Prologue
1. Bonnyman, Frances Berry, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Jr., June 9, 1943.
2. Horne, George. F, “We Win Gilberts in 76-Hour Battle,” New York Times, November 25, 1943.
3. Horne, “We Win Gilberts in 76-Hour Battle.”
4. Sherrod, Robert, Tarawa: The Story of a Battle. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce 1944), 150.
5. Keys, Henry, “Vast U.S. Forces Used at Gilberts,” New York Times, November 26, 1943.
6. Johnson, Richard W., “Gilberts Battle Is Called Fiercest Fought in the Pacific,” New York Times, November 27, 1943.
7. New York Times, “The Lesson of Tarawa,” December 6, 1943.
8. New York Times, “Battle of Tarawa in Newsreels Today,” December 7, 1943.
9. Sherrod, Robert, “Report on Tarawa: Marines’ Show,” Time, December 6, 1943.
10. “Dock” (no other name given), letter to Mary Ramey, December 20, 1943.
11. Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., letter to Ralph DuPress, December 28, 1943.
12. Santa Fe New Mexican, “Bonneyman Reported Slain,” December 21, 1943.
13. Bonnyman, Josephine B., letter to Capt. Earl Wilson, March 7, 1944.
14. Holcomb, Lt. Gen. Thomas, telegram to Josephine Bonnyman, December 28, 1943.
15. Evans, Frances Bonnyman, interview with the author, November 13, 2016.
16. Russell, Josephine, letter to Frances Bonnyman, April 11, 1951.
One
1. Prejean, Alix, interview with the author, June 4, 2011.
2. Alexander, Joseph, letter to Fran Bonnyman Evans, April 5, 1994.
3. Alexander, Joseph, letter to Alexandra Bonnyman Prejean, August 6, 1994.
4. Denver Post, “Veteran remembers,” November 24, 1985.
5. Alexander, Joseph, letter to Alexandra Bonnyman Prejean, August 6, 1994.
6. Alexander, Col. Joseph, USMC (Ret.). Utmost Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa, (Annapolis, 1995), 240.
7. Evans, Frances Bonnyman, letter to Jones, Gallegos, Snead & Wertheim, P.A. November 3, 1976.
8. Edison, Maj. A.E., letter to Frances Bonnyman Evans, May 21, 1990.
9. Prejean interview, June 4, 2011.
10. Stevens, Jonathan, “Introduction,” tarawaontheweb.org, June 15, 2003.
11. Lipinski, US Rep. Daniel, office of, “Lipinski presses Defense Department to Locate Remains of U.S. Service Members in Battle of Tarawa,” June 26, 2009.
12. Stevens, Jonathan, “Lipinski Presses for DOD to find Tarawa Dead.” tarawaontheweb.org, June 26, 2009.
13. Hiete, Kurt, email to multiple recipients, December 19, 2009.
14. Shane, Leo, III, “Remains found on Pacific island likely to be those of 139 WWII Marines,” Stars and Stripes, November 28, 2008.
Two
1. Marshall, J. F.; Jacobson, G., “Holocene growth of a mid-Pacific atoll: Tarawa, Kiribati,” Coral Reefs, April 1985.
2. Allen, Donald K., Tarawa: The Aftermath, (self-published, 2001), 2.
3. Secretariat of the Pacific and Government of Kiribati, “North Tarawa Socioeconomic Report 2008,” climate.gov.ki.
4. Morison, “The Gilberts & Marshalls.”
5. Morison, “The Gilberts & Marshalls.”
6. McQuarrie, Peter. Gilbert Islands in WWII (Oakland, Calif.: NAL Caliber, 2012), 4.
7. Allen, Tarawa—the Aftermath, 5.
8. Sacred Heart of Mary convent, private collection, Bairiki, Tarawa.
9. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 28.
10. Russ, Martin, Line of Departure: Tarawa (New York, 1975), 6.
11. Wukovits, John, One Square Mile of Hell: The Battle for Tarawa (New York, 2006), 17.
12. Bonnyman, Alexander, Jr., letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, October 2, 1943.
13. Hammel, Eric, and John E. Lane, Bloody Tarawa: A Narrative History with 250 Photographs (Pacifica: Pacifica Military History, 1998), 6.
14. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 6.
15. Ellis, Maj. Earl H., “U.S. Marine Corps 712H Operation Plan: Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia,” July 23, 1921.
16. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 7.
