Selected Bibliography

Document Collections

Bethany Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Records. Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia.

John Wanamaker Collection, 1827–1987. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Series I, Personal records, 1850–1986; Series II, Store records, 1861–1987; Series III, Miscellaneous publications, 1827–1917, Series IV, Prints and photographs, 1861–1980; and Series V, Addendum.

Frederick M. Yost Collection on John Wanamaker’s Department Store Publicity, 1861–1985. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Published Sources

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. ed. New York: Verso, 2006.

Appel, Joseph. The Business Biography of John Wanamaker, Founder and Builder; America’s Merchant Pioneer 1861–1922; with Glimpses of Rodman Wanamaker and Thomas B. Wanamaker. New York: Macmillan, 1930.

Appel, Joseph Herbert, and Leigh Mitchell Hodges, comps. Golden Book of Wanamaker Stores: Jubilee Year, 1861–1911. Philadelphia: Self-published by John Wanamaker, 1911.

Arrigale, Lawrence M., and Thomas H. Keels. Images of America: Philadelphia’s Golden Age of Retail. Charlestown, SC: Arcadia, 2012.

Bell, Marion L. Crusade in the City: Revivalism in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1977.

Benjamin, Walter. The Arcades Project. Translated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin; prepared on the basis of the German volume edited by Rolf Tiedman. Cambridge: Belknap, 2002.

Benson, Susan Porter. “The Cinderella of Occupations: Managing the Work of Department Store Saleswomen, 1900–1940.” Business History Review 55, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 1–25.

———. Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1988.

Biswanger, Ray. Music in the Marketplace: The Story of Philadelphia’s Historic Wanamaker Organ, from John Wanamaker to Macy’s. Bryn Mawr, PA: Friends of the Wanamaker Organ, 1999.

Bjelopera, Jerome. City of Clerks: Office and Sales Workers in Philadelphia, 1870–1920. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005.

———. “White Collars and Blackface: Race and Leisure among Clerical and Sales Workers in Early Twentieth-Century Philadelphia.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126, no. 3 (July 2002): 471–90.

Bloom, Gordon F., F. Marion Fletcher, and Charles R. Perry. Negro Employment in Retail Trade: A Study of Racial Policies in the Department, Drugstore, and Supermarket Industries. Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania, 1972.

Blumin, Stuart M. The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Bowlby, Rachel. Just Looking: Consumer Culture in Dreiser, Gissing and Zola. New York: Methuen, 1985.

Bowler, Kate. Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Bowman, Matthew. The Urban Pulpit: New York City and the Fate of Liberal Evangelicalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Boyer, Paul. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Brewer, Franklin N. “Child Labor in the Department Store.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 20 (1902): 167–77.

Brown, Marianne. Sunday-School Movements in America. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901.

Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Buck-Morss, Susan. Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project. London: MIT Press, 1989.

Buggeln, Gretchen, Crispin Paine, and S. Brent Plate, eds. Religion in Museums: Global and Multidisciplinary Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury, 2017.

Bushman, Richard L. The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Callahan, Richard J., Jr., Kathryn Lofton, and Chad E. Seales. “Allegories of Progress: Industrial Religion in the United States.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–39.

Campbell, Colin. The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism. 3rd ed. York, UK: Alcuin Academics, 2005.

Cantor, Jay. “Temples of the Arts: Museum Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America.” Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 28, no. 8 (April 1970): 331–54.

Carter, Heath. Union Made: Working People and the Rise of Social Christianity in Chicago. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Clendenin, Malcolm. Building Industrial Philadelphia. Thematic Context Statement. Philadelphia: Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, 2009. Available at www.preservationalliance.com.

Conn, Steven. Do Museums Still Need Objects? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Conwell, Russell. Acres of Diamonds. Reprinted by BN Online Publishing, 2007.

———. The Romantic Rise of a Great American. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1924.

Cooper, Patricia. “The Limits of Persuasion: Race Reformers and the Department Store Campaign in Philadelphia, 1945–1948.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126, no. 1 (January 2002): 97–126.

Corrigan, John. Business of the Heart: Religion and Emotion in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Davis, John. “Catholic Envy: The Visual Culture of Protestant Desire.” In The Visual Culture of American Religions, edited by David Morgan and Sally M. Promey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Dorrien, Gary. Social Ethics in the Making: Interpreting an American Tradition. New York: John Wiley, 2011.

Douglass, Anne. The Feminization of American Culture. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Philadelphia: Published for the University, 1899.

Duncan, Carol. Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Engel, Kate. Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Ershkowitz, Herbert. John Wanamaker: Philadelphia Merchant. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1999.

