hit Parader, August 1976.
6. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
7. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
8. Otis Redding, The Definitive Otis Redding, Rhino Records, 1993. Liner notes.
9. Author’s interview with Otis Williams.
10. “Otis Redding: Otis Blue,” Record Mirror, February 12, 1966, http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/otis-redding-iotis-bluei-atlantic-atl-5041-.
11. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 139.
12. Ibid., p. 140.
13. Booker T. Jones, “100 Greatest Singers: Otis Redding,” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/otis-redding-20101202.
14. Billboard, Rhythm and Blues chart, October 22, 1966, p. 64.
15. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
16. The Telegraph (Macon), July 17, 1966.
17. Alan Walden, “Remembering Otis Redding,” http://jpp-product.perso.sfr.fr/nouvellepage1.htm.
18. Bibb County Superior Court, civil cases: David McGee vs. Otis Redding, Willie McGee vs. Otis Redding; Freeman, Otis!, pp. 109–10.
19. Freeman, Otis!, p. 134.
20. Ibid., pp. 232–33.
21. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
22. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
CHAPTER 11: CROSSING OVER
1. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
2. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 4.
3. Ibid., p. 59.
4. Chester Higgins, “Eyewitness Tells of Otis Redding’s Violent Death,” Jet, December 28, 1967, p. 56.
5. Stanley Booth, The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones (Chicago Review Press, 2000), p. 210.
6. Author’s interview with Alan Walden.
7. All Dennis Wheeler quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
8. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
9. Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A., pp. 66-69.
10. Ibid., p. 88.
11. Wayne Jackson, In My Wildest Dreams, Take 1 (Memphis: Wayne and Amy Jackson, 2005), p. 173.
CHAPTER 12: THE WHOLE DAMN BODY
1. “Otis Redding Live on the Sunset Strip,” The Ripple Effect, http://ripplemusic.blogspot.com/2010/07/otis-redding-live-on-sunset-strip.html.
2. Gustavo Turner, “Complete 1966 Otis Redding Show Live on the Sunset Strip to Be Released,” LA Weekly, April 2, 2010, http://www.laweekly.com/westcoastsound/2010/04/02/complete-1966-otis-redding-show-live-on-the-sunset-strip-to-be-released; Harvey Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King of the Sunset Strip in 1966,” Goldmine.com, June 28, 2010, http://www.goldminemag.com/article/otis-redding-was-king-of-the-sunset-strip-in-1966.
3. Randy Lewis, “Album Review: ‘Otis Redding Live on the Sunset Strip,” Pop and Hiss, May 18, 2010, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/05/album-review-otis-redding-live-on-the-sunset-strip.html.
4. “Otis Redding in Person at the Whiskey a Go Go,” AllMusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-person-at-the-whiskey-a-go-go-mw0000078246.
5. David McGee, “Flat Right: The Bluegrass Special, May 2008,” TheBluegrassSpecial.com, http://www.thebluegrassspecial.com/archive/2008/may2008/otisredding.php.
6. Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King.”
7. “Tag Archives: Robbie Robertson,” The Blues Mobile, May 17, 2014, http://thebluesmobile.com/tag/robbie-robertson/.
8. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
9. Bill Graham and Robert Greenfield, Bill Graham Presents: My Life Inside Rock and Out (New York: Doubleday, 1992), p. 153.
10. Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King.”
11. Graham, My Life, p. 173.
12. Ibid., p. 174.
13. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
14. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p.183.
15. The Hit Parade Blog, http://thehitparade.blogspot.com/2008/11/number-23-otis-redding.html.
16. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
17. “500 Greatest Songs of All Time: ‘Try a Little Tenderness,’” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/otis-redding-try-a-little -tenderness-20110527#ixzz2wVCmyG1j.
18. Otis Redding, Complete & Unbelievable: The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul, 1993, CD rerelease. Liner notes, Jon Landau.
CHAPTER 13: MAKING THE WHITE FEEL BLACK
1. “Ray Charles Gets 5-Year Probation, $10,000 Fine,” Jet, December 8, 1966.
2. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 96.
3. Bill Millar, “Otis Redding at Tiles,” Soul Music Monthly, October 1966.
4. Geoff Brown, Try a Little Tenderness (Edinburgh: MOJO Books, 2001), p. 117.
5. Author’s interview of Floyd Newman.
6. Otis Redding Live: Ready Steady Go! Special Edition, aired September 16, 1966 (Sony video, 1985), VHS.
7. “Otis Redding: Mr Cool and the Clique from Memphis,” Melody Maker, September 17, 1966.