Three
1. Troost, J. Maarten, The Sex Lives of Cannibals, new title edition (New York: Broadway Books 2004), 255.
2. Shiok, Jeremy Edward, email to the author, May 21, 2011.
3. Osorio, Maj. Ramon, email to Steven Barber, July 1, 2010.
4. Barber, Steven C., email to the author, August 4, 2010.
5. Noah, Mark, email to the author, July 8, 2010.
6. Noah email, July 8, 2010.
7. Hylton, Wil S., Vanished: The Sixty-Year Search for the Missing Men of World War II (New York, 2013), 16.
8. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Command, “Tarawa Summary,” March 11, 2015.
9. Noah, Mark, The Lost Graves of Tarawa (self-published, 2009), 16.
10. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, June 1, 2015.
11. Niven, Capt. William L. USMC (ret.), Tarawa’s Gravediggers (Morgan Hill, California: self-published, 2007), 16.
12. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, 94.
13. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, iii.
14. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, February 17, 2015.
15. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, 4.
16. DPAA, “Tarawa Summary,” March 11, 2015.
17. Niven, Capt. William L. USMC (ret.), interview with the author, December 11, 2011.
18. Niven, Capt. William L. USMC (ret.), Tarawa’s Gravediggers, 4.
19. Niven, Tarawa’s Gravediggers, 320–321.
20. Niven interview, December 11, 2011.
21. Akaka, US Sen. Daniel, letter to Alexandra Bonnyman Prejean, September 9, 2009.
22. Joint POW/Accounting Command (JPAC) 2010 Annual Report.
23. Niven interview, December 11, 2011.
24. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, October 29, 2011.
25. JPAC (source redacted), email (recipient redacted) July 15, 2010.
26. Tarawa Talk forum, tarawaontheweb.org, July 29, 2010.
27. Covert, Dennis, email to the author, August 3, 2010
28. Asian Development Bank, “Economic Costs of Inadequate Water and Sanitation, South Tarawa, Kiribati,” 2014
29. Rivers, Kelle, letter to the author, January 1, 1995
Four
1. McKeon, Robert, interview with the author, September 6, 2010.
2. Bonnyman, George Gordon, interview with G. Kurt Piehler and Tim Bracken, University of Tennessee Veteran’s Oral History Project, April 20, 2000.
3. Knoxville Journal, “University Of Kentucky To Honor Bonnyman,” May 23, 1950.
4. Knoxville Journal, “University Of Kentucky To Honor Bonnyman,” May 23, 1950.
5. Nelson, Kristi L. “War hero’s childhood home: Bonnyman family, staff resided in Kingston Pike mansion,” Knoxville News-Sentinel, May 20, 2012.
6. Leonard, R.M., editor, The Pageant of English Poetry: Being 1150 Poems and Extracts by 300 Authors, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911).
7. Headman, Mary, letter to Frances Bonnyman, August 26, 1932
8. McKeon interview, September 6, 2010.
9. Bonnyman, George Gordon, Jr., interview with the author, June 20, 2014.
10. Tate, Mary, interview with the author, August 11, 2015.
11. Friend, Craig Thompson, editor, Southern Masculinity: Perspectives on Manhood in the South Since Reconstruction, (Athens, Georgia, 2009).
12. New York Times, “Non-Flopping Student Trousers Evoke Praise from Coolidge,” November 24, 1927.
13. Almond, Steve. Against Football (Brooklyn, New York: Melville House, 2014), 19.
14. Gore, Frank, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., (undated) 1928
15. Van Schiack, A.G., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., May 20, 1947
16. Bonnyman, George Gordon, Piehler and Bracken interview.
17. US Marine Corps, memorandum recommending Alexander Bonnyman, Jr. for Officers’ Candidate School, October 5, 1942,
18. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Charles Scarlett, Jr., January 29, 1944
Five
1. Bale, Ed, interview with the author, July 13, 2011.
2. Bale interview.
3. Bale interview.
4. Moore, Katherine, interview with the author, June 4, 2011.
5. Kossow, Robert, interview with the author, June 28, 2015.
6. Evans, Frances Bonnyman, interview with the author, August 3, 2013.
7. Silliman, David, interview with the author, June 28, 2015.
8. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Lt. Gen. A.A. Vandegrift, January 17, 1944.
9. Faust, Drew Gilpin, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 100.
10. Poole, On Hallowed Ground, 145.
11. Colley, Safely Rest, 220.
12. Crane, David. Empires of the Dead: How One Man’s Vision Led to the Creation of WWI’s War Graves (New York: William Collins, 2013), passim.