Evensen, Bruce J. God’s Man for the Gilded Age: D. L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

———. “It’s Harder Getting into the Depot Than Heaven: Moody, Mass Media and the Philadelphia Revival of 1875–76.” Pennsylvania History 69, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 149–78.

Ferry, John William. A History of the Department Store. New York: Macmillan, 1960.

Finch, Martha. Dissenting Bodies: Corporealities in Early New England. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

Findlay, James F., Jr. Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Fischer, Roger A. “‘Holy John’ Wanamaker: Cartoon Centerfold.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 115, no. 4 (1991): 455.

Fones-Wolf, Ken. Trade Union Gospel: Christianity and Labor in Industrial Philadelphia, 1865–1915. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.

Franchot, Jenny. Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Francis, Russell E. “The Religious Revival of 1858 in Philadelphia.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 70, no. 1 (January 1946): 52–77.

Garvey, Timothy J. “Merchandise Mart Hall of Fame.” Illinois Historical Journal 88, no. 3 (Autumn 1995): 154–72.

Gibbons, Herbert Adam. John Wanamaker. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1926.

Giggie, John M., and Diane Winston, eds. Faith in the Market: Religion and the Rise of Urban Commercial Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Glass, William R. “Liberal Means to Conservative Ends: Bethany Presbyterian Church, John Wanamaker, and the Institutional Church Movement.” American Presbyterians 68, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 181–92.

Gloege, Timothy E. W. Guaranteed Pure: The Moody Bible Institute, Business, and the Making of Modern Evangelicalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

Greenhalgh, Paul. Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988.

Griffith, R. Marie. God’s Daughters: Evangelical Women and the Power of Submission. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Hall, David D. Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Harris, Neil. The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790–1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

———. Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Hendrickson, Robert. The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America’s Great Department Stores. New York: Stein and Day, 1980.

Hepp, John Henry, IV. The Middle-Class City: Transforming Space and Time in Philadelphia, 1876–1926. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. “The Saints and Their Bodies.” Atlantic Monthly 1, no. 5 (March 1858): 584–85.

Hines, Thomas S. Burnham from Chicago: Architect and Planner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Hopkins, C. Howard. History of the YMCA in North America. New York: National Board of Young Men’s Christian Associations Press, 1951.

Howe, Daniel Walker. Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Hudnut-Beumler, James. In Pursuit of the Almighty’s Dollar: A History of Protestants and Money. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

Huhndorf, Shari M. Going Native: Indians in the American Cultural Imagination. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.

Iarocci, Louisa M. “Spaces of Desire: The Department Store in America.” PhD diss., Boston University, 2003.

———. The Urban Department Store in America, 1850–1930. Surrey: Ashgate, 2014.

John Wanamaker Store. A Friendly Guide-Book to the Wanamaker Store, Philadelphia, 1916. Facsimile edition by Friends of the Wanamaker Organ, 2002.

Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. New York: Nation Books, 2016.

Kilde, Jeanne Halgren. When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Klassen, Pamela. Spirits of Protestantism: Medicine, Healing, and Liberal Christianity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.

Klein, Maury. “The Gospel of Wanamaker.” Audacity, Summer 1996, 27–39.

Lambert, Frank. “Pedlar in Divinity”: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Lears, T. J. Jackson. No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1991.

Levenstein, Harvey. Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Levine, Lawrence W. Highbrow, Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Lisicky, Michael J. Wanamaker’s: Meet Me at the Eagle. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010.

Long, Kathryn Teresa. The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Lupkin, Paula. Manhood Factories: YMCA Architecture and the Making of Modern Urban Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.

MacLeod, David I. Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F., Leigh E. Schmidt, and Mark Valeri. Practicing Protestants: Histories of Christian Life in America, 1630–1965. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.

Marchand, Roland. Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Marley, Anna O. Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 2012.

McDannell, Colleen. The Christian Home in Victorian Times, 1840–1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.

———. Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

McGrane, Reginald. The Panic of 1837: Some Financial Problems of the Jacksonian Era. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965.

McKendrick, Neil, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb. The Birth of Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.

Messenger, Troy. Holy Leisure: Recreation and Religion in God’s Square Mile. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.

Miller, Michael B. The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869–1920. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Moore, R. Laurence. Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Morgan, David. The Embodied Eye: Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

———. Protestants and Pictures: Religion, Visual Culture, and the Age of American Mass Production. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Morgan, David, and Sally M. Promey, eds. The Visual Culture of American Religions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Morowitz, Laura. “A Passion for Business: Wanamaker’s, Munkácsy, and the Depiction of Christ.” Art Bulletin, June 1, 2009, 184–206.

