Index
Abob, 190
actor-network theory (ANT), 273
adoption ceremonies, Plains, 111, 115
affordances, 201
afterworld/afterlife, Mi’kmaq, 15, 52, 60, 61, 62, 64–65
agency, 4, 12, 76, 78, 139, 140; of birds, 15–16; of canoes, 190–91; in Cleveland conch plaque, 134–38; Eskimo beings with, 34, 40–41; as generative action, 266–69; of images, 128–29; nonhuman, 5–6, 19, 126–27, 148–49; non-person, 40–41, 264–66; of objects, 3, 5, 129–30, 169–70; and personhood, 14–15; and social norms, 42–43; as social phenomenon, 29–30
agentic qualities, 76–77
Alaska, 14, 30, 36, 37, 43. See also Eskimo
Alberta, eagle-trapping pits, 110
Alberti, Benjamin, 265, 268–69, 271–72
Alberti, Giambattista, De picture, 139
alienable-inalienable divide, 266
alterity, 52, 55, 65; ontological, 271–72
Altun Ha, personified drum at, 132, 134
Amatenango del Valle, creation stories, 157
amber, Bronze Age use of, 243, 245, 256
Amerindian perspectivism, 36
Amesbury Barrow G6Ia, 242–43, 247
ammonites, in Bronze Age burials, 245, 249
ancestors, Maya links to, 137, 138
animacy, 4, 6, 12, 15, 77, 78, 148, 188, 272; of objects, 126, 140–41, 170
animals, 10, 76, 126; archaeological patterning of, 37–39; Banda spirit, 214–16; Eskimo treatment of, 34–35; Melanesian canoes, 173, 174; predatory relationships, 264–65; preferences and behaviors of, 35–36
animating forces, animation, 80–81, 169
animic predation, 264
ANT. See actor-network theory
anthropocentrism, 72
anthropology of techniques, 200
anthropomorphism, anthropomorphization, 139, 189; of canoes, 169, 172, 174–75, 178–82
anthroseds, 82
anthrozoology, 32
Antibes, phallic stone from, 126
archaeology, 37, 113; Banda Research Project, 208, 228(n3); defining Personhood in, 158–59, 198–99; of mortuary practices, 237–38; ontological multiplicities, 269–70
Arikara, birds and, 105, 109, 117
Arreton Down (Isle of Wight), burials at, 242
art historians, on agency of images, 128–29
assemblage converter, Cahokia as, 91
Assiniboine, birds and, 105, 109, 113, 114
Astor-Aguilera, Miguel Angel, 127, 150, 151, 152, 158, 159
Atlantic trade, and West Africa, 204, 205, 208
Augustine, Stephen, 63
Aurignacian period, 253
autonomous action, autonomy, of canoes, 169, 171–72
Aztecs: children becoming persons, 153–54, 267; souls, 152
Baikal, Lake, dog and wolf burials at, 31
Banda, 227(n1); glass bead trade, 205–6; ornaments, 17, 197, 208–15; ritual contexts and objects, 216–25; serpentine symbolism in, 225–26
Banda Research Project (BRP), 207–9
bangles, Banda, 208, 209–11, 217, 221–23, 226, 267
Barad, Karen, 5
barrows: as bundled assemblages, 254–55; grave goods in, 242–43, 247, 250; pond, 248, 249, 253
Basse-Pyrénées, Grotte de, 253
beads: in Early Bronze Age burials, 242, 249; in Ngre Kataa shrines, 224–25; St. Cuthbert’s, 250–51; stalactite, 248; West African trade in, 205–6, 220
bears, heads of, 37
bear-trapping pits, 110
Beech Hill House (Perthshire), Bronze Age burials in, 248
beings, 4; agential, 34, 266; agential non-person, 40–41; animacy of, 152–53
Belize, speaking objects at, 132
belugas, as animal persons, 35
Bering Sea, 14; hunter-gatherers on, 32–33
betelnut, 173
big men, canoes as, 174–75
binding, 127
Bird-David, Nurit, 10
bird knowledge, 100, 108; rights and practices, 109–10
bird parts/objects: in ceremonial paraphernalia, 106, 109; as commodities, 113–15; ceremonial use of, 111–13
birds, 108; agency of, 15–16; characteristics of, 105–6; as gods and spirits, 106–7; personhood, 104–5; social roles, 100, 101; trade in, 114–15, 117
Black Elk, on sweat baths, 81
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, eagle-trapping pits on, 110
Blackfoot, 11, 12, 107, 108, 109, 119; birds and, 105, 116, 117, 118; eagle feathers used by, 111–15; eagle trapping, 110–11
Bladder Festival, 37
Blake’s Firs (Easton Down, Wiltshire), Bronze Age cremation burials, 249–50
Blaser, Mario, 269
blood, sap as, 177
boat houses, Melanesian canoes in, 175
bodily modification, West Africa, 204
Boigu, 178
Bourdieu, Pierre, 275
Bowdich, T. Edward, 206