13. Poole, On Hallowed Ground, 143.
14. Poole, On Hallowed Ground, 145.
15. Poole, On Hallowed Ground, 145.
16. Poole, On Hallowed Ground, 189.
17. Fussell, Paul. The Boys’ Crusade: The American Infantry in Northwestern Europe, 1944–1945. (New York: Modern Library, 2004.)
18. Trotter, Mildred. “Operations at Central Identification Laboratory,” US Army Graves Registration Service (AGRS), 1949.
19. Hylton, Vanished, 97.
20. Appy, Christian. American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity, (New York: Penguin Books, 2015.)
21. Title 32, Part 371, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office, Code of Federal Regulations, September 5, 1993.
22. US Government Accounting Office, “DOD’S POW/MIA MISSION: Top-Level Leadership Attention Needed to Resolve Longstanding Challenges in Accounting for Missing Persons from Past Conflicts,” July 17, 2013.
1. Perry, Lt. Col. Wayne, email to superior (name redacted), August 6, 2010.
2. Miller, Marc, interview with the author, January 24, 2011.
3. Miller interview, January 24, 2011.
4. Osorio, Maj. Ramon, audio recording by the author, August 11, 2010.
5. Osorio, Maj. Ramon, audio recording by the author, August 11, 2010.
6. Fujioka, Nobukatsu, Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho: Shihanbon (Tokyo, Fusosha, 2006). (Translated by Hana Y. Masters, July 29, 2011.)
7. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, 53.
8. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, “Tarawa Summary,” March 11, 2015.
9. Noah, Mark, email to the author, July 26, 2013.
10. New York Times, “Tarawa Foe Accused in Massacre of 22,” March 24, 1945.
11. Fox, Dr. Gregory, interview with the author, August 14, 2010.
12. Fox interview, August 14, 2010.
13. Fox interview, August 14, 2010.
14. Fox interview, August 14, 2010.
15. Shiok, Jeremy Edward. “JPAC Mission to Tarawa—August 2010,” self-published report, 2014.
16. Shiok report.
17. Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) public-affairs office (sender and recipient names redacted), August 31, 2010.
Seven
1. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, October 29, 2011.
2. Tabokai, Temoana, interview with the author, August 12, 2010 (translated by Kautebiri Kobuti).
3. Talu, Alaima, letter to Margaret Sullivan, June 24, 1999.
4. Tabokai interview, August 12, 2010.
5. Tabokai interview, August 12, 2010.
6. Shiok, Jeremy, interview with the author, August 13, 2010.
7. Sullivan, Margaret, interview with the author, August 16, 2010.
8. Niven, Bill, interview with the author, December 11, 2011.
9. Noah, Mark, email to JPAC, July 23, 2010.
10. Noah interview, March 11, 2011.
11. Noah email, May 13, 2011.
12. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, March 13, 2011.
13. Kiribati Ministry of Foreign Affairs, email to JPAC (recipient redacted), July 21, 2010.
14. JPAC official (name redacted), email to Mark Noah, August 4, 2010.
15. Belcher, Dr. Bill, interview with the author, September 6, 2015.
16. McAvoy, Audrey, “U.S. military finds 2 sets of remains in Tarawa,” Associated Press, September 22, 2010.
17. Rowlands, Ted, interview with the author, February 11, 2011.
18. Rowlands interview, February 11, 2011.
19. DPAA, “Tarawa Summary,” March 11, 2015. 152
Eight
1. Shiner, J.S. Foulois and the U.S. Army Air Corps: 1931–1935 (Office of Air Force History, 1983), 109.
2. Headman letter, August 26, 1932.
3. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, October 2, 1943.
4. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 187.
5. USMC general pay data record, November 25, 1942.
6. Young, Virgil L., Jr., USMC (ret.), interview with the author, August 25, 2015.
7. Prejean, Alix, interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
8. Prejean interview, August 16, 2015.
9. McKeon interview, September 6, 2010.
10. Russell, Josephine Bell, letter to Frances Bonnyman, April 1951 (no day specified).
11. Evans, Frances Bonnyman, interviews with the author, passim.
12. Evans interviews.
13. Russell letter, April 1951
14. Albuquerque Morning Journal, “Copper mine is operating near town of Pastura,” June 6, 1925.
15. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Josephine Bonnyman, December 8, 1942
