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Page numbers in bold include illustrations.
Abra alba 35, 37, 87, 92, 224, 242, 263, 264, 275
A. nitida 93, 275, 353
Acanthocardia echinata 284
Actinauge richardi 116
Aequipecten opercularis (Queen Scallop) 142, 241, 248, 260, 261, 280, 282, 297, 298, 328, 333, 334–5
Alcyonidium diaphonum 94, 95, 99, 165
Alcyonium digitatum 94, 100, 149, 170, 179, 261, 271
Alvania 242
Ammodytes 58, 143
Amphiblestrum flemingii 164
Amphiura filiformis 35, 92, 98, 119–22, 120, 126, 127, 243, 276, 336
A. chiajei 35, 124
Anapagurus hyndmanni 272
A. laevis 100, 104, 108, 114
Anemone, Plumose (Metridium senile) 100, 147, 157, 177, 179
Anseropoda placenta (Goosefoot Starfish) 98, 114
Antedon bifida (Feather Star) 98, 114
A. petasus 278
Aphrodita aculeata (Sea Mouse) 37, 86, 87, 273, 351
Aplysia punctata (sea hare) 199, 200
Aporrhais 350
A. pespelecani (Pelican’s Foot Shell) 36
A. serresianus 275
Arctica islandica 280, 281, 284, 350, 353
Arenicola marina 35
Argopecten irradians (Bay Scallops) 230
Arnoglossus laterna (Scaldfish) 61
Ascidia mentula 152, 153, 158, 159, 169
Ascidiella scabra 61, 169
A. aspersa 158, 159, 160, 169, 177, 261, 278
Aspitrigla cuculus (Gurnard) 332
Astarte sulcata 35, 87, 88
Asterias rubens 37, 42, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 114, 116, 123, 137, 140, 142, 167, 180, 228, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 336
Astropecten irregularis 37, 95, 98, 99, 101, 105, 107, 108, 114, 123, 138, 142, 327, 329
Atelecyclus rotundatus (Round Crab) 262, 263
Aurelia aurita (Moon Jellyfish) 117
Balanoglossus 43
Balanophyllia regia 264
Balanus crenatus (barnacle) 175, 297
Balistes carolinensis 295
Banded Chink Shell (Lacuna vincta) 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 202
barnacle (Balanus crenatus) 175, 297
Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 299
Beroe 315
Bittium reticulatum 243
Botryllus schlosseri 159
Branchiostoma lanceolatum 356
Branta bernicla (Brent Goose) 215, 290
Brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) 348
Brissopsis lyrifera 35, 36, 37, 82, 86, 87, 124, 358
Buccinum undatum (Common Whelk) 39, 244, 275, 284, 328, 334, 336, 350
Buglossidium luteum (Solenette) 61, 108, 143, 144
Bugula flabellata 161–2, 163
Bull Rout (Myoxocephalus scorpius) 167, 168, 201, 202
Calanus finmarchicus 201
Callianassa subterranea 35, 37, 80, 81, 92, 121, 122, 353, 356
Callionymus lyra (Dragonet) 109, 111, 143
Calliostoma 275
Callopora dumerilii 164
Calocaris macandreae 35, 80, 81
Cancer pagurus (Edible Crab) 33, 200, 278, 292, 329, 334
Caprella tuberculata 178
Carcinus maenas (Green Crab) 42, 136, 180, 224, 225, 229, 315–16, 329, 330
Caryophyllia smithii (Devonshire Cup Coral) 114, 116, 264
Ceramium 218
Cerianthus lloydii 37, 82, 84, 240
Chaetopterus variopedatus (Parchment Worm) 48, 84, 92, 240, 273
Chamelea striatula (Striped Venus) 35, 69, 97, 140, 285, 286, 287, 338, 341, 350
C. gallina (Mediterranean Striped Venus) 69, 285–6, 338, 342–5, 356
Chelonia mydas (Florida Green Turtle) 288–9
Chlamys varia 241, 260, 261
Chthalamus 287
C. montagui 42
Ciona intestinalis 155, 156–7, 176, 177, 261, 263, 278
Cladophora 218
Clam, Hard (Mercenaria mercenaria) 230, 231, 306, 309
Manila (Ruditapes philippinarum) 69, 314, 338
Sand Gaper (Mya arenaria) 53, 136, 224, 307
Clausinella fasciata 241, 341
Clibanarius erythropus 291–2
Clupea harengus (Herring) 30, 109, 142, 287–8
Cocconeis scutellum 216
Cockle (Cerastoderma edule) 134, 136, 140, 224, 284, 339, 340
Dog (Glycymeris glycymeris) 25, 36, 75, 112, 240, 241
Cod (Gadus morhua) 143, 200, 201, 202, 218, 220, 228, 244, 348
Poor (Trisopterus minutus) 144, 299
Colpomenia peregrina 310
Colus gracilis (Slender Whelk) 108, 110, 244, 350
Conger conger (Conger Eel) 292
Coral, Devonshire Cup (Caryophyllia smithii) 114, 116, 264
Ross (Pentapora foliacea) 157, 160, 162–5, 253
Stone (Lophelia pertusa) 180, 181, 233, 264–77, 265, 325, 326
Corallina officinalis 197
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) 200
Corophium 256
C. sextonae 308
C. volutator 222, 223
Corynactis viridis 252
Corystes cassivelaunus 107
Crab, Angular (Goneplax rhomboides) 62, 79
Edible (Cancer pagurus) 33, 200, 278, 292, 329, 334
Green (Carcinus maenas) 42, 136, 180, 224, 225, 229, 315–16, 329, 330
Round (Atelecyclus rotundatus) 262, 263
Sponge (Dromia personata) 295
Stone (Lithodes maja) 278
Crangon allmani 101, 102, 107, 116, 328, 329
C. crangon (Brown Shrimp) 107, 134–6, 135, 142, 143, 144, 224, 229, 300, 301, 329
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster) 203, 316
C. virginica (Eastern Oyster) 230, 232, 311
Crepidula fornicata (American Slipper Limpet) 130, 131, 308, 309, 311–12, 316–17
Crisia 336
C. eburnea 161
Crossaster papposus (Common Sun Star) 276, 277
Cultellus pellucidus 353
Cushion Star (Porania pulvillus) 114, 115, 276
Cuspidaria rostrata 275
Cymodoce nodosa 203
Dab (Limanda limanda) 109, 143, 144, 299, 329, 332, 358