bows, canoe, 178–81
breath, breathing, 134, 140; ensouled, 137–38
Brill de Ramírez, Susan Berry, 7, 12, 263
Brings-down-the-Sun, eagle feather trade and, 114–15
British, 18; in Maritime provinces, 52, 54
Bronze Age, 237; fossils in, 255–56; mortuary practices, 238, 239–50; object bundles, 244–45
Brown, Bill, 12
Brown, Linda, 19
Brown Old Man, 115
BRP. See Banda Research Project
Budden, Sandy, 275
bullroarers, and waking up canoes, 178, 186
bundle holders, eagle trapping by, 110
bundles, 13, 204; bird materials in, 16, 108, 117, 118; Bronze Age barrows as, 254–55; and eagle feathers, 111, 112–13; ritual treatment of, 11–12; sacred Bronze Age, 244–45; as social persons, 77–78
bundling, 7, 8, 77, 200–201, 202; Banda ornaments, 17–18; Banda shrines, 221–25; Bronze Age barrows, 254–55
burials, burial practices, 30, 31, 81; British Bronze Age, 18, 237–38, 239–50, 265; copper kettles in, 56–61; Mi’kmaq, 15, 66–67; seal, 38
Burkina Faso, glass beads in, 205
Cabot, John, 53
caches: Eskimo hunting, 37, 39; in Maya sites, 159
Caddoans, 85
Cahokia, 15, 73, 79; maize cultivation at, 85–86; mortuary ritual, 90–91; mound construction at, 81–82; pottery at, 82–83; rebuilding of, 79–80; shell use, 88–89; sweat baths, 80–81; water symbolism at, 89–90
Cahokia grid, 80
calumet pipes, 111
cannibalism, 41; by agential non-persons, 34, 40, 42; in mutual predatory relationships, 264–65
canoes, 17, 268; anthropomorphization and zoomorphization of, 178–82; dismemberment and dispersal of, 186–87; Melanesian, 171–75; naming, 185–86; as object-beings, 168–69, 187–88; predatorization of, 182–85; sentience of, 188–89; Torres Strait, 167–69, 176–78
caribou, as persons, 36
carnelian beads, in Banda sites, 224–25, 226
castaways, in Torres Straits, 188, 189, 190
Caste War, 127
casts, fossils as, 253, 255–56
caves, fossils from, 253
Catlin, George, paintings by, 107
cemeteries, organization of, 30
ceremonial paraphernalia, bird parts as, 109
Cerro Palenque, termination deposits, 158–59
Ch’a Chaak (Thunderstorm), 156
Chalk, fossils from, 245–46
Chalmers, James, 177
charms: Islamic, 206; hunting magic, 183–85
Chiapas, animate objects in, 157
chieftancy, Banda, 205
Chilcompton (Somerset), Early Bronze Age burials in, 248
childbirth, Mesoamerican concepts, 153, 154
children: agency of, 30; becoming persons, 153–54, 267; burial practices and, 31, 62; personhood of, 270–71
Chimaltenango/Chimbal, 149
Christianity, in Maritime Provinces, 66
circular buildings, at Cahokia, 80, 81
Cleveland shell plaque, imagery and inscriptions on, 134–38, 140, 141
Codex Mendoza, 154
codices, Maya, 16–17
cognitive science, 270
Colonial period, in Maritime provinces, 15, 51–54, 55
colonization, colonialism, 149; French, 54, 66–67
color symbolism, 55
Comalapa, 139
commodities, 118; bird feathers as, 113–15; and personhood, 102–5
communication: by birds, 105–6; inalienable goods, 103–4; Maya visual, 16–17; object-human, 11–12
compositional practices, 200–201; Banda shrines, 217, 221–22
conchs (Strombus spp.), 140; inscriptions and, 134–38; as musical instruments, 132–33
consciousness, of objects, 13–14
conservation, of inalienable possessions, 103
Contact period, 16; Maritime provinces, 51–52
cooking pots, in Maya creation stories, 156–57
Copán, speech inscriptions at, 131–32
Copán valley, household archaeology in, 158–59
copper, symbolic power of, 55
copper alloys: Banda ornaments, 211, 212, 214, 27, 220, 222, 226; Saharan trade in, 204–5
copper kettles, 15, 51, 55; as grave goods, 56–61, 266; life forces of, 61–62; as relations, 66, 67
corn. See maize
cosmogenesis, faience production and, 251
cosmography, Early Bronze Age, 247
cosmology: Cahokia, 80; hunter-gatherer, 32–33; Mesoamerican, 150–51; Mi’kmaq, 57, 63; Missouri River groups, 117–18
cowrie shells, Banda ornaments, 208
crafted objects, fossils as, 253
crafting, 7; fossil skeuomorphs, 240, 248–49; implements used in, 148–49, 155–58; in Mesoamerica, 268, 269
creation stories: Kluskap in, 63–64; Mandan, 111; Maya, 156–57
crinoids, 248; mimics of, 250–51