16. Prejean interview, August 16, 2015.
17. Campos, Joseph, interview with the author, July 27, 2015.
18. US Marine Corps, “Report of physical examination,” November 23, 1942.
19. Santa Rosa News, “‘Sandy’ Bonnyman Wounded Saturday Following Argument,” March 14, 1941.
20. Santa Rosa News, “Damages Are Awarded in Santa Rosa Affair,” March 20, 1942.
21. Santa Rosa News, “‘Not Guilty’ is Verdict of Jury,” April 17, 1942.
22. Bonnyman, George Gordon, Piehler and Bracken interview.
23. Flores, Daniel, interview with author, July 27, 2015.
24. Evans, Fran Bonnyman, interview with the author, November 13, 2016.
25. Kisling, Leroy Jr., interview with the author, September 20, 2010.
26. Hitchens, Christopher, “Poor Old Willie,” The Atlantic, May 2004.
Nine
1. Clerou, George, email to the author, September 14, 2010.
2. Sheppard interview, August 18, 2010.
3. JPAC public-affairs officer (name redacted), email to JPAC official (name redacted), September 3, 2010.
4. JPAC public-affairs officer (name redacted), email (recipient name redacted), August 31, 2010.
5. Barber, Steven C., email to Cortland D. Joyce, February 6, 2012.
6. Barber, Steven C., email to Ken Moore, May 19, 2010.
7. Barber, Steven C., email to JPAC public-affairs office, October 27, 2010.
8. Miller, Marc, email to the author et al, May 29, 2012.
9. Scheck, Frank, “Until They Are Home: Film Review,” Hollywood Reporter, August 30, 2012.
10. Catsoulis, Jeannette, “The Fallen in 1943 Get an Audience in 2012,” New York Times, August 30, 2012.
11. Noah, Mark, History Flight 2011 Tarawa Trip Summary, 2.
12. Dostie, Paul, interview with the author, March 24, 2012.
13. Dostie, Paul, interview with the author, February 20, 2011.
14. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, April 10, 2011.
15. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, October 29, 2011.
16. Sears, David, “Bring the Fallen Home,” Air & Space, September 2015.
17. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, September 30, 2012.
18. Belcher interview, September 6, 2015.
19. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, February 7, 2015.
20. Belcher interview, September 6, 2015.
Ten
1. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Robert Sherrod, November 30, 1948.
2. Russell letter, April 1951.
3. Russell, James H., and Bonnyman, Alexander Jr., “Limited Partnership Agreement,’ June 29, 1942
4. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Josephine Bonnyman, December 8, 1942.
5. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, May 10, 1943.
6. Jackson, Col. Gilder D., Jr., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., May 30, 1944.
7. Bonnyman, Josephine, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., July 22, 1942.
8. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to France Berry Bonnyman Sept. 22, 1942.
9. Headquarters US Marine Corps, Circular Letter No. 602, August 31, 1942.
10. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Sandy Bonnyman, October 6, 1942.
11. Jackson letter, May 30, 1944.
12. Johnston, Richard W., Follow Me! The Story of the Second Marine Division in World War II, (New York: Random House, 1948.), 84.
13. Jackson letter, May 30, 1944.
14. Bonnyman, Sandy, V-Mail to Alexander, Sr. and Frances Berry Bonnyman, November 26, 1942.
15. New York Times, “The Engineers,” Sept. 17, 1943.
16. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, March 9, 1943.
17. Jackson letter, May 30, 1944.
18. Jackson letter, May 30, 1944.
19. Marston, Capt. John, letter to Hugh Matthews, February 12, 1943.
20. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Josephine Bonnyman, September 22, 1943.
21. Boos letter, April 20, 1944.
22. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Anne Atkinson, May 12, 1943.
23. An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Auckland 1966.
24. Bonnyman, Sandy, V-Mail to Frances Bonnyman, February 14, 1943.
25. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Anne Atkinson, May 12, 1943.
26. Bonnyman letter to Atkinson, May 12, 1943.
27. Kisling interview, March 26, 2011.
28. Griswold, Capt. Tracy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, July 31, 1952.
29. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, March 9, 1943.
30. Ornelas interview, May 13, 2015.
31. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, April 25, 1943.
32. Bonnyman letter, April 25, 1943.
33. Graham, Michael B. Mantle of Heroism: Tarawa and the Struggle for the Gilberts, November 1943. (Novato, California: Presidio, 1993). 111.
34. Johnston, Richard W., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., January 12, 1949.
1. Johnston, Follow Me!, 93.
2. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 6.
3. Johnston, Follow Me!, 98.
4. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Josephine Bonnyman, September 22, 1943.
5. Bonnyman letter, September 22, 1943.
6. Evans, Frances Bonnyman, interview with the author, June 18, 2014.
7. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Frances Bonnyman (daughter), April 25, 1943.