Long Rough (Hippoglossoides platessoides) 109, 143, 144, 329
Delesseria sanguinea 197, 214, 228
Dendrobeania 161
Dendrodoa grossularia 155, 170
Dendronotus frondosus 170, 171, 178
Dicentrarchus labrax (Bass) 299
Dinophysis 130
Donax trunculus 35, 338, 341, 356
D. vittatus 338
Dory, Sailfin (Zenopsis conchifer) 294
Dosinia exoleta 244, 341, 347, 350
D. lupinus 35, 353
Doto 171–3, 243, 251
D. fragilis 172
Dragonet (Callionymus lyra) 109, 111, 143
Dromia personata (Sponge Crab) 295
Dyctyosyphon foeniculaceus 216
Ebalia 274
E. tuberosa 114, 262, 274
Echinocardium cordatum (Sea Potato) 35, 36, 42, 50, 82, 90, 92, 98
E. flavescens 35, 276
E. pennatifida 240
Echinocyamus pusillus 246, 276
Echinus 98, 105, 276
E. esculentus (Edible Sea Urchin) 167, 168, 193, 199, 200, 334
Ecrobia ventrosa 223
Ectocarpus 218
E. siliculosa 216
Ectopleura larynx 170, 172, 176
Edwardsia claparedii 244
Eel, Conger (Conger conger) 292
Eel Grass, Common (Zostera marina) 204, 205–15, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 290
Dwarf (Nanozostera noltii) 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 214, 215, 221
Eider Duck (Somateria mollissima) 200
Electra pilosa 160, 161
Eledone cirrhosa (Curled Octopus) 334
Emarginula 275
Ennucula tenuis 86, 87
Ensis 35, 274, 338–9, 345
E. arcuatus 241, 341, 345, 346, 350
E. directus (American Razor Clam) 92, 312, 313, 338
E. siliqua 35, 341, 345, 346, 350, 356
Epizoanthus incrustans 272
Erichthonius difformis 222, 223
Eubranchus tricolor 243
Euclymene robusta 273
Eulalia 273
Eumida 273
Eunice norvegica 273
Eunicella verrucosa 298
Eurynome aspersa 114
Euspira montagui 244
E. nitida 244
Eutrigla gurnardus (Grey Gurnard) 109, 329, 332
Feather Star (Antedon bifida) 98, 114
Ficopotamus enigmaticus 174, 310
File Shell, Gaping (Limaria hians) 248, 249, 274, 338
Flounder (Platichthys flesus) 144
Flustra foliacea (Hornwrack) 94, 96, 99, 112, 147, 157, 160–2, 164, 165, 251
Fucus serratus 169, 190, 193, 223
F. vesiculosus 223
Fulmarus glacialis (Fulmar) 58
Funiculina quadrangularis 82
Gadus morhua (Cod) 143, 200, 201, 202, 218, 220, 228, 244, 348
Galathea 274
G. squamifera 202
Gammarus locusta 218, 220, 223, 224
G. oceanus 229
Gari tellinella 242
Gasterosteus aculeatus 225
Geodia 271
G. barretti 270
Gibbula 242
Glycymeris glycymeris (Dog Cockle) 25, 35, 75, 112, 140, 241
Gobiusculus flavescens (Two Spot Goby) 226
Goby, Sand (Pomatoschistus minutus) 61, 143, 225
Two Spot (Gobiusculus flavescens) 226
Golfingia vulgaris 256
Goneplax rhomboides (Angular Crab) 62, 79
Goniodoris castanea 170
G. nodosa 170
Goose, Brent (Branta bernicla) 215, 290
Guillemot, Common (Uria aalge) 56, 58
Gurnard (Aspitrigla cuculus) 332
Grey (Eutrigla gurnardus) 109, 143, 329, 332
Gymnodinium 130
Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) 109, 143, 348
Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) 109, 143
Halecium 251
Halophila decipiens 203
H. stipulacea 203
Harmothoe 273
Hathrometra sarsi 278
Heart Urchin, Purple (Spatangus purpureus) 35, 36, 76, 98, 334, 335
Hediste diversicolor 134
Henricia 276
H. oculata 98
H. sanguinolenta 350
Herring (Clupea harengus) 30, 109, 142, 287–8
Hesionura augeneri 76
Heteranomia squamula 274
Heteromastus filiformis 134
Hiatella arctica 200, 201, 256
Hippasteria phryngiana 276
Hippoglossoides platessoides (Long Rough Dab) 109, 143, 144, 329
Hippolyte 225
Hornwrack (Flustra foliacea) 94, 96, 99, 112, 147, 156, 160–2, 164, 165, 251
Hormathia digitata 108
Hyalinoecia tubicula 108
Hyas araneus 274
H. coarctatus 99, 101, 108, 274
Hydractinia echinata 100, 101, 102
Hydrobia 223
Hydroides norvegica 272
Idotea balthica 218, 220, 223, 227, 228
I. chelipes 223
I. granulosa 223
Inachus 274
Jassa 177
J. herdmani 178
Jaxea nocturna 79
Jellyfish, Moon (Aurelia aurita) 117
Kelp, Sugar (Laminaria saccharina) 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192
Kirchenpaueria pinnata 251
Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) 58
Kurtiella bidentata 37, 92, 119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 127, 243
Labrus bergylta (Wrasse, Ballan) 201, 202
Lacuna vincta (Banded Chink Shell) 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 202
Lafoea dumosa 337
Lagis koreni 84, 118, 333
Lamellaria 275
Laminaria 32, 181–97, 200, 216
L. digitata 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198
L. hyperborea 155, 168, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, 196, 197, 200–1
L. ochroleuca 183, 189, 190
L. saccharina (Sugar Kelp) 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192
Lanice conchilega 253
Leptasterias muelleri 98, 350
Leucothoe spinicarpa 158, 158
Limacia clavigera 243
Limanda limanda (Dab) 109, 143, 144, 299, 329, 332, 358
Limaria hians (Gaping File Shell) 248, 249, 274, 338
L. loscombi 274
Limaropsis aurita 274
Limatula subauriculata 274
Limpet, Blue–rayed (Patella pellucida) 183, 193, 194, 195, 200
American Slipper (Crepidula fornicata) 130, 131, 308, 311–12, 316–17, 309
Liocarcinus 143, 262, 292, 327, 335
