1 Andrew Wilson, Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (London, 2004), pp. 266–8.
2 Hilary Dole Klein and Andrew M. Wenner, Tiny Game Hunting (Berkeley and London, ca, 2001).
3 Stephen Jones, ‘Know Thine Enemy’, Daily Telegraph, 24 March 2007.
4 Patricia Highsmith, Eleven (Harmondsworth, 1972). This collection of short stories contains both ‘The Snail-Watcher’ and ‘The Quest for Blank Claveringi’.
5 Arnold Laven (Director), The Monster that Challenged the World (1957).
6 S. Peter Dance, Rare Shells (London, 1969), p. 23.
7 S. Peter Dance, Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History (London, 1966), p. 22.
8 M.F.K. Fisher, ‘Fifty Million Snails’, The Art of Eating (New York, 1990), pp. 34–9.
9 Ibid.
10 Veronica P. Johns, She Sells Seashells (New York, 1968), pp. 19–20.
11 B. Benagli and G. Tacuino da Trino, Hortus Sanitatis (Venice, 1511).
12 E. Alison Kay and Olive Schoenberg-Dole, Shells of Hawai’i (Honolulu, 1991), pp. 16–17.
13 Quoted by Richard L. Goldberg and Mike Severns in ‘Isolation and Evolution of the Amphidromus in Nusa Tenggara’, Conchologists of America Information Network! coa@conchologistsofamerica.org.
14 R. H. Cowie, ‘Decline and Homogenization of Pacific Faunas: The Land Snails of American Samoa’, Biological Conservation, XCIX (2001), pp. 207–22.
15 Mary Saul, Shells: An Illustrated Guide to a Timeless and Fascinating World (London, 1974), p. 62.
16 J. W. Jackson, Shells as Evidence (Manchester, 1917).
17 Capt. William Allen and T.R.H. Thomson, A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841 (London, 1848), pp. 349–51.
18 Jackson, Shells as Evidence, p. 125.
19 R. L. Stevenson, Lay Morals and Other Papers (New York, 1911).
20 Quoted by Oliver Goldsmith in Animated Nature, vol. IV, ch. 5, ‘Turbinated Shell-fish of the Snail-kind’ (Liverpool, 1810), pp. 48–9.
21 Edward G. Ruestow, The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery (Oxford, 2004), ch. 5.
22 Thomas Say, ‘Conchology’, in British Encyclopedia or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, ed. W. Nicholson, us edn (Philadelphia, 1817).
23 Philip Pearsall Carpenter, Lectures on Molluscs or Shell-fish and their Allies [1861], quoted by C. M. Yonge and T. E. Thompson in Living Marine Molluscs (London, 1976), p. 263.
24 Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis XXX.
25 H. A. Tipping, ed., Gardens Old and New, vol. III (London, 1900).
26 M. S. Lovell, The Edible Mollusca of Great Britain and Ireland and Recipes for Cooking Them (London, 1884).
27 Charles Pettitt, ‘The Medicinal Snail’, Conchologists’ Newspaper, XXXIV, p. 159.
28 Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis ix.
29 Heinrich Terlau and Baldomero M. Olivera, ‘Cone Venoms: A Rich Source of Novel Ion Channel-Targeted Peptides’, Physiological Review, vol. 84 (2004), pp. 41–68.
1 Les Murray, ‘Mollusc’, in Translations from the Natural World (Manchester, 1992).
2 Ted Hughes, ‘Snails’, in Collected Poems (London, 2003).
3 Douglas H. Erwin, Extinction (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), pp. 113–14.
4 D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, On Growth and Form: The Complete, Revised Edition (New York, 1992), p. 812.
5 David M. Raup, ‘Geometric Analysis of Shell Coiling: General Problems’, Journal of Paleontology, XL (1966), pp. 1178–90.
6 Richard Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London, 1997), pp. 180–203.
7 Jaap Vermeulen, ‘Notes on the Non-marine Molluscs of the Island of Borneo, 6: The Genus Opisthostoma, Part 2’, Basteria, LVIII (1894), pp. 75–191.
8 Menno Schilthuizen, ‘Sexual Selection on Land Snail Shell Ornamentation: A Hypothesis That May Explain Shell Diversity’, BMC (BioMed Central Ltd) Evol. Biol., III 2003 (1), p. 13.
9 Rachel Collin and Roberto Cipriani, ‘Dollo’s Law and the Re-evolution of Shell Coiling’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, vol. 270 (2003), pp. 2551–55.
