¹ Jacob von Königshofen, “The Cremation of Strasbourg Jewry St. Valentine’s Day,” February 14, 1349, quoted in Jacob Rader Marcus, ed., The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791, rev. ed. (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1999), 51–52.

² H. A. R. Gibb, trans. and ed., Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa, (London: Broadway House, 1929), 69.

³ Königshofen, “The Cremation of Strasbourg Jewry,” quoted in Marcus, ed., The Jew in the Medieval World, 52.

⁴ Ibid., 53.

⁵ Isaac Abravanel, Commentary to the Prophets, quoted and trans. in Benjamin Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), 148.

⁶ “The Diary of Luis De Torres” in the Los Angeles Jewish Times, December 24, 1999, quoted in Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History, 149–150.