8. Bonnyman letter, October 2, 1943.
9. Bonnyman letter, October 2, 1943.
10. Bonnyman, Frances Berry, letter to James H. Russell, November 3, 1943.
11. Evans interview, August 23, 2013.
12. Bonnyman, Josephine, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., December 5, 1942.
13. Bonnyman, Sandy, letter to Clara Hood, October 4, 1943.
14. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Josephine Bonnyman, December 8, 1942.
15. Bonnyman letter, March 9, 1943.
16. Brown, Monte E., letter to HQ, Second Marine Division, July 27, 1943.
17. Bonnyman letter, September 22, 1943.
18. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 16.
19. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 93.
20. Johnston, Follow Me!, 102.
21. Russell, Josephine Bell, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, December 17, 1945.
22. Elrod, Col. Roy H. USMC (ret.), interview with the author, October 23, 2015.
23. Price, Harry, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, August 30, 1943.
24. Bonnyman letter, March 9, 1943.
25. Griswold letter, July 31, 1952.
26. Bonnyman letter, September 22, 1943.
27. Griswold letter, July 31, 1952.
28. Campbell, Mike. Amelia Earhart: The Truth at Last. (Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania: Sunbury Press, 2012).
29. New York Times, “Shoup defends Tarawa Tactics 20 Years After Marines’ Battle,” November 21, 1963.
30. New York Times, “Grim Tarawa Defense a Surprise, Eyewitness of Battle Reveals,” December 4, 1943.
31. Griswold letter, July 31, 1952.
Twelve
1. Hylton, Wil S., “The Long Road Back,” New York Times Magazine, November 24, 2013.
2. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, July 18, 2013.
3. Noah interview, March 25, 2013.
4. Owens, Darryl E. “Taps for man’s lost WWII cousin brings closure,” Sun Sentinel, May 27, 2013.
5. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, 60.
6. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 138.
7. Corbett, Kantaake Kerry, interview with the author, April 28, 2013.
8. Belcher interview, September 6, 2015.
Thirteen
1. Stockman, Capt. James R., The Battle for Tarawa (Quantico, Virginia: Historical Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, USMC, 1947), 29
2. After Action report, Headquarters, Second Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force, In the Field, December 23, 1943.
3. Alexander, Col. Joseph, USMC (ret.), “Across the Reef: The Marine Assault of Tarawa,” Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C., 1993.
4. Salazar, Lt. Col. Chester J., “Report of LTSPCO 2nd Marines,” December 22, 1943.
5. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 20.
6. Olson, Donald W., “The Tide at Tarawa,” Sky and Telescope, November 1987.
7. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 76.
8. Ladd, Lt. Col. Dean USMC (ret.), interview with the author, October 8, 2012.
9. Hart, Elwin B, interview with the author, August 28, 2015.
10. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 5.
11. Bale, Ed, interview with the author, July 14, 2013.
12. Salazar report, December 22, 1943.
13. Newcomb, Sgt. Obie Jr., letter to Edna Schneider, March 23, 1944.
14. Newcomb letter, March 23, 1944.
15. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 148.
16. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 140.
17. Johnston, Follow Me!, 132.
18. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa, 29.
19. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa, 33.
20. Salazar report, December 22, 1943.
21. Medal of Honor citation for Sandy Bonnyman.
22. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 187.
23. Newcomb, letter, March 23, 1944.
24. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa, 34.
25. USMC, “First Lieutenant Alexander Bonnyman,” January 16, 1947.
26. Medal of Honor citation for William Deane Hawkins.
27. Dent, J.L. Jr., letter to J.K. Dent, February 6, 1944.
28. Sheppard, Marvin, interview with the author, August 20, 2010.
29. Sherrod, Tarawa, 142.
30. Clampitt, Max, interview with the author, June 4, 2011.
31. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa, 41.
Fourteen
1. Elrod interview, October 23, 2015.
2. Hatch, Norman, interview with the author, July 15, 2010.
3. Elrod interview, October 23, 2015.
4. Hammel and Lane, 229.
5. Elrod interview, October 23, 2015.
6. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 188.
7. Alexander, Joseph, interview with the author, May 26, 2014.
8. Hammel and Lane, Bloody Tarawa, 233.
9. Szwet, Karl, interview with the author, June 15, 2014.
10. Newcomb, Sgt. Obie Jr., letter to Edna Schneider, May 23, 1944.
11. Elrod interview, October 23, 2015.
12. Elrod interview, October 23, 2015.
13. Sheppard interview, August 18, 2010.
14. Jackson, Col. Gilder D. Jr., letter to Josephine Bonnyman, January 4, 1944.
15. Jacobs, Bruce, “The Island Hoppers, The Story of the Second Marine Division,” Saga: True Adventures for Men, November 1955.
