^* The actual number of Jews killed during the Kishinev pogrom was about 50, not the 120 originally reported by the New York Times.

¹ Michael Marrus, The Politics of Assimilation: The French Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (Oxford, 1971), 197–201, quoted in Albert S. Lindemann, The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894–1915 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 92.

² Theodor Herzl, “A Solution of the Jewish Question,” The Jewish Chronicle, January 17, 1896, 12–13, quoted in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds., The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 534.

³ In Salo W. Baron, The Russian Jew Under Tsars and Soviets (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 29, quoted in Allan Levine, Scattered Among the Peoples: The Jewish Diaspora in Twelve Portraits (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth, 2003), 207.

⁴ Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen, trans. Constance Garnett, rev. Humphrey Higgins, 1968 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 169–170.

⁵ Russki Invalid, 1858, quoted in Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in the Modern World (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 184.

⁶ Orshanskii, Evrei v Rossii 71–72, quoted in Stephen M. Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985), 48.

⁷ Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 49.

⁸ Pauline Wengeroff, Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Henny Wenkart (Bethesda: University Press of Maryland, 2000), 221.

⁹ Razsvet (St. Petersburg), 19, May 8, 1881, 741–742, quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 35–36.

¹⁰ Wengeroff, Rememberings, 223. Original emphasis.

¹¹ Ibid., 224–225. Original emphasis.

¹² Moses Leib Lilienblum to J. L. Gordon, Derekh Teshuva, quoted in Lucy S. Dawidowicz, ed., The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 128–129.

¹³ The articles in The Times were republished in Persecution of the Jews in Russia 1881 (London: Spottiswoode, 1882), quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 66–67.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ Supplement to the Jewish Chronicle, February 3, 1882, 3, quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 68.

¹⁶ Nedel’naia khronika Voskhoda, 7 (February 1882): 163–164, quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 69.

¹⁷ Iu. Gessen, “Graf N. P. Ignatiev i ‘Vremennyia pravila’ o evreiakh 3 Maia 1882 goda,” Pravo 3 (1908):1679, quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 72–73.

¹⁸ Peter A. Zaionchkovsky, The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1878–1882, trans. Gary Hamburg (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1979), 265, quoted in Berk, Year of Crisis, Year of Hope, 73.

¹⁹ Wengeroff, Rememberings, 222–223.

²⁰ “Jewish Massacre Denounced,” New York Times, April 28, 1903.