L. depurator 99, 114, 328, 329, 330
L. holsatus 61, 99, 101, 114, 116
Liparis liparis (Sea Snail) 299, 301
L. montagui 200, 244
Lithodes maja (Stone Crab) 274, 278
Lithophyllum racemus 235
Lithothamnion corallioides 235, 238, 239, 247
L. glaciale 235, 239
L. incrustans 237
L. lophiforme 235
Littorina littorea 228
Lobster, Norway (Nephrops norvegicus) 35, 78, 79, 116, 292, 326–8, 329, 332
Lophelia pertusa (Stone Coral) 180, 181, 233, 264–77, 265, 325, 326
Luidia ciliaris 98, 123, 167, 276, 328
L. sarsi 98, 123, 139, 140, 142, 167, 276, 351
Lutraria angustior 241, 341
Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) 142, 201
Macoma balthica (Baltic Tellin) 35, 36, 54, 132, 136, 224, 315, 340
Macropipus tuberculatus 114
Macropodia tenuirostris 114
Madrepora oculata 270, 271
Maja brachydactyla 292, 298
Marshallora adversa 243
Marthasterias glacialis (Spiny Starfish) 98, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 276, 328
Maxmuelleria lankesteri 37, 85–6, 89, 359
Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Haddock) 109, 143, 348
Membranipora 43, 190–2
M. membranacea 167, 169, 190, 191, 192
Membraniporella nitida 164, 169
Membranoptera alata 196, 197
Merceneria merceneria (Hard Clam) 230, 231, 306, 309
Metridium senile (Plumose Anemone) 100, 147, 157, 177, 179
Microdeutopus gryllotalpa 223
Microstomus kitt (Lemon Sole) 144
Mnemiopsis leidyi 315
Modiolarca subpicta 158–60, 169
Modiolus modiolus (Horse Mussel) 31, 35, 181, 233, 248, 254, 256–64, 257, 262, 283
Monocorophium insidiosum 222, 223
Monoporeia affinis 37, 54, 126–9, 136
Monostroma grevillea 216
Munida 274
M. rugosa 278, 329
Munidopsis serricornis 278
Mussel, Blue (Mytilus edulis) 136, 179, 224, 228, 230, 256, 283–4
Horse (Modiolus modiolus) 31, 35, 181, 233, 248, 254, 256–64, 257, 262, 283
Mya arenaria (Sand Gaper Clam) 53, 136, 224, 307
M. truncata 240, 241
Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel) 136, 179, 224, 228, 256, 283–4
M. trossulus 203
Myxine glutinosa (Hagfish) 109, 143
Myoxocephalus scorpius (Bull Rout) 167, 168, 201, 202
Nanozostera noltii (Dwarf Eelgrass) 204, 205, 207, 209–10, 214, 215, 221
Nassarius 275
N. reticulatus 40
Neanthes 273
Necora puber 330
Nemertesia antennina 172, 251, 254
N. ramosa 251
Neopentadactyla mixta 240
Neotromatella monostromatica 216
Nephrops norvegicus (Norway Lobster, Dublin Bay Prawn) 35, 78, 79, 116, 292, 326–8, 329, 332
Nephtys 144, 325
N. hombergii 35, 134
Neptunea antiqua (Red Whelk) 108, 110, 244, 328, 336, 350
N. contraria 280
Nereis 273
Nerophis ophidion (Straight–nosed Pipefish) 225
Notopterophorus papilio 158
Nucula 36, 275
N. nitidosa 35, 37, 92, 116
N. nucleus 35, 241
Nuculana 275
Obelia dichotoma 175
Octopus, Common (Octopus vulgaris) 291
Curled (Eledone cirrhosa) 334
Oenopota 275
Onchidoris 170
O. bilamellata 243
O. muricata 243
Onoba 242
O. vitrea 127
Ophiocomina nigra 98, 112, 137, 165, 244–5, 260, 262, 336
Ophiopholis aculeata 336
Ophiothrix fragilis 35, 42, 94, 95, 98, 99, 112, 118, 119, 137, 155, 165–7, 257, 261, 263, 264, 276, 336
O. luetkeni 116
Ophiura albida 61, 98, 105, 107, 336
O. ophiura 35, 61, 98, 99, 101, 105, 107, 114, 116, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 336
Owenia fusiformis 37, 92–3, 117–18, 240, 244, 253
Oyster, Eastern (Crassostrea virginica) 230, 232, 311
Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) 203, 316
Oyster Drill, American (Urosalpinx cinerea) 306, 307
oysters 130, 148, 203, 230, 274, 306, 289, 290, 306, 309, 310, 311, 316, 338, 347
Pagurus 143
P. bernhardus 61, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 298, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336
P. prideaux 104, 105, 114, 116, 332, 333
P. pubescens 100, 104, 108
P. variabilis 116
Palaemon 224
P. adspersus 218, 220, 229
P. elegans 218, 220
Palliolum tigerinum 241, 242
Palmaria palmata 196, 197, 198
Pandalus 143, 278, 329
P. montagui 101
Paracentrotus lividus 245, 246
Paragorgia arborea 271
Paramuricea placomus 271
Parchment Worm (Chaetopterus variopedatus) 48, 84, 92, 240, 273
Patella pellucida (Blue Rayed Limpet) 183, 193, 194, 195, 200
Pecten jacobeus 285
P. maximus (Great Scallop) 37, 241, 247, 285, 298, 333, 334, 335
Pelican’s Foot Shell (Aporrhais pespelecani) 36
Pennatula phosphorea 82, 83, 116
Pentapora foliacea (Ross Coral) 157, 160, 162–5, 253
Perforatus perforatus 296, 297
Peringia ulvae 221
Perophora japonica 309
Phaeocystis pouchetti 132
Phalacrocorax carbo (Cormorant) 200
Pharus legumen 341
pilchard 287, 288, 291
Philine 243
Philoceras trispinosus 107
Phorcus lineatus 292, 293
Phtisica marina 178
Phycodrys rubens 196, 197
Phymatolithon calcareum 234–5, 239, 247
Pilaiella littoralis 216
Pipefish, Deep-nosed (Syngnathus typhle) 225, 226
Straight-nosed (Nerophis ophidion) 225
Pisidia longicornis 160, 164, 178, 262
Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) 109, 134, 144, 201, 303–5, 329, 348, 358
Platichthys flesus (Flounder) 144
Pollack (Pollachius pollachius) 244
Pollachius virens (Saithe) 201, 244