crosses, with souls, 127
Crow, birds and, 105, 109, 117
Crow-Has-Water Society Bundle, 113
cults, Torres Strait, 188–89
cultural relativism, 198
Dalles, the, eagle feather trade, 114
Dauan, 187
Dauar, 187
dead, in Torres Straits, 190
deaths, of Melanesian canoes, 174
decision-making, conscious, 275
decommissioning, of Cahokia structures, 81
deer, in Maya art, 134
deities. See gods
depositional practices, Maya, 158–59
Descola, Philippe, 264; socialized naturalism, 6
design, 202; and response, 201
destiny, in Mesoamerica, 150–51
Dibi (Dibiri Island), 177
disabled, care for, 31
diseases, European, 62
dismemberment, of Torres Strait canoes, 186–87
dispersal, of Torres Strait canoes, 186–87
display, of icons, 103–4
divine, and objects, 141
dogai, 181
dogs, 31; at Banda sites, 203–4, 211, 220, 222; as sacrificial animals, 215–16, 223
Dorset, jet and shale from, 245
Down Farm (Dorset), pond barrow, 248, 249, 253
Dresden Codex, 156
dress, and personhood, 204
Driffield (East Yorkshire), Barrow C44, 248
dugongs: Torres Straits relationships with, 42, 175, 178, 182–83; Upper Palaeolithic use of, 253
Dunstable Downs (Bedfordshire), Early Bronze Age burials, 240–42
dyes, in Plains bundles, 16, 117
eagle feathers: as commodities, 113–15; gifts of, 111–13; valuation system, 119–20
eagle lodges, 106
eagle medicine, 110
Eagle Protection act, 110
eagle rights, 109–10
eagle tipi lodge, 111
eagle trapping, 106; and horse trade, 114–15; techniques, 110–11
Early Bronze Age, 18; fossil-human relationships, 253–55, 268; fossil skeuomorphs in, 250–53; magical powers in, 243–44; mortuary practices, 238, 239–50; personhood, 265–66
ear spools, 138
echinoids: in Early Bronze Age burials, 241–42; skeuomorphs of, 251–53
ecological psychology, 201
ecology, visual, 201, 203, 205
effigies, Kaqchikel Maya use of, 139–40
elites, Maya, 138
Emerald Acropolis, 80
Endangered Species Act, 110
England, Early Bronze Age burials in, 240–50
entanglement, 15, 76; in hunter-gatherer cosmology, 32–33; of maize farming, 87–88
epistemology, postmodern, 20
Erub, 189
Eskimo, 31, 33; agency and personhood, 14–15, 43; agential nonpersons, 39–41, 264, 265; persons, 34–39; reciprocity, 41–42
Europeans, in Maritime Provinces, 51, 52–54
exchange networks, 35, 100, 108, 168; bird feathers, 15–16; European-Mi’kmaq, 55, 57; in Melanesia, 168, 172, 200; as transfer of power and knowledge, 118–19
faience, cosmogenic symbolism of, 250–51
fans, feather, 111
farming, implements used in, 155
fasting, bird knowledge, 108
Fausto, Carlos, 264–65
feathers, 117; ceremonial use and exchange of, 109, 111–13; as commodities, 113–15; exchange of, 15–16; valuation system, 119–20
figureheads, Torres Strait canoe, 181, 182
figurines, in Maya life-cycle events, 154–55
fire, 81; as mediated power, 76, 79; and pottery making, 87, 88
fire drills, in conveying personhood, 153
fish, as canoe decorations, 183, 184
fishing, Torres Strait Islanders, 175
flint, fossils incorporated into, 248
Florentine Codex, 153, 154, 159(n2)
Fly River (Papua New Guinea), 178; canoe trees in, 176, 177
folk traditions, power of fossils, 249
fossils: alteration of, 249–50; in British Bronze Age burials, 18, 238, 239–47, 268; Bronze Age acquisition and use of, 255–56; as crafted objects, 248–49; echinoid skeuomorph, 250–53; Mississippian use of, 81–82, 85; as spirit animals, 253–54
Fowler, Chris, 275–76; on dividual, 9, 271
framing, 201
France, Upper Palaeolithic fossil use, 253
Freedberg, David, 128
French, 57; in Maritime Provinces, 51, 52, 54; and Mi’kmaq burial customs, 66–67
furnaces, iron-smelting, 267, 268
fur trade, Maritime Provinces, 54
Gaspe Peninsula, 60
Gaspesiens. See Mi’kmaq
Gebar, 190
Gell, Alfred, 11, 13; agency of things, 128, 169
gender, gender roles, 267; in Melanesian canoes, 172, 174, 175, 268
gendered body, social relationships, 35
generative processes, agency and, 266–69
Ghana, 17, 197, 199; Banda Research Project in, 207–9; glass bead trade, 205–6
Ghost Bundle, 113