10 Lazzaro Spallanzani, Prodromo diun opera da imprimersi sopra la riproduzioni animali (Modena, 1768).
11 Franz H. Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin, 1856–63).
12 Walter Garstang, Larval Forms and Other Zoological Verses (Oxford, 1951), pp. 40–41.
13 B. Chan, N. J. Balmforth and A. E. Hosoi, ‘Building a Better Snail: Lubrication and Adhesive Locomotion, Physics of Fluids, vol. 17 (2005), pp. 113101.1–113101.10.
14 Gilbert White’s Journals, ed. Walter Johnson (London, 1970), p. 100. Contains extracts from the Journals written by Gilbert White during the years 1768–93.
1 Buson (1715–1783), ‘Selected Haiku’, in Bestiary: An Anthology of Poems about Animals, ed. Stephen Mitchell (Berkeley, ca, 1996), p. 21.
2 Thom Gunn, ‘Considering the Snail’, in My Sad Captains (London, 1962).
3 John Bunyan, ‘Upon a Snail’, in A Book for Boys and Girls (London, 1701).
4 Hugh Lofting, The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (London, 1923).
5 Virginia Woolf, ‘Kew Gardens’, in The Mark on the Wall and Other Short Fiction (Oxford, 2001).
6 John Fleming, Molluscous Animals (Edinburgh, 1837).
7 Eric R. Kandel, In Search of Memory (New York and London, 2006).
8 Alan Cook, in The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, ed. G. M. Barker (Wallingford, uk, and New York, 2001), p. 477.
9 Oliver Goldsmith, Animated Nature, vol. IV (Liverpool, 1810), p. 46.
10 Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, ‘Desert Snails: Problems of Heat, Water and Food’, Journal of Experimental Biology, LV (1971), pp. 385–98.
11 A. S. Byatt, Babel Tower (London, 1996), p. 464.
12 Alessandro Gallenzi, ‘The Snail’, in A Modern Bestiary (London, 2004), p. 43.
13 Ronald Chase and R. P. Croll, ‘Tentacular Function in Snail Olfactory Orientation’, Journal of Comparative Physiology, CXLIII (1981), pp. 357–62.
14 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (London, 1871), p. 106.
15 Lewis Smith,‘Smarter Snails Use Slick Technology’, The Times, 28 February 2007.
16 William Cowper, ‘The Snail’, The Oxford Book of Creatures (Oxford, 1995).
17 Francis Ponge, ‘Snails’, in Bestiary, ed. Mitchell, pp. 151–4.
18 Selima Hill, ‘Gold Snails’, The Hat (Tarset, uk, 2008).
19 Woolf, The Mark on the Wall, pp. 5, 8 and 10.
20 Woolf, ‘Kew Gardens’, in The Mark on the Wall, pp. 11–17.
21 Hans Christian Andersen, ‘The Snail and the Rosebush’, in Fairy Tales (Copenhagen, 1861).
22 Cook, Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, p. 477.
23 Ivan Goncharov, Oblomov (London and New York, 1969).
24 Verlyn Klinkenborg, Timothy; or, Notes on an Abject Reptile (New York, 2006), p. 51.
25 Günter Grass, From the Diary of a Snail, trans. R. Manheim (New York, 2006), pp. 4, 310.
1 Aristotle, Historia Animalium, part iv.
2 Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis ix.
3 Alan Cutler, The Seashell on the Mountaintop (London, 2003), tells the story of Nicolaus Steno.
4 Lilian Randall, ‘The Snail in Gothic Marginal Warfare’, Speculum, XXXVII (1962), pp. 358–67.
5 S. Peter Dance, Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History (London, 1966), pp. 79–80.
6 Patrick Mauries, Cabinets of Curiosities (London, 2002).
7 Filippo Buonanni, Recreatio Mentis et Oculi in observatione Animalium Testaceorum (Rome, 1681).
8 Martin Lister, Cochleis Exoticis (London, 1685) and Historia Conchylorum (London, 1685–92).
9 Georg Rumphius, D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer (Amsterdam, 1705).
10 Dance, Shell Collecting, p. 53.
11 Rebecca Stott, Duchess of Curiosities: The Life of Margaret Duchess of Portland (Welbeck, 2006).
12 S. Peter Dance, Out of My Shell (Sanibel Island, fl, 2005).
13 ‘Orchidologists, Hugh Cuming (1791–1865)’, available at www.orchids.co.in (accessed 5 November 2008).
14 Ralph Emerson, letter dated 13 July 1833, quoted in Emerson in His Journals, ed. Joel Porte (Cambridge, ma, 1982), pp. 110–11.
15 Lynn Merrill, The Romance of Victorian Natural History (Oxford, 1989), p. 107.
16 Philip Henry Gosse, Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (London, 1857).
17 Charles Kingsley, quoted at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Omphalos (accessed 6 November 2008).
18 Charles Darwin, letter to P. H. Gosse, 27 April 1857, in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin (Cambridge, 1996), Letter 2082.