Polycarpa pomaria 278
Polycera quadrilineata 191, 243
Polyclinum aurantium 159
Polysiphonia 218
Pomatoceros triqueter 155, 175
Pomatoschistus 134, 135
P. minutus (Sand Goby) 61, 143, 225
P. microps 225
P. pictus 225
Pondweed, Beaked Tassel (Ruppia maritima) 204
Pontophilus spinosus 114
Porania pulvillus (Cushion Star) 114, 115, 276
Posidonia oceanica 204
Potamogeton 204
Pout (Trisopterus luscus) 144, 299
Norway (Trisopterus esmarkii) 109
Protanthea simplex 278, 327, 329
Psammechinus miliaris 94, 98, 107, 160, 245, 246
Pseudamussium peslutrae 284
Pseudoprotella phasma 177
Ptilota gunneri 196, 197
Pungitius pungitius 225
Pycnogonum littorale 116
Radix baltica 223
Raniceps raninus (Tadpole Fish) 168
Razor Clam, American (Ensis directus) 92, 312, 313, 338
razor shells 35, 274, 338–9, 341, 345–7, 346, 356
Retusa truncata 243
Rhizostoma octopus 117
Rissa tridactyla (Kittiwake) 58
Rissoa 198, 223, 242
R. membranacea 199, 228
R. parva 202, 203
Rout, Bull (Myxocephalus scorpius) 167, 168, 201, 202
Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila Clam) 69, 314, 338
Ruppia maritima (Beaked Tassel Pondweed) 204
Sabellaria alveolata 254–6
S. spinulosa 31, 147, 254–6, 261, 264
Saccorhiza polyschides 182, 183, 190, 192
Saithe (Pollachius virens) 201, 244
Sarcodictyon roseum 271
Scad (Trachurus trachurus) 109, 143
Scaldfish (Arnoglossus laterna) 61
Scallop, Bay (Argopecten irradians) 230
Great (Pecten maximus) 37, 241, 247, 285, 298, 333, 334, 335
Queen (Aequipecten opercularis) 142, 241, 247, 260, 261, 280, 282, 297, 298, 328, 333, 334–5
Scalpellum scalpellum 116
Scoloplos armiger 61, 134
Scomber scombrus (Mackerel) 142, 201
Scopelocheirus hopei 331
Scophthalmus maximus (Turbot) 348
S. rhombus (Brill) 348
Scrobicularia plana 315
Scrupocellaria 162, 336
S. reptans 161
Sea Hare (Aplysia punctata) 199, 200
Sea Mouse (Aphrodita aculeata) 37, 86, 87, 273, 351
Sea Potato (Echinocardium cordatum) 35, 38, 42, 50, 82, 90, 92, 98
Sea Snail (Liparis liparis) 299, 301
Sea Urchin, Edible (Echinus esculentus) 167, 168, 193, 199, 200, 334
Semibalanus balanoides 287
Serpula vermicularis 253, 254, 272
Sertularia 336
S. cupressina 251
Shrimp, Brown (Crangon crangon) 107, 134–6, 135, 142, 143, 144, 224, 229, 300, 301, 329
Smittoidea reticulata 164
Sole, Dover (Solea solea) 134, 292, 299, 302–5, 348, 358
Lemon (Microstomus kitt) 144
Solenette (Buglossidium luteum) 61, 108, 143, 144
Solidobalanus fallax 297, 298, 309
Somateria mollissima (Eider Duck) 200
Spadella cephaloptera 74
Spatangus purpureus (Purple Heart Urchin) 36, 76, 334, 335
Sphaerechinus granularis 245
Spiophanes bombyx 61
Spinachia spinachia 225
Spisula elliptica 35, 284, 350
S. solida 35, 76, 284, 338, 341, 356
S. subtruncata 92, 353
Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) 142, 144
Starfish, Goosefoot (Anseropoda placenta) 98, 114
Starfish, Spiny (Marthasterias glacialis) 98, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 276, 328
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 192–3
Sun Star, Common (Crossaster papposus) 276, 277
Syngnathus typhle (Deepnosed Pipefish) 225, 226
Tadpole Fish (Raniceps raninus) 168
Talochlamys pusio 274
Tapes rhomboides 241, 242, 336, 341
Taurulus bubalis 167
Tectura virginea 242
Tellin, Baltic (Macoma balthica) 35, 36, 54, 132, 136, 224, 315, 340
Thin (Tellina tenuis) 35, 36, 134, 340
Terebratula maxima 279
Teredo navalis 307
Testudinalia testudinalis 242
Theodoxus fluviatilis 223
Thracia convexa 353
Thyasira flexuosa 93
Timoclea ovata 337
Trisopterus minutus (Poor Cod) 144, 299
Tritonia hombergii 170, 171
Trivia arctica 243, 275, 276
T. monacha 243
Topknot (Zeugopterus punctatus) 168
Trophon 275
Tubularia indivisa 170, 176, 177–9
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) 348
Turtle, Florida Green (Chelonia mydas) 288–9
Turritella communis (Auger Shell) 35, 37, 114
Ulothrix 216
Ulva 218
Undaria pinnatifida 182
Upogebia deltaura 35, 80, 81, 240, 243, 246–7, 338, 353, 356
U. stellata 80, 81, 92, 356
Uria aalge (Common Guillemot) 58
Urosalpinx cinerea (American Oyster Drill) 306, 307
Velutina velutina 275
Venerupis senegalensis 256
Venus, Mediterranean Striped (Chamelea gallina) 69, 285–6, 338, 342–5, 356
Striped (Chamelea striatula) 35, 69, 97, 140, 285, 286, 287, 341, 350
Venus 264
V. casina 35, 241, 280
V. fasciatus 76
V. verrucosa 337
Victorella pavida 307–8
Virgularia mirabilis 82
Watersipora aterrima 309
Whelk, Common (Buccinum undatum) 39, 244, 275, 284, 328, 334, 336, 350
Red (Neptunea antiqua) 108, 110, 244, 328, 336, 350
Slender (Colus gracilis) 108, 110, 244, 350
Whiting (Merlangius merlangus) 109, 143, 144, 299, 301, 332, 329, 348
Wigeon (Anas penelope) 215, 290
Wrasse, Ballan (Labrus bergylta) 201, 202
Zenopsis conchifer (Sailfin Dory) 294
Zeugopterus punctatus (Topknot) 168
Zostera 204–32
Z. angustifolia 207
Z. marina (Common Eelgrass) 204, 205–215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 290
Page numbers in bold include illustrations.