gifts, gift exchange, 37, 102, 108, 109, 118; bird feathers, 111–13; and personhood, 36, 102–5; as transfer, 118–19
Girone, Grotte de, 253
glass beads, in West African sites, 205, 220, 224–25
goat, care for injured, 31
gods, 156, 158; birds as, 106–7; and objects, 132–33; speeches of, 131–32
good(s): interactive disposition of, 103–4; as persons, 104–5
grape cups, as skeuomorphs, 251, 252, 253
Grass Dance, 111
grave goods, 247; British Early Bronze Age, 18, 238, 239–50, 265; Cahokia, 89; copper kettles as, 56–61; fossil skeuomorphs and, 250–53; with magical powers, 243–44
graves, portable, 140
Great Britain, Bronze Age, 237
Greece, objects as actors, 126
griddles, in Maya creation stories, 156–57
grinding stones, as active agents, 157
Gryphaea arcuata, in Bronze Age burials, 245–46
Guanajuato, silver production, 103
Haddon, Alfred, on Torres Straits canoes, 167, 176–77, 184
Halitherium, worked, 253
Hall, Robert, 81
Halliday site, 88
Hallowell, A. Irving, 6, 36, 147
hands, disembodied, 41
Harper, J. Russell, Hopps site burials, 58–59
Harris, Oliver, 275–76
Haynes Farm (Eyethorne, Kent), Bronze Age burials in, 248
heads, disembodied, 41
healing, healers, 157; effigies used by, 139–40
hearth fires, with souls, 127
Hidatsa, birds and, 105, 107, 109, 110, 117
hieroglyphic inscriptions: Maya, 16, 190, 134–38; speeches of gods and, 131–32
Hodder, Ian, 8
hoes, agency of, 157
Holbraad, Martin, 13
Holmesfield, Brown Edge (Derbyshire), ring cairn at, 247–48
Hopps (Pictou) site, 53; copper kettles in, 57–59
horses: burial of, 31; and eagle feather trade, 114–15
households, depositional contexts, 158–59
houses, with souls, 127
Hudson Bay Company, bird use and trade, 113–14, 117
hulls, canoe, 181–82
Hummingbird Vase (Tikal), 131, 132
hunter-gatherers, 10, 265; personhood and agency, 31
hunting, 7, 10, 137, 265; Eskimo, 14, 34–35, 42; reciprocity in, 35–36; Torres Strait Islanders, 175, 178, 182–86
hunting magic, Torres Strait, 183–85
iconography, agency and, 130
icons, display of, 103–4
identities, identity, 7, 9; formation of, 55, 105; social, 152, 256
illusionism, power of, 139
images, agency of, 128–29
implements, 154; crafting, 155–58; household, 158–59; personhood of, 148–49
inalienable goods/possessions, 118, 119; commoditization of, 100–101; communication of, 103–4; reciprocity and, 102–3
Incas, 139
India, carnelian beads from, 224
Ingold, Timothy: on agency and animacy, 4, 129, 272; on meshwork, 8, 75–76
Iniskim Bundle, 113
injured, care for, 31
inscription, 170
intentionalization, intentionality, 170; of canoes, 169, 171–72, 190–91
interactive dispositions, 103
interdependency, of relationships, 10, 14
interpretive theory, 265
Inuit, Greenland, 43
Inupiaq Eskimo, 14, 37; hunting behavior, 34–35; wild babies, 30, 40
inversion, death as, 62
invocations, Banda, 197
Ipisia, 177
Ipiutak site, on Cape Krusenstern, 39
iron, 267, 268; in Banda culture, 208, 209–11, 212, 217, 220; in Ngre Kataa shrines, 221–22
Islam, and West African amulets, 206
isolation, social, 43
Isturitz, Grotte de, 253
itineraries, object-based, 3
Itqiirpak, 41
Ixoc Ahaua deities, 158
Jaurias, Grotte de, 253
jet, Bronze Age use, 243, 245, 256
Jewel Jaguar, Lord, 134
Johnson, Mark, 274–76
Kachina masks, as transformative objects, 104
Kaqchikel Maya, 127; effigy use, 139–40
Kent, Early Bronze Age burials, 242
kettles: copper trade, 15, 51, 55; as grave goods, 56–60, 266; life forces of, 61–62; mutilation of, 60–61; in mythology, 63–65; as relations, 66, 67
K’iche’ Maya, 157
Kipp, Darrell, 117
Kiriwina Island, 171
Kissi sites, 205
KK. See Kuulo Kataa
Kluskap’s Kettle. See Ooteomul
knowledge, 8, 36, 109; of ritual behaviors, 14–15; transfer of, 108, 118–19
Krusenstern, Cape, seal skull cache, 37, 39
kula canoes, 186; life histories of, 171–73
kula exchange, 200
Kulkalgal, 188–89
Kuulo Kataa (KK), 208; compositional contexts at, 217–20; objects from, 212, 215; python remains at, 216–17, 220–25
Kuulo phase, 208; dog sacrifices, 215–16; serpentine symbolism in, 225–26
Kuyam, 190
labor, and Cahokia pyramids, 80
