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———. Interview 12197. Visual History Archive. USC Shoah Foundation Institute. Accessed online at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on January 25, 2017.

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———. Personal interview with the author, Nurit Nahmani serving as translator. Haifa, Israel. June 11, 2013.

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———. “Kulautuva.” Pinkas Hakehillot Lita: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Lithuania, Ed. Dov Levin. Asst. ed., Josef Rosin. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. Translation by Shimon Joffe. www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_lita/lit_00595b.html.

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———. Telephone conversation with author, October 4, 2013.

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———. Letter to International Tracing Service, Arolsen, Germany. June 10, 1950. Copy of typescript. Family collection.

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