acoustic surveys 14–15
actaeplanic larvae 47
Adriatic Sea 341–5
algae 175, 176, 186, 192, 196, 197, 206, 216, 219, 222, 238, 249, 250, 261, 269, 309
brown 216
coralline 32, 145, 148–9, 181, 189, 192, 213, 233, 234, 235, 236–7
green 179, 216, 224
red 158, 188, 200, 214, 228
Algarve 356–7
alien species 306–17
critical conditions 311
via aquaculture 309–10
via human agency 311–12
via shipping 307, 309, 310
Ampharetidae 93
amphipods 54, 65, 90, 92, 126, 128, 129, 136, 144, 150, 155, 158, 160, 164, 169, 177, 178–9, 198–203, 215, 218, 223–4, 225, 226, 228–9, 253, 256, 263, 273, 308, 325, 331, 332
anchiplanic larvae 47
aplanic larvae 47
Argentine Shelf 44
Aristotle 4
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 20–2, 287
Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water 24
Atlantic, northwest 44, 92, 192, 214, 288–90, 314
Baltic Sea 54, 124, 126, 134, 136, 183, 204, 206, 214, 218, 225, 254, 309, 315
barnacles 152, 168, 173, 175, 263, 297, 298, 299
bathyal zone 2
Belgian Coast 75–8, 179, 279, 313
‘benthic’, definition 2
development of study of 4–11
zones and characteristics of 2–3
bentho–pelagic coupling 124ff
Bill Bailey’s Bank 17
biodiversity indices 62–9
AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) 68–9
Shannon–Wiener index 61–2, 64
Simpson Index 61–2
taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices 65–8
biogenic reefs 145, 231, 251–78
locations 251
biotopes 38
bioturbation 86–93
Biscay, Bay of 256, 283–5, 307
bivalves 25, 32, 33, 38, 54, 67, 68, 75, 80, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 117, 123, 125, 132, 136, 137, 140, 141–3, 144, 146, 154, 164, 190, 198, 200, 224, 229–32, 241, 243, 244, 250, 259, 263, 274, 280, 283–4, 290, 292
Black Sea 8, 286, 308, 315
blennies 168
Bothnia, Gulf of 126, 129
box corers 13, 76
brachiopod 279
Brent Spar 180
Brest, Bay of 130–1, 245, 311, 316–7
Bridgwater Bay 26, 135, 144, 299–302
Bristol Channel 26, 94–5, 98–99, 114, 134, 165, 256, 263, 264, 297, 300, 320
Brittany Coast 7, 75, 114, 130, 137, 154, 183, 185, 234–6, 238–9, 240, 245, 283, 285, 291–2, 298, 311
brittlestars 30, 32, 41, 61, 92, 94, 99, 105, 112, 116, 118–22, 119, 120, 123–4, 126, 136, 137, 138, 144, 155, 165–7, 200, 243–5, 257, 260–2, 276, 327, 329, 336, 350
bryozoans 4, 25, 32, 33, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46–7, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 112, 113, 146–7, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156–8, 160–1, 162, 163, 164–5, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 178, 190–2, 195, 197, 200, 213, 233, 243, 249, 251, 252, 262, 272, 283, 307, 336
Busk, Rev. G. 6
bycatch/discards 56, 303, 311, 327–37, 339, 341–2
calcium carbonate production 236–7, 238
Canada 7, 69, 182, 192–3, 239, 315
Canary Isles 44
carboniferous limestone 175
Celtic Seas Ecoregion 8, 17
Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) 7
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) 7, 94, 99
chaetognaths (arrow worms) 30, 74
Challenger, HMS 3
Chesapeake Bay 289–90
Chile 44
chlorophyll 93, 124–6, 129, 130–1, 230–1, 260
clams 36, 53, 69, 76, 97, 130, 136, 179, 224, 230–2, 240, 241, 248, 280, 290, 306, 307, 310, 312–13, 314, 316, 323, 339, 314, 315, 338–9, 340, 341, 342, 343–5, 346, 347, 356, 357
dredging 338–9, 341–5, 357
climate change 293–306
previous 287
clonal animals, definition 146
Clyde Sea 6, 16, 78, 79, 240–1, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 326, 327, 329
cnidarians 32, 82, 94, 100, 102, 146, 149, 150, 154, 179, 195, 261, 263, 271, 272, 274, 278
cockles 25, 36, 75, 112, 134, 136, 140, 240, 274, 284, 338, 339, 340
dredging 338, 340
collecting 5–6
colonial animals, definition 146
comb jellies (ctenophores) 74, 315
Copenhagen 7
copepods 28, 75, 76, 117, 158, 200, 201, 225, 269
coral banks 264–78
biological profile 267–9
creation 265–6
distribution 266–7
studies of 177–8
coral communities 270–8
bryozoa 270
cnidarians 269–70, 278
crustaceans 273–4
echinoderms 276–7
molluscs 274–6
polychaetes 273
sponges 270
coral, cup 114, 264
Ross 157, 162, 164
soft 94, 101, 149, 150, 179, 263
Stone 180, 181, 233, 264–78, 325–6
Coralline Crag 279, 281–2
Cornwall 112, 163, 175, 237, 291, 294, 297, 307
cottid fish 167
crabs 62, 93, 94, 114, 134, 169, 218, 249, 258, 274, 316, 333
Angular 62, 79
Edible 33, 200, 278, 292, 329, 334
Green 42, 136, 224, 225, 229, 258, 315, 329
hermit 61, 99, 100, 102, 104–6, 114–16, 143, 144, 272, 291–2, 298, 330–33
nut 262, 274, 291
porcelain 160, 178, 262