labrets, in West Africa, 204
Landa, Diego de, 154
Langton (Yorkshire), Early Bronze Age burial, 244, 250
Latour, Bruno, 3, 5, 75; NET-PRE model, 273, 276
launching rites, canoe, 174
Lazzari, Marissa, 7
leadership, Eskimo, 34
Le Clercq, Father, 60
life cycle/life history, 267; of Melanesian canoes, 168–69, 171–73, 175–78
life forces, 77; of kettles, 61–62
light, copper as representing, 55
looms, personhood in, 157–58
Mabuyag, canoes from, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187
Madrid Codex, tools illustrated in, 156
Magdalenian period, 253
magic, 11, 189, 200, 214; in canoe life-cycle, 17, 171, 172; grave goods and, 243–44
maize, 115, 126, 152; in Mississippian culture, 73, 78, 79, 84–86; water and, 87–88, 90
Makala Kataa (MK), 208, 212, 215–16
Makala phase, 220, 223, 225, 226
Malafouris, Lambros, 275
Malinowski, Bronislaw, on kula canoes, 171–72
Malo, 190
Mam-speaking Maya, 149
Mandan, birds and, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117
Manitou, 77
Manton barrow (Preshute GIa) (Wiltshire), 242, 250
marine transport canoes, 17, 167–68
Maritime Provinces: European contact, 51, 52–54; kettle burials in, 56–57
marking, and bundling, 202
material culture, materials, 29, 75, 77, 267; in Mississippian mounds, 81–82
Material Engagement Theory (MET), 275
materiality, 16, 137, 201; cultural significance of, 127–28
Mauss, Marcel, 41
Mawatta, 186
Maximilian, on bird trade, 115
Maximon figures, 126
Maya, 129, 269; animate objects, 126–27; breath symbols, 137–38; creation stories, 156–57; objects and agency in, 134–37, 154–55, 157–58; persons in, 151–52; power of speech, 131–33; visual communication in, 16–17
Maya Daykeepers, 12
meadowlarks, Mandan and, 115, 117
mediation: of power and relations, 75, 76–77, 78
medicine bundles. See bundles
Medicine Lodge (Blackfoot), 109; bundle, 113
medicine lodges, 80
Melanesia, canoe object-beings, 171–75
men, Eskimo hunting behavior, 34–35
Mendip Hills, stalactite beads, 248
meriiq, 41
meshworks, meshes, 8, 12, 33, 75–76, 79
Mesoamerica, 16, 82, 148, 149; children becoming persons in, 153–54; crafting in, 268, 269; destiny and cosmology, 150–51
MET. See Material Engagement Theory
metallurgy: Early Bronze Age, 253; at Ngre Kataa, 220–22
metaphorical thinking, 274
metaphors, of canoe’s life cycle, 172
Micraster coraginium, skeuomorphs of, 251, 252, 253
Middle Ages, powers of fossils, 249
middlemen, Mi’kmaq as, 54
Midéwiwin, 80
Mi’kmaq, 54, 266; afterworld, 64–65; burials, 15, 56, 57–60, 66–67; European contact, 52–53; mythology, 63–64; other-than-human relations, 51–52, 65–66; transformative powers, 61–62
minkisi, 140
Mississippian culture, 73, 74; at Cahokia, 79–80; shell in, 88–89; Varney tradition and, 91–92; water in, 89–90
Mississipianization, 15, 75; raw materials of, 78–86
Mississippi Valley, maize growing in, 86–88
Missouri River Basin, bird use in, 101, 104–5
Missouri River tribes, 109; cosmology, 117–18; value systems, 119–20
Mitchell, W.J.T., on representations, 128–29
MK. See Makala Kataa
Modern Objectivists, 273
mollusks, in pottery temper, 87
Molesky-Poz, Jean, 11–12
Monaghan, John, 149
Montana, eagle-trapping pits, 110
moral status, personhood and, 152
mortality rates, Mi’kmaq, 62
mortuary practices: archaeology of, 237–38; at Cahokia, 90–91; Early Bronze Age, 18, 239–50
mounds, mound building, construction materials in, 81–82; in Mississippian sites, 73, 78, 79
mouths, disembodied, 41
Mowat (Mowatta), 176
Mua, mythical canoes, 190
muds, montmorillinitic, 82, 83, 84, 88
Murik, 174
musical instruments: with souls, 127; speaking/singing by, 131–32
mussel shells: in Mississippi Valley, 87, 88, 89
mythology: Mi’kmaq, 63–64, 65; Torres Straits, 190
naming, of canoes, 172, 185–86
naming ceremonies, eagle feathers in, 111
Natoas bundle, 112–13
nature-culture divide, 266
Naukan, orca behavior, 35–36
negotiation: in Eskimo hunting practice, 35–36; and personhood, 34
networks, 75, 129. See also meshworks
neurosciences, embodied cognition and, 264, 274