16. Shaw, Henry I. Tarawa: A Legend is Born, (New York: Ballantine, 1968), 115.
17. Manchester, William. Goodbye Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War (New York, 1979), 283.
18. Alexander, Col. Joseph, interview with the author, May 26, 2014.
19. Crowe, Maj. Henry P., Medal of Honor recommendation for Alexander Bonnyman, Jr., December 27, 1943.
20. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 188.
21. Alexander, Utmost Savagery, 190.
22. Hammel and Lee, Bloody Tarawa, 233.
23. Hammel, Eric and John E. Lane, “Third Day on Red Beach,” Marine Corps Gazette, November 1970. 22.
24. Niehoff, Harry, letter to Alix Prejean, October 1994.
25. Niehoff letter, October 1994.
26. Hammel and Lee, Bloody Tarawa, 234.
27. Niehoff, Harry, letter to Joseph Alexander, February 27, 1994.
28. Alexander, Joseph, letter to Fran Bonnyman Evans, April 5, 1994.
29. Niehoff letter, October 1994.
30. Sheppard interview, August 20, 2010.
31. Nimitz, Adm. C.W., Silver Star citation for Harry H.W. Niehoff.
32. Hedges, Chris, interview with the author, December 27, 2010.
33. Niehoff, Harry, letter to Alix Prejean, November 1994.
34. Niehoff letter, November 1994.
Fifteen
1. Stockman, The Battle of Tarawa, 47.
2. Alexander, “Across the Reef: The Marine Assault of Tarawa.”
3. Niven interview, December 11, 2011.
4. New York Times, “Scenes of Horror Remain on Betio,” November 28, 1943.
5. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa. 14.
6. Newcomb, Sgt. Obie Jr., letter to Edna Schneider, May 7, 1944.
7. Newcomb letter, May 7, 1944.
8. Boos letter, April 20, 1944.
9. Sheppard interview, August 18, 2010.
10. The Center for the Study of War and Society, “War Stories: Kyle Campbell Moore: Homegrown Hero,” University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Fall 2010. 1–2.
11. Moore, Katherine, interview with the author, June 4, 2011.
12. “Kyle Campbell Moore: Homegrown Hero,” 2.
13. Moore interview, June 4, 2011.
14. Moore interview, June 4, 2011.
15. Moore interview, June 4, 2011.
16. DPAA, report on Alexander Bonnyman, Jr., May 2015.
1. Niven interview, December 11, 2012.
2. Emmons, Mark, “Search for World War II hero’s remains hinges on South Bay man’s research,” San Jose Mercury News, August 14, 2013.
3. Belcher interview, September 6, 2015.
4. Noah interview, July 18, 2013.
5. Burns, Robert, “MIA work ‘acutely dysfunctional,” Associated Press, July 7, 2013.
6. Burns, “MIA work ‘acutely dysfunctional.”
7. McCloskey, Megan, “The World War II Hero America Abandoned,” ProPublica, March 21, 2014.
8. US Government Accounting Office, “DOD’S POW/MIA MISSION: Top-Level Leadership Attention Needed to Resolve Longstanding Challenges in Accounting for Missing Persons from Past Conflicts,” July 17, 2013.
9. Dedman, Bill, “Pentagon unit held ‘phony’ ceremonies for MIAs, using planes that can’t fly,” NBCnews.com, October 10, 2013.
10. Baker, Kristen N., interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
11. Baker interview, August 16, 2015.
12. Baker interview, August 16, 2015.
13. Baker interview, August 16, 2015.
14. Global Post, “Kiribati president says climate change is shrinking his country,” September 4, 2013
15. Tong, President Anote, interview with the author, November 20, 2013.
16. Hylton, “The Long Road Back.”
17. Hewitt, Anthony, email to the author, December 13, 2013.
Seventeen
1. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Fred E. Gore et al, January 26 1944.