Round 262, 263
spider 99, 101, 169, 258, 274, 298, 336
Sponge 295
Stone 274
swimming 61, 99, 114, 143, 262, 327, 328–9, 330, 332, 337, 340, 345, 346
Creran, Loch 249, 253–4
crinoids 41, 278
ctenophores (comb jellies) 74, 315
Danish Coast 34
decapods 6, 32, 41, 48, 78–9, 83, 107–8, 134, 135, 136, 154, 164, 167, 250, 254, 262, 278, 299, 316, 320, 327–9, 338, 351
Denmark 7, 17, 23, 105, 125, 126, 154, 204, 313
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 7
Devon 185, 287, 291
diatoms 26–30, 124, 129, 131–2, 149, 152, 172, 213, 214, 216, 228–9, 259, 308, 314, 316
Dogger Bank 51, 120, 121, 165
Dohrn, Anton 6
Dove Laboratory, Tynemouth 6, 7, 124
Dover Straits 19, 111, 118, 119, 166
dredged samples 4, 8, 13, 112, 153, 258, 297
dredging, clam 338–9, 341–5, 357
cockle 338, 340
scallop 8, 246, 333–9, 348
dredging and trawling, damage by 153, 319–58
by aggregate extraction 319–23
by fishing 311, 323–58
Dunstaffnage 7
East North Atlantic Central Water 24
echinoderms 32, 74, 90–1, 94–5, 98, 99, 101, 107, 112, 114, 127, 137, 140–2, 146, 167, 192, 222, 272, 276, 320, 327–8, 334, 351
echinoids 41, 123, 124, 152, 160, 169, 276, 336
echinopluteus 41, 42
echiurans (spoon worms) 74, 85, 89
eelgrass communities 215–32
amphipods 222–4, 225
bivalves 230–2
crabs 224
diatoms 213, 215, 216, 228, 239, 259
energy flow 228–32
fish 225
isopods 222–3, 225–6
sediment–dwellers 227
eelgrasses 203–32
anthropogenic pressures on 229–30
degradation of 289–90
distribution 203–4, 205–7
growth rates 212
habitat 211–13
hydrodynamic factors 208–10
morphology 205
resilience 229
species 203–4
Ellis, John 4
energy transfers 123–4
English Channel 23, 26, 62, 94, 98, 99, 112–13, 114, 144, 164, 166, 188, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 300–2, 313, 336–7
epifauna, definition 32
euphotic zone 2–3, 28, 30, 264
European Union Habitats Directive 247
European Water Framework Directive 98
eutrophication 54–7, 130–2, 212, 217–19, 229–30, 289, 314, 351, 357
Fal, River 237
Faroe Islands 17, 271, 277, 284
feeding methods, grouping by 37–8
Field Studies Council (FSC) 7
fish communities
changes in 300–6
damage to 323–58
overfishing effects 317–18
fish farming 249–50
fisheries science 3, 94, 317–19
fishing, commercial 93, 287, 303, 306, 317–19
damage to habitat and fauna 323–58
development of 348
Flamborough Head 17, 111
flatworms 132
foraminiferans 283
Forbes, Edward 4, 5
fossils, evidence from 283–6
‘fouling communities’ 174–5, 179, 306, 309–10, 314, 318
Frisian Front 61, 65, 69, 91, 92, 121–2
Fyne, Loch 249
Gareloch, Loch 324
gastropods 32, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 67, 75, 93, 167, 190, 194, 198–9, 201, 202, 218, 220, 222, 228, 253, 274–6, 283, 316, 344, 351
gastrotrichs 75
German Bight 61, 89, 91, 92, 93, 110, 303
Glyceridae 85
gobies 61, 134, 135, 143, 144, 168, 218, 225, 226
Gosse, Philip Henry 5
grabs 11–13, 93
Day 11
Hamon 12–13
Petersen 11
van Veen 11, 12, 76
Greater North Sea Ecoregion 8
Gullmarsfjord 223, 225, 229
habitat disturbance and loss 54–5, 317–61
data collection of 348–57
by aggregate extraction 319–23
by fishing 311, 323–58
habitat engineers see biogenic reefs
hard grounds 145–80
artificial surfaces 174, 175–6
communities, defining physical factors 148–80
ascidians 155, 156, 176–7
bryozoans 147–8, 160–2, 162–3
corals 149–50, 162–5, 180
echinoderms 165–8
fish 168–9
‘fouling communities’ 174–5, 179, 306, 309–10, 314, 318
hydroids 147–8, 176, 177–9
larval behaviours 150–2
molluscs 158–60, 169
sea slugs 149, 170–2, 173
monitoring 153–6
populations 156–166
settlement 150–2, 173–80
spatial competition 148–50, 173
heart urchins 35, 36, 42, 50, 82, 86, 90, 240, 246, 276, 335, 348, 352–5, 358, 359
Hebrides 17, 164, 254
hemichordates (acorn worms) 41, 43, 74
Hincks, Rev. T. 6
holoplankton 40, 50
holothurians (sea cucumbers) 41, 277
Humber 105, 106, 114, 207, 313
hydroids 4, 100, 145, 146, 149, 154, 156, 158, 160, 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 192, 197, 200, 213, 243, 248, 251, 252, 271, 272, 297, 336
hydrozoans 74, 76, 271
Hyne, Lough 168
Iceland 18, 19, 44, 182, 183, 284
infauna 75–93
definition 32
International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) 100–1
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES – CIEM) 7–9, 16, 55
ICES rectangles 8–9, 100, 104–8, 303, 351–3
invertebrate assemblages 34–7
Irish Sea 4, 19, 24, 29, 79, 85, 86, 89, 94, 95, 98, 99, 114, 143, 163, 165, 235, 256, 346
Isle of Man 6, 16, 85, 163, 256, 334–7
Isle of Wight 185, 293, 297