New Brunswick, kettle burials in, 57, 59
New Georgia, inalienable goods in, 118
New Guinea, 118; canoe carving in, 168, 178–79; canoe owners in, 186
New World People, 54–55
Ngre Kataa (NK), 208; metallurgy and ritual in, 216, 220–21; ornaments from, 210, 212; shrine compositions at, 221–25
Niger River, trade, 208
NK. See Ngre Kataa
nkisi, 139
nonpersons, agential, 33, 34, 39–40
Northport site, kettle burials in, 59–60
Nova Scotia, kettle burials in, 57–60
Nunivak Island, treatment of seal remains on, 37, 38
objects/object-beings, 11, 126, 141, 201, 202, 247, 276; agency of, 17, 31, 129–30, 169–70; autonomy of, 13–14; canoes as, 168–76, 187–88; personhood of, 147–48, 151–52, 154; signification of, 127–28; speaking, 131–33; as social actors, 6–7
obsidian, in Maya sites, 158–59
Okan, 109; and eagle feathers, 112, 113
Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, birds and, 115, 117
ontological multiplicities, 269–70
ontological realism, 3, 18–19, 263–64, 272–74
ontological theory, 265
ontology, 6, 7, 8; personal, 270–71; relational, 4–5, 10–11, 29, 30, 65–66
Ooteomul (Kluskap’s Kettle; Spencer’s Island), 53, 63–64, 65
orcas, negotiation and exchange with, 35–36
Orenda, 77
organic substances, 75
organisms, agentic qualities of, 76–77
origin stories, Thunderbird and, 106–7
ornaments, ornamentation, 17, 138, 201, 203–4; Banda, 17, 197, 205–6, 208–15, 217–20; Early Bronze Age, 243–44
osteology, evidence of personhood in, 30–31
ownership, of Torres Straits canoes, 186
Pacific Islands, shell exchange, 102
Pacific Northwest, potlatch in, 102
Pack’s Antelope, 107
Painsthorpe Wold, inhumation grave goods in, 245, 246
painting, power in, 139
Palaeolithic, fossils as spirit animals in, 253–54
Paneak, Simon, 40
Papua New Guinea: canoes as bodies, 174; canoe trees from, 176–77
pastoralism, 33
Pauketat, Timothy, 12
Pazyryk, horse burials, 31
Pearlman conch, speaking image on, 132–33
performative dispositions, 103
personhood, 3, 4, 7, 29–30, 33, 100, 101, 150, 197, 200, 204; and agency, 14–15, 43, 264; construction/creation of, 5, 8; of copper kettles, 51, 57, 60, 66; craft implements, 148–49; in Early Bronze Age, 239, 240, 265–66; Eskimo construction of, 34–39, 42; figurines and, 154–55; gifts and commodities, 102–5; Maya beliefs in, 127, 157–59; negotiating/obtaining, 198–99, 267; of objects, 13, 127, 147–48; ontological multiplicities of, 269–70; relational, 6, 9–10, 18, 270–71; of sacred bundles, 77–78; of sacred objects, 11–12; souls and, 152–53
persons, 19; animal, 34–36; becoming, 153–54; Eskimo, 34–39; goods as, 102–5
physical form, Eskimo personhood, 35
physical world, interaction with, 274–75
pictorial art, Maya, 16
Pictou (Hopps) site, 53; copper kettles in, 57–59
Picture, De (Alberti), 139
Piikani (Blackfeet), eagle feather-horse trade, 114
Place Royale, copper kettle from, 56
Plains tribes, 104; feather exchange, 15–16. See also various tribes
plants, with souls, 126. See also trees
plaques, Maya shell, 134–38
polar bears, as persons, 35
pond barrow, at Down Farm, 248, 249
Popol Vuh, creative actions in, 156–57
Poqomam Maya, 157
Porcupine Hills (Alberta), 110
Porosphaera globularis, 242, 248
possessions, as representations of self, 152
Postclassic period, Maya codices, 16
postmodern theory, 270
posts, ensoulment of, 77
Pot-King, The (Warnier), 200
Potlatch, 102
pottery: in Maya creation stories, 156–57; shell-tempered, 73, 78, 79, 82–84, 86, 87, 88
power(s), 13, 16, 78, 139, 238; agency and, 128–29; mediations, 76–77; of relations, 72–73; of speech, 131–33; transfer of, 118–19
predation, predatory behavior, mutual relationships, 264–65
predatorization, of canoes, 169, 188, 190–91
Preshute GIa (Manton barrow, Wiltshire), 242, 250
prestige, British Bronze Age, 238
prey animals, as persons, 34, 35–36
Protohistoric period, Mi’kmaq, 57, 62
prows: on Melanesian canoes, 172, 173, 174, 178–81
Pueblo, 10
Pueblos, Kachina masks and, 104
pyramids, Mississippian, 80, 82
pythons: Banda symbolism, 203–4, 211, 214–15; in Ngre Kataa mounds, 223, 224; in ritual contexts, 216–20