2. Clerou, Capt. Joseph, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., January 15, 1944.
3. Newcomb, Sgt. Obie Jr., letter to Alexander and Frances Bonnyman, May 27, 1944.
4. Spellman, Archbishop Francis, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, January 17, 1944.
5. Russell, James H., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, February 3, 1943 (sic; 1944).
6. Clerou, Capt. Joseph, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Jr., February 17, 1944.
7. Stanley, Isabel Bonnyman, “I Was a War Baby,” unpublished.
8. Bonnyman, Frances Berry, letter to Josephine Russell, August 5, 1946.
9. Bonnyman, Josephine, telegram to Lt. Gen. Thomas Holcomb, January 2, 1944.
10. Stanley, “I Was a War Baby.”
11. Russell, Josephine, letter to Frances Bonnyman, March 4, 1944.
12. Russell letter, March 4, 1944.
13. Bell, Blanche Brown, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, May 24, 1944.
14. McKeon interview, September 6, 2010.
15. Bonnyman, George Gordon, letter to Isabel Bonnyman, March 20, 1944.
16. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to 2nd Lt. M.G. Craig, April 6, 1944.
17. Casualty card for Alexander Bonnyman, Jr.
18. Craig, 2nd Lt. M.G., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., March 27, 1944.
19. Commanding General FMF Pacific to Commandant of the Marine Corps, memorandum, April 24, 1945.
20. Craig, 2nd Lt. M.G., letter to Josephine Bonnyman, January 5, 1944.
21. Routh, Lt. Col. D., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., June 6, 1946.
22. Noah, The Lost Graves of Tarawa, 11.
23. Allen, Donald K. DVM, “Betio Cemetery—Tarawa’s Missing in Action,” tarawatheaftermath.com.
24. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to Father C.P. Murray, November 6, 1946.
25. McGuire, Bob, letter to the editor, Life, July 7, 1947.
26. McGuire, Bob, letter to Clara Hood, November 4, 1947.
27. Bonnyman, George Gordon, letter to AGRS Officer, September 22, 1947.
28. Heil, Lt. Col. John H. Jr., letter to George Gordon Bonnyman, October 30, 1947.
29. Robinson, Lt. H.H., “Dental Officer’s Report on Identification Operation on Tarawa,” May 31, 1946.
30. “Tarawa Summary, Invasion Casualties,” DPAA, March 11, 2015.
31. Eisensmith, 1st Lt. Ira, memorandum to Chief, Memorial Branch, Quartermaster Section, Army Forces, Middle Pacific, July 3, 1946.
32. Shoup, Col. David M., letter to Gen. Julian C. Smith, September 4, 1946
33. Smith, Gen. Julian C., letter to Col. David M. Shoup, August 31, 1946.
34. Marine Quartermaster General’s Memorial Branch “Discrepancy Cases—Tarawa 8 June 1950.”
35. Proceedings of AGRS Board of Review, February 28, 1949.
36. Marsden, Lt. (jg) W.E., memorandum to Commandant, US Marine Corps, October 4, 1949.
37. Newcomb, Sgt. Obie Jr., letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., July 15, 1945.
38. Bonnyman, George Gordon, letter to Leroy Kain, December 28, 1965.
39. Kain, Leroy, letter to George Gordon Bonnyman, January 14, 1966.
40. Bonnyman, Alexander (son of George Gordon Bonnyman), interviews with the author, passim.
41. Biddle, Attorney General Francis, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., January 14, 1944.
42. Sherrod, Robert, letter to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., March 22, 1948.
43. Nierle, President James E., Navy Department Board of Decorations and Medals, email, March 29, 2015.
44. Vandegrift, Lt. Gen. A.A., letter to Josephine Bell Russell, May 10, 1944
45. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to John W. Gunn, November 7, 1946.
46. Russell, Josephine, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, undated.
47. Vandegrift, Gen. A.A., letter to Josephine Bell Russell, October 23, 1946.
48. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to John W. Gunn, November 7, 1946.
Eighteen
1. Hylton, “The Long Road Back,” 32.
2. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, February 7, 2015.
3. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, February 7, 2015.
4. Noah interview, February 7, 2015.
5. Frye, John, interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
6. Editorial Board, “Illinois Marines who died 72 years apart are mourned this Memorial Day,” Chicago Tribune, May 25, 2015.