8. Masco Young, “Negro Rock & Roll ‘Big’ in London,” Philadelphia Tribune, December 24, 1966, p. 13.
9. Walden Artists and Promotions press release, 1968, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
10. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: Knopf, 2012), p. 196.
11. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 152.
12. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
13. Author’s interview with Alan Walden.
14. “Hello Mr. Soul: Otis Redding Speaks,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
15. Bill Graham and Robert Greenfield, Bill Graham Presents: My Life Inside Rock and Out (New York: Doubleday, 1992), p. 173.
16. Ibid., p. 274.
17. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
18. Graham, My Life, p. 175.
19. Ibid.
20. Bill Lane, “The Inside Story,” Los Angeles Sentinel, December 29, 1966, p. A3.
CHAPTER 14: “THE ONLY SON-OF-A-GUN THIS SIDE OF THE SUN”
1. Robert Shelton, “Otis Redding: A Major Loss,” New York Times, March 3, 1968.
2. All Alex Hodges quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
3. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 110.
4. Robert Christgau, “Otis Redding and Carla Thomas: King & Queen,” http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=4673&name=Otis+Redding+%26+Carla+Thomas.
5. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
6. Otis Redding and Carla Thomas, King & Queen. Liner notes, Howard Baker.
7. “Eddie Floyd: ‘Knock on Wood,’ ” Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/song/knock-on-wood-mt0012027635.
8. Billboard, Rhythm and Blues chart, October 22, 1966, p. 64.
9. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
10. Mike Boone, “Otis Redding,” ChancellorofSoul.com, August 2004, http://chancellorofsoul.com/redding.html.
11. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 214.
12. Chester Higgins, “Eyewitness Tells of Otis Redding’s Violent Death,” Jet, December 28, 1967, p. 50.
13. Michael Buffalo Smith, “Skynyrd, the Allmans and Otis: Alan Walden’s Career in Rock and Soul,” Swampland.com, January 2002, http://www.swampland.com/articles/view/title:alan_walden.
14. “Inside the Rock Era: The Top 200 Songs of the ’60s,” July 14, 2014, http://top5000-rocketman5000.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-top-200-songs-of-60s-70-61.html.
15. “500 Greatest Songs of All Time,” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407.
16. Robert Palmer, “Pop and Jazz Guide,” New York Times, July 24, 1968, p. C28.
17. “Hello Mr. Soul: Otis Redding Speaks,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
18. Shelton, “A Major Loss.”
19. Loretta Williams Handy, Woman Who Lived Twice: Her Story of the Late Great Otis Redding (Bloomington, IN: Trafford, 2007), p. 83.
CHAPTER 15: LONDON CALLING
1. “Seven Seconds of Fire,” The Economist, December 17, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21541707.
2. Chuck McPhilomy, “Mississippi Writers and Musicians: Jaimoe and the Allman Brothers Band,” http://mswritersandmusicians.com/musicians/jaimoe.html.
3. Loretta Williams Handy, Woman Who Lived Twice: Her Story of the Late Great Otis Redding (Bloomington, IN: Trafford, 2007), p. 94; quotations in this chapter are from pp. 95, 102, 104, 114–17, 120–23, and 130.
4. Ibid., p. 116.
5. Ibid., pp. 120–21.
6. Ibid., p. 123.
7. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
8. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
9. Alan Walden, “Remembering Otis Redding,” http://jpp-product.perso.sfr.fr/nouvellepage1.htm.
10. All Wayne Jackson quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
11. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 117.
12. BBC Radio 4, “Hit the Road Stax,” September 25, 2007, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00776mx.
13. Miranda Ward, “Otis Redding in London,” Hit Parader, February 1967.
14. “A History of the Rainbow Theatre,” http://www.rainbowhistory.x10.mx/.
15. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 312.
16. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
17. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 172.
18. Ibid., p. 191.
19. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
20. Freeman, Otis!, p. 189.
21. Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 314.
22. Ibid., p. 317.
CHAPTER 16: PEACE, LOVE, AND OTIS REDDING
1. All quotes by Al Bell in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
2. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 180.
3. “Little Richard,” Rolling Stone.com, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/little-richard-20101202.
4. All quotes by Wayne Jackson in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
5. Phil Walden interview. Disc 2. The Complete Monterey Pop Festival. Directed by D. A. Pennebaker. (Criterion, 2001), DVD.