Q’eqchi’ Maya, 157
qivittut, 43
quartz pebbles, in Early Bronze Age burials, 247–48, 256
Ramey Incised pottery, 82–83, 88
Ramey scroll, 82
Rattlesnake Mound (Cahokia), 80, 82
Raven, and Thunderbird, 107
raw materials, engagement of, 15
realism, ontological, 3, 18–19, 263–64, 272–73
reciprocity: Eskimo, 35–36, 37, 41–42; human-bird, 106, 107; of relational personhood, 10, 15, 34; Trobriand Islands, 102–3
Red Bird, 115
red birds, Plains trade in, 115
reincarnation, 106
relational ontologies, 29, 30, 73, 78; Eskimo, 42; Mi’kmaq, 65–66
relationships, 15, 75; conversive, 7–8; Eskimo, 34–35; mutual predatory, 264–65; subject-object, 12–13; interdependency of, 10, 14; power of, 72–73
relatives, relations: copper kettles as, 15, 57, 62; Mi’kmaq, 65–66; other-than-human, 51–52, 67
religion, 200
remora, as canoe decoration, 183, 184
respect, in Eskimo relationships, 34, 37
response, design and, 201
restraint, in Eskimo Social relationships, 34
rhizome, rhizomization, 76; in Mississippian culture, 73, 75, 90
ring cairns, Bronze Age burials in, 247–48
rings: Banda, 208, 209–11, 212, 213(table), 214, 217, 222, 226, 267
ritual contexts, Banda, 216–25
ritualization, of canoe parts, 186–87
rituals, 200, 267; Banda ornamentation and, 205–6; canoe life cycle, 171–73, 174, 175, 177–78, 185–86; Eskimo hunting, 34–35; metallurgy and, 220–22; of sacred objects, 11–12; at West African shrines, 207, 223
Rudston (Yorkshire), Bronze Age burials at, 245, 247
sacred bundles, as social persons, 77–78. See also bundles
Saguane, 177
Sahara, and West African trade, 204–5
Sahlins, Marshall, 9
saints, images of, 126
Salmon River (Nova Scotia), copper-kettle burial in, 59
salt, with souls, 127
Santa Rita Murals, musical instruments on, 132, 133
Santee Sioux, eagle feather use in, 111
Santiago Atitlan, weaving in, 157–58
Santiago Chimaltenango, 149
sap, as blood, 177
Saskatchewan, eagle-trapping pits in, 110
Scandinavia, in Bronze Age burials, 244
scarification, West African, 204
sculptural materials, with divine essences, 130
sculpture, West African, 204
sea, as liminal, 190; as spiritscape, 189
seals: as persons, 34, 35, 36; treatment of remains, 37–39
sea urchin (Micraster coraginium), skeuomorphs of, 251, 252, 253
Selawik, 41
self, selfhood, in Mesoamerica, 150, 151
self-sacrifice, of animals, 10, 34
semiotic forms, pythons as, 225
semiotic processes, 202
sentience, 170; of Torres Strait canoes, 169, 188–89
serpents: African symbolism, 214–15, 225–26; speech scrolls, 138
Seven Blind Brothers, canoe of, 190
sewing, Eskimo hunting and, 34
sexual divisions, 267
shaking tents, 80
shale, Bronze Age objects of, 245
shallop, Mi’kmaq use of, 54
shamans, Eskimo, 34
shells, 102; in Banda contexts, 220; as canoe decorations, 173, 178; Mississippian use of, 73, 81–89; speaking, 132–33, 134–38, 140
shipwrecks, Torres Straits, 189
shrines, 80; Banda, 17, 197, 217–20; as compositions/bundles, 201, 204; Mississippian, 81–82; West African, 207, 221–25, 228(n5)
Sigai, 188–89
signification, of objects, 127–28
silver production, in Guanajuato, 103
Sisilha, 131
skeuomorphs, fossil, 240, 248–49, 250–53
slaving, 204
social actors, social action, 6, 126, 149, 167, 170, 202
social hierarchy, inalienable possessions and, 119
social relations, 75, 100, 128, 130, 169, 189; gifts and commodities, 102–5; with things, 199–200; Torres Straits canoes, 187–88
Sofaer, Joanna, 275
solar cycle, interaction with, 274–75
song, Maya depiction of, 131
souls: in Mesoamerica, 151, 152–53; in other-than-human beings, 57, 126–27, 129, 149
sound, of copper kettles, 60–61
Souriquois. See Mi’kmaq
speech(es): by nonhuman entities, 131, 132, 134–38; to transform children into persons, 153–54
spindle whorls, Maya symbols of, 156
spirit canoes, 190
spirit lodges, 80
spirits, spirit beings: Banda, 197–98, 214–15; animating, 51–52; birds as, 106–7; fossils as, 253–54; metallurgy and, 220–22; sound and, 60, 61
spiritscapes, anthropomorphized, 189
spiritual community, birds and, 106
