^* The Shi’a and Sunni are the two great branches within Islam. Their separation grew out of a dispute over who was the legitimate successor to the Prophet Muhammad (see Chapter 3). The Shi’a are a majority in four Muslim nations—Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq. The Sunni are the majority in the others.

¹ Joe McCarthy, “GI Vision of a Better America,” New York Times Magazine, August 5, 1945, 10; E. Digby Baltzell, “Foreword,” in Murray Friedman, ed., Philadelphia Jewish Life, 1940–1985 (Ardmore, PA: Seth Press, 1986), ix, quoted in Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 151.

² Quoted in Nora Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917: Paradox of Survival, vol. 1 (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 1:444.

³ Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union, 1:445.

⁴ Andrei Gromyko, United Nations General Assembly, 77th Plenary Meeting, May 14, 1947, http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/D41260F1132AD6BE052566190059E5F0.

⁵ Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, trans. and ed. Strobe Talbott (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1974).

⁶ Golda Meir, My Life (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975), 250.

⁷ Ibid., 254.

⁸ Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union, 1:524.

⁹ “Tragicomedy in Prague,” New York Times, November 22, 1952.

¹⁰ V. A. Malyshev diary, Istochnik no. 5 (1997), 140–141, quoted in Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 341.

¹¹ Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in the Modern World (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 715.

¹² Barukh Podolsky, “How I Became a Zionist,” Soviet Jews Exodus, accessed March 25, 2011, http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/Memory_s/MemoryPodolsky.shtml.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ Giuliana Tedeschi, interview by Nicola Caracciolo, Uncertain Refuge: Italy and the Jews During the Holocaust, trans. and ed. Florette Rechnitz Koffler and Richard Koffler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 121.

¹⁶ James Parkes, “After the Eichmann Verdict,” Observer, December 17, 1961, 8, quoted in David Cesarani, Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a “Desk Murderer” (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006), 329.

¹⁷ Ariana Melamed, “The Year the Silence Was Broken,” Israel News, April 22, 2008.

¹⁸ Gideon Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 433.

¹⁹ Myrna Katz Frommer and Harvey Frommer, Growing Up Jewish in America: An Oral History (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1995), 122, 124.

²⁰ Louis Rosenblum, “Involvement in the Soviet Jewry Movement,” Cleveland Jewish History, accessed March 25, 2011, http://www.clevelandjewishhistory.net/sj/lr-beginnings.htm.

²¹ Sayyid Qutb, essay reproduced in Ronald L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist’s View of the Jews (Oxford: Pergamom Press, 1987), 72–87, quoted in Matthias Küntzel, Jihad and Jew Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11, trans. Colin Meade (New York: Telos Press, 2007), 83.

²² Ibid., 85.

²³ Thomas Mayer, Egypt and the Palestine Question, 1936–1945 (Berlin, 1983), 300, quoted in Norman A. Stillman, Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2003), 143.

²⁴ Stillman, Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times, 153.

²⁵ Lucette Lagnado, The Man in the White Sharkskin Suit: A Jewish Family’s Exodus from Old Cairo to the New World (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007), 92.

²⁶ Quoted in Küntzel, Jihad and Jew Hatred, 70.

²⁷ Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., “The Palestinian National Charter, July, 1968,” in The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin Books, 2008), 119.

²⁸ Quoted in Küntzel, Jihad and Jew Hatred, 72.

²⁹ Charles de Gaulle, quoted in Jon D. Levenson, “Closeness and Its Enemies,” Commentary.

³⁰ Colin MacInnes, Sunday Telegraph, June 18, 1967.

³¹ Raymond H. Anderson, “Soviet Again Excoriates Zionism As Instigator of Anti-Semitism; Anti-Zionist Brochures Racist Activity Charged,” New York Times, December 31, 1967.

³² Bertrand Russell, “Open Letter to Wladyslaw Gomulka,” in World Jewry 11, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1968): 8, first quoted in Possony, Waking Up the Giant, 473.

³³ Boris Kochubiyevsky, quoted in Allan Levine, Scattered among the Peoples: The Jewish Diaspora in Twelve Portraits (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth, 2003), 383.

³⁴ “Protests Here and Abroad Continue on Soviet Jews,” New York Times, December 30, 1970.

³⁵ Weekly News Summary, UN Press Release WS/760, April 30, 1976.

³⁶ Chaim Herzog, “Speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations, November 10, 1975,” in Who Stands Accused? Israel Answers Its Critics (New York: Random House, 1978), 6–9.

³⁷ “Hamas Charter (1988),” Selected Documents Regarding Palestine, The Jerusalem Fund, http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/documents/charter.html.

³⁸ Ibid.