6. Freeman, Otis!, p. 187.
7. Geoff Brown, Try a Little Tenderness (Edinburgh: MOJO Books, 2001), p. 1.
8. Robert Christgau, “Anatomy of a Love Festival,” Esquire, January 1968.
9. Phil Walden interview, Monterey Pop Festival.
10. Ibid.
11. Renata Adler, “Monterey Pop (1968), Screen: Upbeat Musical: ‘Monterey Pop’ Views the Rock Scene,” New York Times, December 27, 1968.
12. Robert Christgau, “Christgau’s Reviews,” http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=3542&name=Otis+Redding%2FThe+Jimi+Hendrix+Experience.
13. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), pp. 320–21.
14. Jim Delehant, “Otis Redding: Soul Survivor,” Hit Parader, August 1967.
15. Nik Cohn, Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom: The Golden Age of Rock (New York: Grove Press, paperback edition, 2001, originally published in 1970), p. 123.
16. Robert Greenfield, The Last Sultan: The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 184.
17. Ibid.
18. Phil Walden interview, Monterey Pop Festival.
19. Robert Shelton, “Blues Look Lively,” New York Times, August 28, 1966.
20. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 124.
21. Otis Redding, The Complete Stax/Volt Singles, 1959–1968, Atlantic Records, 1991. Liner notes, Rob Bowman.
22. Sausalito Historical Society: “Sittin’ at which ‘Dock of the Bay’?” August 3, 2010, http://www.marinscope.com/sausalito_marin_scope/opinion/article_9ae6cf2a-3f5f-57bb-b57e-0709d4e4b994.html.
23. Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 321.
24. Peter Guralnick, “Otis Redding Was His Name,” Georgia Music Magazine, Summer 2007, http://georgiamusicmag.com/otis-redding-was-his-name.
25. “Otis Redding Stars in 2 Park Concerts,” New York Times, August 18, 1966, p. 28.
26. Concert receipts of Redding tour, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
27. Author’s interview with Alex Hodges.
28. David J. Krajicek, “Lord He’s a Stabbin’, Ramblin’ Man! Allman Brothers Tour Manager Spends Only 18 Months in Jail After Argument with Club Owner Turns Deadly,” New York Daily News, May 11, 2013.
CHAPTER 17: HARD TO HANDLE
1. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
2. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 192.
3. Ronald E. Franklin, “How Otis Redding Got to ‘The Dock of the Bay,’ ”Hubpages.com, http://ronelfran.hubpages.com/hub/How-Otis-Redding-Got-To-The-Dock-of-the-Bay.
4. Robert Greenfield, The Last Sultan: The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 249.
5. Jann Wenner, “Phil Spector: The Rolling Stone Interview,” Rolling Stone, November 1, 1969; rollingstone.com/music/news/the-rolling-stone -interview-phil-spector-19691101#ixzz3HTZcSo00.
6. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 196.
7. James Brown, James Brown: The Godfather of Soul (New York: Da Capo, 2003), p. 176.
8. William Ott, “Home Forever,” The Telegraph (Macon), December 18, 1967.
9. John Sibley Butler, “African Americans in the Vietnam War,” The Oxford Companion to American Military History (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1st edition, 2000); http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm.
10. New York Amsterdam News, November 4, 1967, p. 21.
11. Russ Bynum, “Redding’s Legend Lives On,” Associated Press, December 7, 1997.
12. Wexler and Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues, p. 201.
13. Ibid.
14. Freeman, Otis!, p. 195.
15. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 318.
16. Letter from Redding, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
17. Stanley Booth, Rhythm Oil: A Journey Through the Music of the American South (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 75.
18. Freeman, Otis!, p. 198.
19. The Ronnie Wood Show, Sky Arts 1 Television (UK), episode 5, August 13, 2013.
CHAPTER 18: “SO I GUESS I’LL REMAIN THE SAME”
1. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
2. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 132.
3. Marc Myers, “Then I Watch ’Em Roll Away Again,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2013.
4. Ibid.
5. Geoff Brown, Try a Little Tenderness (Edinburgh: MOJO Books, 2001), p. 135.
6. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.
7. Bowman, Soulsville, p. 132.
8. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
9. Lydia Hutchinson, “Otis Redding’s “(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay,” PerformingSongwriter.com, September 9, 2012, http://performingsongwriter.com/otis-redding-sittin-dock-bay/.
10. Stanley Booth, Rhythm Oil: A Journey Through the Music of the American South (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 79.
11. “‘(Sittin’ On) The Dock Of the Bay,’ ” NPR.org, September 17, 2000, http://www.npr.org/2000/09/17/1082281/-sittin-on-the-dock-of-the-bay.