sponges (Porosphaera globularis), 242, 248
stalactites, in Bronze Age burials, 248
Stockbridge Down (Hampshire), 248
Strathern, Marilyn, 9
status, British Bronze Age, 238
steam baths (sweat baths), 78, 79, 80–81
Strombus spp., 140; inscriptions and, 134–38; as musical instruments, 132–33
subject making, 200–201
subject-object relationships, 7, 12–13, 267
sun, and destiny, 151
Sun Dance, eagle-thunderbird in, 109
sweat baths (sweat lodges), 78, 79, 80–81
symbolism, symbols, 55, 202; of canoe decorations, 172, 173, 178–86; dog and python, 203–4, 211, 214–15, 222; of shell, 82–83; water, 89–90
symmetrical process, principle of symmetry, 5, 267
Tabusintac River, kettle burials in, 59
Tagai, 190
Talking Crosses, 127
talons, eagle, 109
Tarentines. See Mi’kmaq
techniques, anthropology of, 199–200
temples, as animate speakers, 131–32
Terminal Late Woodland era, 84
termination deposits, in Maya houses, 158–59
territorialization, 73, 76, 78
text acts, Maya, 136–37
theology of experience, 11
thing(s), 130; relations with, 199–200; spirit, 12–13
Thunder Pipe, 107
Thunderstorm (Ch’a Chaak), 156
Tikal, 140; speaking vases at, 131, 132
time periods, as speakers, 131
Toltec site (Ark.), 84
tombs, Neolithic chambered, 275–76
tonalli, 153
tools, as other-than-human agents, 16–17. See also implements
Torres Strait Islander canoes, 17, 42, 167–69, 268; dismemberment and dispersal, 186–87; naming of, 185–86; as object-beings, 175–85, 187–88; sentience of, 188–89
torsos, canoe hulls as, 181–82
total social phenomenon, 41
trade, trade networks, 54, 100, 175; in bird parts, 113–15; West Africa, 203, 204–6, 208
transfer, of knowledge and power, 118–19
transformation, 36, 104, 190, 269; child into person, 153–54; of copper kettles, 62, 66; tree to canoe, 172–73, 174, 176–78
traveling, Eskimo, 14
trees, transformation into canoes, 17, 168, 172–73, 176–78, 188
Trempealeau (Wisc.), shrines/pyramids in, 81, 82
tribute, shell as, 135–36
Trilobite, Grotte de, 253
trilobites, Upper Palaeolithic use of, 253, 254
Trobriand Islands: kula canoes, 171–73; reciprocity in, 102–3
Tudu, canoe stern posts, 187
turtles, Torres Strait Islander hunting of, 175, 178, 182, 183
twins, twinning, in West Africa, 222
Tzotzil Maya, 152; phenomena with souls, 126–27, 129
Ulúa River valley (Lower), household archaeology in, 158–59
Upper Palaeolithic, fossil use, 253–54
Upton Lovell barrow, grape cup from, 252
Vakuta Island, canoe manufacture in, 172–73
value systems: inalienable goods in, 100–101; Missouri River tribes, 117, 119–20
Vanuatu, outrigger canoes, 174–75
Varney culture/tradition, 84; Maize growing, 85, 88; in Mississippi Valley, 86–87, 91–92
vision quests, bird knowledge, 108
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, on perspectivism, 6
Volta River basin, 199; dogs and pythons in, 203–4
Wabad (Wabuda) Island, canoe trees from, 176, 177
waga (seagoing canoes), 171–72
Waiat spirit-beings, 187
Wakanda, 77
Wala Island, outrigger canoes, 174–75
Walker, William, 19
walrus, as persons, 34, 35, 36
war bonnets, feathers used in, 111–12
Waruksti, 77
Watanabe, John, 149
water, 75, 76, 81; and maize growing, 87–88; in Mississippian culture, 73, 89–90
waterfowl, Plains tribes and, 117
water temples, at Cahokia, 80
ways of knowing, 11. See also knowledge
wealth: British Bronze Age, 238; shell as, 135–36
weaving, Maya concepts of, 154, 156, 157–58
West Africa, 197, 198, 267; shrines, 207, 221–23; trade networks, 204–6. See also Banda
West Kennett, Neolithic chambered tombs in, 275–76
whales, 189; as persons, 34, 35, 36
Windmill Hill, grape cup from, 251
wolves, personhood of, 31
women, behavior during hunts, 34, 35
wood, in Maya culture, 130
wooden people, in Maya creation, 156–57
woodpeckers, trade in, 115
worldview, hunter-gatherer, 32–33
writing, Maya hieroglyphic, 16
Yonne (France), cave sites in, 253
York Factory, 114
Yorkshire, jet and shale in, 245
yua, 36
Yucatan, nonhuman agents in, 127, 131, 157
Yucatec Maya, 154
Yukaghir, 35
Yupiit, Central, 36, 40, 41, 43