7. Dedman, Bill, “Pentagon reorganizes effort to ID MIAs after NBC News series,” NBCNews.com, March 31, 2014.
8. Baker, Kristen N., interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
9. Baker interview, August 16, 2015.
10. Baker interview, August 16, 2015.
11. Niven, Tarawa’s Gravediggers, 213.
12. Noah, Mark, interview with the author, June 5, 2015.
13. Baker, Kristen N., interview with the author, May 20, 2015.
14. Baker interview, May 18, 2015.
Nineteen
1. Sherrod, Robert, telegram to Alexander Bonnyman, Sr., November 21, 1948.
2. Bonnyman, George Gordon, Piehl and Bracken interview, 53.
3. McKeon interview, September 6, 2010.
4. Colley, Safely Rest, 6.
5. Gomez, Capt. Don, interview with the author, June 16, 2011.
6. Hemingway, Ernest and Hemingway, Sean (editor), Hemingway on War (New York: Scribner, 2004).
7. Hathaway, William T., interview with the author, December 9, 2010.
8. Bell, Blanche Brown, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, May 24, 1944.
9. Prejean, Alix and Evans, Frances Bonnyman, interviews with the author, passim.
10. Prejean, Alix, interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
11. Russell letter, April 1951.
12. McAllister, Margot, interview with the author, June 19, 2014.
13. Santa Fe New Mexican, obituary for James H. Russell, September 3, 2000.
14. Bonnyman, Alexander, Sr., letter to John J. Rowe, November 7, 1946.
15. Bonnyman, George Gordon, Piehler and Bracken interview.
16. Prejean, Alix, interview with the author, August 16, 2015.
Twenty
1. Muster roll for 2nd Marine Division, 2nd Battalion, 18th Regiment, November 30, 1943.
2. Parsons, Hillary, “Biological Profile Report: HF-2015-028,” June 19, 2015.
3. Parsons, Hillary, interview with the author, February 23, 2016.
4. Freas, Laurel, “Forensic Anthropology Report: CIL, 2015-125-I-22,” DPAA, August 10, 2015.
5. Baker, Kristen N., email to the author, August 27, 2015.
6. Reedy, Capt. Edward A., email to the author, September 18, 2015.
7. Reedy email, September 18, 2015.
8. Alexander interview, May 23, 2014.
9. Clerou George, email to the author, October 21, 2010.
10. Wright, Derrick, Tarawa, 20–23 November 1943: A Hell of a Way to Die, (London: Windrow & Greene, 1997), 151–152.
11. McCloskey, “The World War II Hero America Abandoned.”
Twenty-One
1. Boylan, Rich, interview with the author, November 30, 2014.
2. Rasdorf, Katherine T., interview with the author, August 13, 2014.
3. Jowdy, Laura S., email to the author, April 7, 2014.
4. Salazar, Lt. Col. Chester, officer fitness report on Alexander Bonnyman, Jr., October 1, 1943.
5. Boylan, Rich, interview with the author, October 7, 2014.
6. Minutes, Horne Board January-September 1946.
7. Hammel, Eric, email to the author, June 26, 2013.
8. Horne board minutes, January 8, 1946.
9. Horne board minutes, January 11, 1946.
10. Horne board minutes, June14, 1946.
11. Nierle email, March 29, 2015.
12. Nierle email, March 29, 2015.
13. Reid, Cmdr. J. Gordon USN, letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, September 28, 1946.
14. Reid letter, September 28, 1946.
15. US Marine Corps, memorandum to CINCPAC (Commander in Chief, Pacific Command), October 10, 1944.
16. Shoup, Gen. David M. with James A. Donovan, “The New American Militarism,” Atlantic Monthly (April 1969), 51–56.
17. Shoup, Gen. David M., hand-written note “The New American Militarism,” David M. Shoup archives, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
18. Astore, William, interview with the author, July 6, 2014.
19. Bonnyman, Frances Berry, letter to Col. David M. Shoup, October 3, 1946.
20. Bonnyman letter, October 3, 1946.
21. Bonnyman, Alexander Sr., letter to Col. David M. Shoup, January 24, 1947.
22. Shoup, Col. David M., letter to Frances Berry Bonnyman, March 24, 1947.
23. Shoup letter, March 24, 1947.
Twenty-Two
1. Stone, Rick, letter to the author, October 11, 2012.
2. Senn, David R., “Forensic Odontology Report: HF-2015-028,” June 17, 2015.
3. Senn report, June 17, 2015.
4. Linnington, Lt. Gen. Michael S., telephone conversation with the author, June 26, 2015.
5. Walker, Dr. Chet, interview with the author, February 23, 2016.
6. Prejean, Alix, interview with the author, June 4, 2010.
7. Miller, Michael E., “Golden ending: How one man discovered his war hero grandfather’s long lost grave,” Washington Post, July 2, 2015.
8. Headman letter, August 26, 1932.
9. Banks letter, February 29, 1944.
10. Boling, Sgt. Justin M., “Never left behind, forgotten: Honorary Marine recognized for bringing brothers home,” US Marine Corps, July 26, 2015.