ARRANGEMENT
Once the speaker has settled on the arguments to be deployed in a case, it becomes necessary to arrange them in such a way as to maximize their effect on the audience. This means helping the audience get a clear grasp of the relevant facts of the case, advancing one’s own arguments while refuting those of the other side and summoning the appropriate emotions. The account of arrangement presented in Cicero’s early treatise called, somewhat confusingly, On Invention, outlines the standard structure of a judicial speech as found in surviving Roman oratory. Because many of the members of the jury at a trial would have undergone the same rhetorical training as the speakers, a certain conventional pattern of presentation came to be expected. Rather than constraining the speaker, the conventional order of a speech allowed him to display his rhetorical virtuosity without losing the attention of the audience. At the same time, the guidelines presented here helped the speaker to consider the range of possibilities available to him for each part of his speech, thus moving him closer to the composition of a finished product. The speaker who wished, for example, to summon a sense of indignation on the part of his audience wasn’t expect to use all fifteen bases or sources of indignation listed here, but, by reviewing the list, he could be reasonably certain he wasn’t leaving anything out.