Nahshon, Edna. “Going against the Grain: Jews and Passion Plays on the American Mainstream Stage, 1879–1929.” In Jews and Theater in an Intercultural Context, edited by Edna Nahshon. Boston: Brill, 2012.

Nasaw, David. Children of the City: At Work and at Play. New York: Anchor, 2012.

Nelson, Louis P. Introduction to American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces, ed. Louis P. Nelson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.

Noll, Mark, ed. God and Mammon: Protestants, Money, and the Market, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

North, Douglass C. The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1961.

Nostrum, Paul. The Economics of Retailing. New York: Ronald Press, 1919.

Orsi, Robert A. Between Heaven and Earth: The Religious Worlds People Make and the Scholars Who Study Them. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

———. Gods of the City: Religion and the American Urban Landscape. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

Pevsner, Nikolaus. A History of Building Types: The A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, 1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Porterfield, Amanda, Darren E. Grem, and John Corrigan. The Business Turn in American Religious History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Promey, Sally M. “The Public Display of Religion.” In The Visual Culture of American Religions, edited by David Morgan and Sally M. Promey, 27–48. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Putney, Clifford. Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Rice, Edwin Wilbur. A History of the American Sunday-School Union and a Report of the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, May 24 and 25, 1899. Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union, 1899.

Robert, Dana Lee. Occupy until I Come: A. T. Pierson and the Evangelization of the World. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003.

Rydell, Robert W. All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Rzeznik, Thomas F. Church and Estate: Religion and Wealth in Industrial-Era Philadelphia. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2013.

Schaffer, Kristin. Daniel H. Burnham: Visionary Architect and Planner. New York: Rizzoli International, 2003.

Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876–1915. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Schwain, Kristin. Signs of Grace: Religion and American Art in the Gilded Age. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Selden, William K. The Princeton Summer Camp, 1908–1975. Princeton: Princeton University Printing Services, self-published, n.d.

Smith, Gary Scott. “Protestant Churches and Business in Gilded-Age America.” Theology Today, October 2003, 311–31.

———. The Search for Social Salvation: Social Christianity in America, 1880–1925. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000.

Soucek, Gayle. Marshall Field’s: The Store That Helped Build Chicago. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010.

Stein, Roger B. John Ruskin and Aesthetic Thought in America, 1840–1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.

Tomkins, Calvin. Merchants and Masterpieces: The Story of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Dutton, 1970.

Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

———. Shades of Hiawatha: Staging Indians, Making Americans, 1880–1930. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

Tweed, Thomas, ed. Retelling U.S. Religious History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

Tyler, Linda L. “‘Commerce and Poetry Hand in Hand’: Music in American Department Stores, 1880–1930.” Journal of American Musicological Society 45, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 72–120.

Valeri, Mark. Heavenly Merchandize: How Religion Shaped Commerce in Puritan America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.

———. “Weber and Eighteenth-Century Religious Developments in America.” In Religion and the Marketplace in the United States, edited by Jan Stievermann, Philip Goff, and Detlev Junker, 63–78. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Van Slyck, Abigail A. A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, 1890–1960. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.

Vásquez, Manuel A. More Than Belief: A Materialist Theory of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Wagner, Charles. My Impressions of America. Translated by Mary Louise Hendee. London: McClure, Phillips, 1906.

———. The Simple Life. Translated by Mary Louise Hendee. New York: McClure, Phillips, 1903.

Walton, Jonathan. Watch This! The Ethics and Aesthetics of Black Televangelism. New York: New York University Press, 2009.

Wanamaker, John. “The John Wanamaker Commercial Institute—A Store School.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1909, 151–54.

Wasson, Samuel A., Jr., comp. History of the Bethany Presbyterian Church and Sunday School, 1858–1958. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Historical Society, 1958.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. “Americans in Paris, 1860–1900” (October 2006). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Available at www.metmuseum.org.

Weisenfeld, Judith. African American Women and Christian Activism: New York’s Black YWCA, 1905–1945. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Whitaker, Jan. The World of Department Stores. New York: Vendome, 2011.

White, Ronald, Jr., and C. Howard Hopkins. The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.

Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order, 1877–1920. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.

Williams, Peter. “The Gospel of Wealth and the Gospel of Art: Episcopalians and Cultural Philanthropy from the Gilded Age to the Depression.” Anglican and Episcopal History 75, no. 2 (2006): 173.

———. Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

Wilson, Philip Whitwell. An Unofficial Statesman: Robert C. Ogden. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1924.

Winston, Diane. Red-Hot and Righteous: The Urban Religion of the Salvation Army. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Zola, Émile. Ladies’ Paradise. Translated by Brian Nelson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Zulker, William Allen. John Wanamaker: King of the Merchants. Wayne, PA: Eaglecrest, 1993.