19 Edmund Gittenberger et al., ‘Biogeography: Molecular Trails from Hitch-hiking Snails’, Nature, 439, p. 409 (2006).
20 Richard Rimmer, Shells of the British Isles, Land and Freshwater (Edinburgh, 1907).
21 Amy Iggulden,‘Snail that Held Up a Bypass is “Extinct” in Its New Home’, Daily Telegraph, 27 July 2006.
22 William Cowper, The Task (1784), Book VI (The Winter Walk at Noon), pp. 560–87.
1 Friedrich Christian Lesser, Snails, Sex and Sermons in 1744 (Phoenix, az, 2000).
2 Charles Godfrey Leland, Gipsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling (London, 1891).
3 Oliver Goldsmith, History of the Earth and Animated Nature, vol. IV (Liverpool, 1810), p. 43.
4 Shelly Adamo and Ronald Chase, ‘Courtship and Copulation in the Terrestrial Snail, Helix aspersa’, Canadian Journal of Zoology, LXVI (1988), pp. 1446–53.
5 Ronald Chase and Katrina Blanchard, ‘The Snail’s Love Dart Delivers Mucus to Achieve Paternity’, Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B, CCLXXIII (2006), pp. 1471–5.
6 Steve Jones, Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated (London, 1999), pp. 81–2.
7 Walter Garstang, ‘The Ballad of the Veliger’, in Larval Forms and other Zoological Verses (Oxford, 1951).
8 Rachel Collin et al., ‘Molecular, Phylogenetic and Embryological Evidence that Feeding Larvae have been Reacquired in a Marine Gastropod’, Biological Bulletin, CCXII (April 2007), pp. 83–92.
9 Jones, Almost Like a Whale, p. 95.
1 Desmond Morris, Watching: Encounters with Humans and Other Animals (London, 2006), pp. 112–13.
2 Jane Grigson, Good Things (London, 1973), p. 88.
3 Patience Gray, Honey from a Weed (New York, 1997), p. 152.
4 Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Food: A History (London, 2003).
5 Lindsey Bareham, The Fish Store (London, 2006), p. 152.
6 Peter Lund Simmonds, The Curiosities of Food (London, 1859), p. 345.
7 Ibid., pp. 345–6.
8 M. S. Lovell, The Edible Mollusks of Great Britain and Ireland, with Recipes for Cooking Them (London, 1867).
9 Donoghue vs Stevenson (1932), All ER Rep 1; AC562, House of Lords.
10 The Scotsman, 19 July 2004.
1 Chris Henshilwood, ‘Nassarius kraussianus Shell Beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for Symbolic Behaviour in the Middle Stone Age’, Journal of Human Evolution, XLVIII/1 (2005), pp. 2–24.
2 S. Peter Dance, Out of My Shell (Sanibel Island, fl, 2005).
3 Fitzwilliam Museum, The Macclesfield Psalter (Cambridge, 2005), p. 24.
4 Leo Hendrix and Theo Vignau-Wilberg, Nature Illuminated: Flora and Fauna from the Court of the Emperor Rudolf II (London, 1992), p. 10.
5 S. Peter Dance, ‘Delights for the Eyes and the Mind’, available at www.conchsoc.org/interests/bibliophile.pdf (accessed 6 November 2008).
6 Franz Michael Regenfuss, Choix de coquillages et de crustaces (Copenhagen, 1758).
7 Ignaz von Born, Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis (Vienna, 1780).
8 Martin Lister, Historia conchyliorum (London, 1685–92).
9 Emanuel Mendes da Costa, Elements of Conchology (London, 1776).
10 Stephen J. Gould, ‘Left Snails and Right Minds’, in Dinosaur in a Haystack (London, 1996), pp. 202–17.
11 Thomas Martyn, Universal Conchologist (London, 1784).
12 Barbara Jones, Follies and Grottoes (London, 1974), p. 148.
13 Naomi Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto (London, 1982), pp. 88–91.
14 Ingrid Thomas, The Shell: A World of Decoration and Ornament (London, 2007), pp. 140–41.
15 Tim Knox, ‘The Artificial Grotto in Britain’, Magazine Antiques, June 2002.
16 ‘She Sells Seashells’, an article about Belinda Eade’s work, The Times Magazine, 23 December 2006.
17 Letter to Tate Gallery, 30 March 1976, belonging to Mme Lydia Delectorskaya.
1 Julia Donaldson, The Snail and the Whale (London, 2003), n.p.
2 P. G Wodehouse, Over Seventy: An Autobiography with Digressions (London, 1957).