12. Author’s interview with Alan Walden.
13. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 202.
14. “Otis Redding’s Last Day in Cleveland,” Rockhall.com, http://rockhall.com/blog/post/7045_otis-reddings-last-day-in-Cleveland/.
15. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 217.
16. James Brown, James Brown: The Godfather of Soul (New York: Da Capo, 2003), p. 177.
17. Chester Higgins, “Eyewitness Tells of Otis Redding’s Violent Death,” Jet, December 28, 1967, p. 56.
18. Purchase receipt, courtesy of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
19. Michael Buffalo Smith, “Skynyrd, The Allmans and Otis: Alan Walden’s Career in Rock and Soul,” Swampland.com, January 2002, http://www.swampland.com/articles/view/title:alan_walden.
20. Mark Myers, “Then I Watch ’Em Roll Away Again,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2013.
CHAPTER 19: AMEN
1. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 205.
2. Chester Higgins, “Eyewitness Tells of Otis Redding’s Violent Death,” Jet, December 28, 1967, p. 56.
3. Marc Myers, “Then I Watch ’Em Roll Away Again,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2013.
4. Author’s interview with Al Bell.
5. Todd Leopold, “The Legacy of Otis Redding,” CNN Entertainment, December 14, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/10/otis.redding.legacy/.
6. Robert Greenfield, The Last Sultan: The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 184.
7. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
8. All Dennis Wheeler quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
9. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.
10. Doug Moe, “45 Years Later, Questions Still Remain over Otis Redding’s Plane Crash,” Wisconsin Journal, December 10, 2012.
11. Doug Moe, “The Bar-Kays at 50,” Wisconsin State Journal, April 16, 2014.
12. Doug Moe, “The Riddle of Otis Redding” in Surrounded by Reality: The Best of Dog Moe on Madison (Madison, WI: Jones Books, 2005), p. 3.
13. Jann S. Wenner, “Otis Redding: The Crown Prince of Soul Is Dead,” Rolling Stone, January 20, 1968.
14. Loretta Williams Handy, Woman Who Lived Twice: Her Story of the Late Great Otis Redding (Bloomington, IN: Trafford, 2007), p. 130.
15. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 141.
16. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 328.
17. Melissa Limoncella, “Fa-fa-fa-fa-fa,” Vice.com, December 1, 2000; http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/arthur-conley-v7n10.
18. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 201.
19. Limoncella, “Fa-fa-fa-fa-fa.”
20. David Dalton and Lenny Kaye, Rock 100 (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1977).
21. Higgins, “Eyewitness.”
22. Moe, Surrounded by Reality.
23. Author’s interview with Otis Williams.
24. Moe, Surrounded by Reality.
25. Freeman, Otis!, p. 210.
26. National Transportation Safety Board, “Lessons Learned and Lives Saved,” 1967–2007, April 27, 2007, http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2007/sr0701.pdf, p. 10.
27. “Otis Redding: The NTSB Report,” http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-88.htm.
EPILOGUE: “WOULDN’T THAT HAVE BEEN SOMETHIN’?”
1. Jeff Cochran, “Poor Otis, Dead and Gone,” Like the Dew: A Journal of Southern Culture and Politics, January 31, 2012,http://likethedew.com/2012/01/31/poor-otis-dead-and-gone/.
2. Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records (New York: Schirmer Trade Books, 2000), p. 134.
3. Jerry Wexler and David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 201.
4. “‘(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay,’ ” September 17, 2000, NPR.org, http://www.npr.org/2000/09/17/1082281/-sittin-on-the-dock-of-the-bay.
5. Russ Bynum, “Otis Redding Still Drawing Fans,” AP News Archive, December 5, 1997; http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1997/Otis-Redding-Still-Drawing-Fans/id-a14f55f7b1c9377c5a8cb218528163b4.
6. All Al Bell quotes in this chapter are from the author’s interview.
7. Nik Cohn, Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom: The Golden Age of Rock (New York: Grove Press, paperback edition, 2001), p. 124.
8. BMI.com, “BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century,” December 13, 1999; http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/232893.
9. RollingStone.com, “Artists”; http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/otis-redding/albumguide.
10. Barry Dean Kernfield, New Grove Dictionary of Jazz (New York: Macmillan, 1988), p. 544.
11. Doug Bradley, “The Legacy of Otis Redding’s ‘Dock of the Bay,’ ” HuffingtonPost.com, January 1, 2013; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/doug-bradley/otis-redding-dock-of-the-bay_b_2435220.html.
