Chapter 1: The Six Pillars of Support for the Plant-Based Solution
1. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture, 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 8th ed, December 2015, health.gov/dietary-guidelines/2015/.
2. V. Melina, W. Craig, and S. Levin, “Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116, no. 12 (December 2016): 1970–80, doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025.
3. “Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation (ICR) Programs,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, last modified August 18, 2015, cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-General-Information/MedicareApprovedFacilitie/ICR.html.
4. “U.S. News & World Report Reveals the 2016 Best Diets Rankings,” U.S. News & World Report, January 5, 2016, usnews.com/info/blogs/press-room/2016/01/05/us-news-reveals-the-2016-best-diets-rankings.
5. “Ornish Diet,” U.S. News & World Report, accessed 5/22/17, health.usnews.com/best-diet/ornish-diet.
6. Phillip J. Tuso et al., “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets,” The Permanente Journal 17, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 61–66, doi: 10.7812/TPP/12-085; Kaiser Permanente, The Plant-Based Diet Booklet, accessed 5/22/17, share.kaiserpermanente.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The-Plant-Based-Diet-booklet.pdf.
7. Dagfinn Aune et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Total Cancer and All-Cause Mortality—A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies,” International Journal of Epidemiology (2017): 1–28, doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw319.
Chapter 2: The Heart of the Matter
1. W. Kempner et al., “Treatment of Massive Obesity with Rice/Reduction Diet Program: An Analysis of 106 Patients with at Least a 45-kg Weight Loss,” Archives of Internal Medicine 135, no. 12 (December 1975): 1575–84, doi:10.1001/archinte.1975.00330120053008.
2. L. M. Morrison, “Reduction of Mortality Rate in Coronary Atherosclerosis by a Low Cholesterol–Low Fat Diet,” American Heart Journal 42, no. 4 (October 1951): 538–45, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(51)90150-0.
3. R. J. Barnard et al., “Long-Term Use of a High-Complex-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber, Low-Fat Diet and Exercise in the Treatment of NIDDM Patients,” Diabetes Care 6, no. 3 (May–June 1983): 268–73, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6307614.
4. D. Ornish et al., “Effects of Stress Management Training and Dietary Changes in Treating Ischemic Heart Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association 249, no. 1 (January 1983): 54–59, doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330250034024.
5. D. Ornish et al., “Can Lifestyle Changes Reverse Coronary Heart Disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial,” The Lancet 336, no. 8708 (July 1990): 129–33, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91656-U.
6. D. Ornish et al., “Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 23 (December 1998): 2001–07, doi:10.1001/jama.280.23.2001.
7. Ibid.
8. C. B. Esselstyn, Jr., et al., “A Way to Reverse CAD?” The Journal of Family Practice 63, no. 7 (July 2014): 356–64b, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198208.
9. “Saturated Fats,” American Heart Association, last updated March 24, 2017, healthyforgood.heart.org/Eat-smart/Articles/Saturated-Fats.
10. Ibid.
11. J. T. Sutliffe et al., “Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Dietary Intervention Effective at Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Worksites: A Pilot Study,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 22, no. 5 (September 2016): 32–36, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27622958.
12. R. A. Vogel, M. C. Corretti, and G. D. Plotnick, “Effect of a Single High-Fat Meal on Endothelial Function in Healthy Subjects,” American Journal of Cardiology 79, no. 3 (February 1997): 350–54, doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00760-6.
13. C. E. Cho et al., “Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) Response to Animal Source Foods Varies Among Healthy Young Men and Is Influenced by Their Gut Microbiota Composition: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61, no. 1 (January 2017), doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600324.
Chapter 3: The Sweet News about Diabetes
1. “More than 29 Million Americans Have Diabetes; 1 in 4 Doesn’t Know It,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 10, 2014, cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0610-diabetes-report.html.
2. “Prediabetes: Could It Be You?” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/prediabetes-infographic.pdf.
3. Joseph L. Dieleman et al., “US Spending on Personal Health Care and Public Health, 1996–2013,” Journal of the American Medical Association 316, no. 24 (December 2016): 2627–46, doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16885.
4. J. Shirley Sweeney, “Dietary Factors That Influence the Dextrose Tolerance Test: A Preliminary Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine 40, no. 6 (1927): 818–30, doi:10.1001/archinte.1927.00130120077005.
5. Gerald I. Shulman, “Ectopic Fat in Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiometabolic Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 371 (2014): 1131–41, doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1011035.
6. N. D. Barnard et al., “A Low-Fat Vegan Diet Improves Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care 29, no 8 (August 2006): 1777–83, doi: 10.2337/dc06-0606.
7. D. A. Snowdon and R. L. Phillips, “Does a Vegetarian Diet Reduce the Occurrence of Diabetes?” American Journal of Public Health 75, no. 5 (May 1985): 507–12, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.75.5.507.