isopods 126, 154, 199, 201, 215, 218, 222–3, 227, 229, 253, 273
Jeffreys, J.G. 6
jellyfish 117
K–dominance curves 58–60, 62, 250–1, 326
kelps 32, 154, 156, 160, 165, 167, 182–203, 221–2
associated fauna 188–200
canopy habitat 190–5
distribution 182–5
energy flow 200–3
epiphytic seaweeds in 196–8
fish in 200–2
growth 184–8
holdfast habitat 198–200
morphology 183
reproduction 183–4
species 182–5
stipe habitat 195–8
Kiel Fjord 214, 228, 350
kinorhynchs 75
Kwinte Bank 75–7
larval stages 39–54
classification systems 43–8
densities 49–54, 116–22
recruitment 48–9
reproductive and mortality rates 48–9, 116
settlement 48–9, 150–2
lecithotrophs 40, 43, 45–7, 116, 150–2, 159
limpets 130–2, 183, 192–5, 242, 275, 306, 308, 311–12, 316–17
Lister, Martin 4
Liverpool 6, 7, 308, 325
lobsters 78, 169, 193, 202, 222, 274, 326, 327, 329, 336
Long Island 230–1
loriciferans 75
Lowestoft 7
lugworms 35
macroalgae 2, 26, 30, 31, 154, 172, 182, 186, 195, 202, 213, 216–17, 218, 221, 227, 228, 232, 237, 240, 245–6, 315
maerl beds 233–51
biodiversity of 247
communities:
hydroids 251–3
molluscs 241–4, 248–9
polychaetes 251, 253–6
sea urchins 245–6
shrimps 246
damage by dredging 337–8
description 233–4
development and structure 236–40
locations 234–5
recovery 247
vulnerability 247
Maldanidae 93
Malta 238
marine aggregates, extracting 319–23
marine biology study, development of 4–11
marine food webs 123–44
Marine Strategy Framework Directive, EU (MSFD) 58
megafauna, definition 33
meiofauna, definition 33
Menai Bridge, Anglesey 7
meroplankton 40–1, 48, 50, 117
microfauna, definition 32–4
Millport Marine Biology Station 6, 7
mineral extraction 55
mineralisation 88
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAF) 7
molluscs 12, 15, 25, 30, 32, 41, 47, 48, 51, 74, 112, 146, 154, 155, 169, 179, 228, 241, 243, 249, 253–4, 272, 275, 320, 324–5, 326, 327, 328, 333, 335, 338
larval stage 41, 46, 47, 48, 51
mussels 31, 130, 136, 145, 158–60, 164, 179–80, 181, 203, 224, 230, 232, 233, 275, 283, 290, 338, 347
mussel beds 233, 248, 254, 256–64
mussel fossils 283–4
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) 7
nauplius 41, 42
nematodes 75, 76, 77, 132–3, 134, 200, 360
Nephtyidae 85
Newfoundland 259–60
Newhaven dredge 333, 335, 337, 339
nitrates 26, 27, 88, 89, 130, 186, 212, 359
Norfolk coast 221, 288, 312
Norman, Canon A.M. 6
North Atlantic Current (NAC) 18–19, 20
North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO) 19–20, 287, 299–300, 302
North Sea 1, 8, 17, 19, 20, 22–4, 26, 28, 49–51, 55, 56–7, 58, 60–1, 62, 65, 81, 89, 91, 94, 99–110, 113–16, 119, 121, 123, 124, 134, 142–3, 154, 178–80, 204, 225, 268, 284, 292, 298, 299, 303–5, 309, 313, 315, 323, 348, 349, 351–61
Northumberland coast 16, 124, 154, 196
Norwegian coast 7, 18, 17, 125, 154, 180, 183, 185, 186, 188–90, 193, 196, 200, 202, 225, 234–6, 238–9, 256, 266–8, 278, 283, 284–5
West Norwegian Shelf 325–6
Norwich Crag 279
nutrients, cycle of 28–31
oil rigs 174, 179–80, 268
ophiopluteus 41, 42
Oslo Convention 1972 54–5
Oslo/Paris Commission (OSPAR) 55–8
osmotrophy 46, 47
ostracod 76, 154, 200
overfishing 55
oysters 130, 148, 203, 230, 274, 306, 289, 290, 306, 309, 310, 311, 316, 338, 347
Paris Convention 1974 55
particulate organic matter (POM) 30, 31, 183
pelagic environment 2–3
Petersen, C.G.J. 11, 34
phlorotannins 202–3
phoronids (horseshoe worms) 41, 43
phosphates 26, 27, 28, 57, 88, 157, 159, 358
photosynthesis 26–7
phytoplankton 26–30, 49, 57, 71, 77, 82, 88–9, 121, 123, 124, 126, 130–1, 166, 200–1, 204, 213–14, 217, 218, 228–30, 232, 242, 260, 268–9, 289, 291, 299, 309, 316–17, 358–9
‘pioneer’ species 176
pipefish 143, 218, 221, 225, 226
plankton, see larval stages, phytoplankton, zooplankton
planktotrophs 39, 43–7, 116, 150–1, 159
Pleistocene Epoch 282–6
Pliocene Epoch 281–2, 285
Plymouth Marine Laboratory 6, 7, 189, 222, 297, 308
Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research (PRIMER) 70
polychaetes 12, 33, 34, 40–1, 46, 48, 51, 52, 61, 65, 68, 75–7, 80, 83–4, 85, 86, 90–3, 108, 117–18, 126, 132–5, 143, 144, 146, 149–50, 154–5, 158, 169, 178, 190, 199, 224, 228–9, 233, 240, 243, 251, 253–6, 263, 269, 272–3, 308, 316, 321, 324–5, 333, 348, 352–6, 358
Poole Harbour 177, 314–15
population density and fluctuation 116–22
Port Erin, IOM 6, 336
predator feeding 133
printed/electronic information, coming of 15–16
ragworm 273
Ray, John 4
razor shells 35, 274, 338–9, 341, 345–7, 346, 356
American 92, 312, 313, 338
Red Crag 279, 280, 281