12. Wexler and Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues, p. 202.
13. Variety, December 20, 1967, p. 44.
14. Bowman, Soulsville, p. 359.
15. Author’s interview with Floyd Newman.
16. Harvey Kubernik, “Otis Redding Was King of the Sunset Strip in 1966,” Goldmine.com, June 18, 2010, http://www.goldminemag.com/article/otis-redding-was-king-of-the-sunset-strip-in-1966.
17. Robert Greenfield, The Last Sultan: The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 191.
18. Ibid. p. 192.
19. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, paperback edition, 1999), p. 357.
20. Greenfield, The Last Sultan, p. 189.
21. Author’s interview with Alan Walden.
22. Philip Walden Jr. obituary, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 7, 2011.
23. Los Angeles Daily News, August 28, 1996.
24. “Bobbie Smith’s First Recording Studio—Otis Redding and Confederate Records,” YouTube video, 2:41, uploaded by Sarah Barnes, November 30, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29ZSP9Es6H8.
25. Robert Christgau, “Otis Redding,” http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Otis+Redding.
26. Bowman, Soulsville U.S.A., p. 121.
27. Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 314.
28. Bowman, Soulsville U.S.A., p. 193.
29. Ibid., p. 134.
30. “Museum of American Soul Music: Stax lives! The other soul record label celebrates 50 years at SXSW after tumultuous Memphis history”; http://www.staxmuseum.com/events/news/view/stax-lives-the-other-soul-record-label-celebrates-.
31. Respect Yourself: The Stax Records Story, PBS documentary, August 2, 2007, produced by Tremolo Productions, Concord Music Group and Thirteen/WNET New York.
32. Deborah Sontag, “Out of Exile, Back in Soulsville,” New York Times, August 14, 2009.
33. “Let C.B.S. Tell Its Own Ugly Story,” The New York Times, June 22, 1973.
34. Sontag, “Out of Exile.”
35. Stax Photo Museum, http://staxrecords.free.fr/bankrupcy_l.jpg#bankrupcy_l.jpg.
36. Memphis Commercial Appeal, February 8, 1976.
37. “Little Richard Inducts Otis Redding into the Hall of Fame,” YouTube video, 15:56, uploaded by Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, May 21, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUvHBirr1PI.
38. Russ Bynum, Associated Press, “Redding’s Legend Lives On,” December 7, 1997.
39. John A. Warnick, “More Lessons from the Life of Ray Charles,” Seedlings: The Blog of John A. Warnick, August 2010, http://johnawarnick.typepad.com/seedlings/2010/08/more-lessons-from-the-life-of-ray-charles.html.
40. Bynum, “Redding’s Legend Lives On.”
41. Ibid.
42. “Stairway to Heaven,” People, June 17, 1996.
43. Ibid.
44. Author’s interview with Dennis Wheeler.
45. Scott Freeman, Otis! The Otis Redding Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), p. 188.
46. Ibid., p. 191.
47. Ibid., p. 217.
48. Roni Sarig, “Redding in the Face,” Sharp Notes, CreativeLoafingAtlanta.com, November 27, 2002, http://clatl.com/atlanta/sharp-notes/Content?oid=1239433.
49. Jack Barlow, “Otis Redding’s Widow: I Always Thought Everything He Sang, He Sang for Me,” August 18, 2013, Salon, http://www.salon.com/2013/08/18/otis_reddings_widow_i_always_thought_everything_he_sang_he_sang_for_me/.
50. Derick Jacobs, “Source Claims Otis Redding Had Love Child with Queen of Memphis Carla Thomas,” July 25, 2013, http://www.bazaardaily.co.uk/2013/05/07/exclusive-source-claims-otis-redding-had-love-child-with-queen-of-memphis-carla-thomas/.
51. Dorothy Wade and Justine Picardie, Music Man: Ahmet Ertegun, Atlantic Records and the Triumph of Rock & Roll (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 64.
52. “Peter Gabriel—So Special Edition,” Henri Strik (edited by Peter Willemsen), BackgroundMagazine.nl, http://www.backgroundmagazine.nl/Cdreviews/PeterGabrielSoSpecialEdition.html.
53. Charles White, The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Quasar of Rock (New York: Harmony Books, 1985), p. 167.
54. “James Brown, the ‘Godfather of Soul,’ Dies at 73,” HighTimes.com, December 25, 2006, http://www.hightimes.com/read/james-brown-godfather-soul-dies-73.
55. “The Definitive Otis Redding (Rhino Records, 1993). Liner notes.
56. Author’s interview with Wayne Jackson.