rias 237
Rinne 17, 19
Rissoidae 190
Roscoff 7, 5, 76, 77
ROVs 13–14
Russell Cycles 287, 292
salinity values 21–2
salmon farming 249–50
scallops 142, 164, 230, 240, 241, 242, 247, 260, 261, 274, 282, 284, 285, 297, 298, 323, 328
dredging 8, 333–9, 347, 348
scavengers 80, 85, 95, 132, 134, 167, 168, 173, 240, 244, 249, 250, 262, 273, 274, 319, 320, 323, 329–33, 336, 338, 351, 356
Scilly, Isles of 183, 206, 227
Scotland, coast of 18–19, 26, 78, 87, 106, 186, 193, 204, 207, 234, 237, 284, 303, 305, 345, 346
scuba diving 13, 15
Scylla, HMS 175–7
sea anemones 5, 94, 116, 144, 146, 148, 149, 154, 157, 173, 179, 244, 272, 278, 292, 328
sea cucumbers 41, 277
sea floor damage
by aggregate extraction 319–22
by fishing 323–4, 333, 335–6, 337–8, 341
by pollution 317–19
sea lochs 82, 85–6, 237, 249, 253–4, 261, 324
sea pens 82, 83, 116, 328
sea slugs 149, 170–2, 173, 178, 191, 192, 199, 243, 251, 274
sea squirts 61, 74, 145, 146, 152, 153, 169, 243, 263, 309
sea temperature variation 23–4, 291–3
sea urchins 93–4, 105, 167, 168, 192–4, 199, 245–6, 276, 290
seabirds 58
seagrasses 81, 203–4, 289 see also eelgrass
seaweeds 6, 26, 32, 148, 168, 182–3, 188, 189, 195, 204, 213, 217, 220, 223, 240, 241, 245–6, 290
epiphytic 195–7
see also kelp
sediment grade 33–4
sedimentary environment 71–144
categories 74
classification 72–5
community:
Cnidaria 82–3
crustaceans 78, 100, 112, 114
echinoderms 94–5, 97, 98–101, 105–6, 107, 112, 114, 116, 118–22, 123, 126, 136, 137–8, 140–2
fish 108–9, 142
heart urchins 82, 86
molluscs 75, 108, 112, 130, 131, 134, 136
shrimps 79–81, 107, 114, 134–6
worms 83–6, 117–18, 126–30, 132–4
composition 71–5
epifauna 93–116
infauna 75–93
populations 116–44
sampling 75–6
Wentworth classification scale 72
Seine, Bay of 112, 117–18
Shetland Is 4, 17, 19, 20, 106, 111, 164, 180, 234, 250, 285, 286, 303
shipworm 307
shrimps 101, 102, 106, 114, 134–6, 135, 142, 144, 224–5, 229, 300–1, 336
grass 218, 220
mud 36–7, 79–81, 92, 121–2, 240, 243, 246–7, 338, 353, 356, 359
silica 27, 28, 71, 131, 316, 359
sipunculans 37, 45, 47, 48, 74, 256
Skagerrak 17, 22, 89, 90, 93, 125, 127, 313
sleds, used for research 13, 14
soft sediment epifauna, surveys 93–106
Solander, Daniel 4
sonar equipment 15
Southampton 7, 311
species’ distribution patterns, origins of 282–6
historic changes in 287–93
sponges 4, 32, 46, 74, 149–50, 151, 154, 156, 158, 169, 170, 195, 197, 200, 248, 249, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, 274, 295
St Andrews 6, 7
St Malo, Gulf of 112, 291, 300, 336
starfish 32, 41, 42, 74, 93, 94, 97, 99–100, 114, 115, 123, 136–7, 138, 141–2, 167, 228, 229, 250, 258, 262, 276, 277, 290, 327, 328, 329, 331, 350, 351
sticklebacks 218, 225
Strangford Lough 258, 60
sublittoral zone 2
submersibles 3, 13–14
Sussex, West 163, 204
Swedish Coast 7, 121, 125, 126, 154, 206, 218–9, 220, 222–3, 224, 229, 278, 307
synchronous spawning 48
taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices 65–8
teleplanic larvae 47–8
Thomson, Charles Wyville 5, 17
Thorson, Gunnar 43–4, 47
top shells 242, 275, 292, 293
Torrey Canyon 54–5, 292, 317
toxins 54–5, 317–18
trawling, see dredging and trawling
Agassiz trawl 8, 10
beam trawler, damage from 122, 142, 303, 322–7, 332–40, 347, 351–2, 357–8
sampling with 8, 10, 94, 99–109, 114
trigger fish 295
trochophore 40, 41
trophic group analysis 37–8
tube anemones 82, 84, 240
tubeworms 146, 147, 148, 152, 155, 173, 174, 175, 179, 192, 244, 253, 310
tunicates 61, 74, 145, 146, 152, 153, 169, 243, 263, 309
unitary animals, definition 146
veliger 40, 41, 47
Wadden Sea 53, 87, 132, 206, 207, 208–9, 212, 214, 228, 313
water temperature, significance 3, 13, 15, 20–4, 34–5, 44, 49, 48, 51, 61, 103, 112, 116, 121, 126, 136, 147, 174, 177, 180, 188, 205, 206, 213, 216, 237, 238, 257, 266–7, 282, 285, 287–8, 290–2, 294, 297, 300–6, 309, 311, 315, 327, 345, 359
Waters, Rev. A.W. 6
Welsh coast, north 259, 262, 292
south 114, 134, 160–1, 163, 237, 295–7, 310, 320
Weymouth 7
whelks 38, 39, 44, 108, 110, 167, 244, 249, 250, 258, 275, 280, 284, 328, 331, 334, 338, 350
Whitesand Bay reef 175–7
worms 12, 74, 85, 92–3, 117–18, 190, 224, 228, 240, 272, 273
acorn 41, 43, 74
arrow 30, 74
bamboo 84, 272
honeycomb 31, 254–6, 255
horseshoe 41, 43
nematodes 75–6
paddle 273
peanut 74
scale 273
spoon 74, 85, 89
tubeworms 146, 147, 148, 152, 155, 173, 174, 175, 179, 192, 244, 253, 310
wrecks 54, 168, 178–9, 353
Yorkshire coast 17, 256, 311, 352
zooplankton 28–31, 40, 41, 88, 268, 287, 291, 299, 309, 315