8. A. Vang et al., “Meats, Processed Meats, Obesity, Weight Gain and Occurrence of Diabetes Among Adults: Findings from Adventist Health Studies,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 52, no. 2 (March 2008): 96–104, doi: 10.1159/000121365.
9. S. Tonstad et al., “Type of Vegetarian Diet, Body Weight, and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care 32, no. 5 (May 2009): 791–96, doi:10.2337/dc08-1886.
10. A. Pan et al., “Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: 3 Cohorts of US Adults and an Updated Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 4 (October 2011): 1088–96, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018978.
11. M. B. Schulze et al., “Processed Meat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Younger and Middle-Aged Women,” Diabetologia 46, no. 11 (November 2003): 1465–73, doi: 10.1007/s00125-003-1220-7.
12. Ibid.
13. M. Kaushik et al., “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Fish Intake, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (September 2009): 613–20, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27424.
14. S. H. Ley et al., “Associations Between Red Meat Intake and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Glucose Metabolism in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99, no. 2 (February 2014): 352–60, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.075663.
15. S. H. Holt, J. C. Miller, and P. Petocz, “An Insulin Index of Foods: The Insulin Demand Generated by 1000-kJ Portions of Common Foods,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, no. 5 (November 1997): 1264–76, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9356547.
16. N. E. Allen et al., “The Associations of Diet with Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Its Main Binding Proteins in 292 Women Meat-Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vegans,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 11, no. 11 (November 2002): 1441–48, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12433724.
17. M. F. McCarty, J. Barroso-Aranda, and F. Contreras, “The Low-Methionine Content of Vegan Diets May Make Methionine Restriction Feasible as a Life Extension Strategy,” Medical Hypotheses 72, no. 2 (February 2009): 125–28, doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.044.
18. W. H. Tang et al., “Increased Trimethylamine N-Oxide Portends High Mortality Risk Independent of Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 1 (January 2017): 297–306, doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263640.
19. Stefan A. Ljunggren et al., “Persistent Organic Pollutants Distribution in Lipoprotein Fractions in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer,” Environment International 65 (April 2014): 93–99, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.017.
20. L. Jiao et al., “Dietary Consumption of Meat, Fat, Animal Products and Advanced Glycation End-Products and the Risk of Barrett’s Oesophagus,” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38, no. 7 (October 2013): 817–24, doi: 10.1111/apt.12459.
21. David Spero, “Do You Know Your Insulin Level?” Diabetes Self-Management (blog), October 23, 2013, diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/do-you-know-your-insulin-level/.
22. A. E. Bunner et al., “A Dietary Intervention for Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study,” Nutrition & Diabetes 5 (May 2015): e158, doi: 10.1038/nutd.2015.8.
23. Dean Ornish, “A Radical Alternative for Democrats and Republicans,” Huffington Post (blog), August 29, 2012, updated October 29, 2012, huffingtonpost.com/dr-dean-ornish/health-care-costs-treat-causes-symptom-prevention_b_1833789.html.
24. Teresa T. Fung et al., “Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Two Cohort Studies,” Annals of Internal Medicine 153, no. 5 (September 7, 2010): 289–98, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003.
Chapter 4: Slim and Trim
1. “Adult Obesity in the United States,” The State of Obesity website, last modified September 1, 2016, stateofobesity.org/adult-obesity/.
2. G. M. Turner-McGrievy, N. D. Barnard, and A. R. Scialli, “A Two-Year Randomized Weight Loss Trial Comparing a Vegan Diet to a More Moderate Low-Fat Diet,” Obesity 15, no. 9 (September 2007): 2276–81, doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.270.
3. S. Mishra et al., “A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of a Plant-Based Nutrition Program to Reduce Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk in the Corporate Setting: The GEICO Study,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 7 (July 2013): 718–24, doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.92.
4. R. Y. Huang et al., “Vegetarian Diets and Weight Reduction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 2016): 109–16, doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3390-7.
5. G. M. Turner-McGrievy et al., “Comparative Effectiveness of Plant-Based Diets for Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Five Different Diets,” Nutrition 31, no. 2 (February 2015): 350–58, doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002.
6. S. Tonstad et al., “Type of Vegetarian Diet, Body Weight, and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care 32, no. 5 (May 2009): 791–96, doi:10.2337/dc08-1886.
7. Keith Ayoob, “Op-Ed: Penn Jillette’s Weight Loss Wasn’t Magic,” MedPage Today (blog), May 12, 2015, medpagetoday.com/Blogs/EdibleRx/51487.
Chapter 5: High on Plants for Low Blood Pressure
1. “High Blood Pressure Facts,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified November 30, 2016, cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.
2. M. H. Forouzanfar et al., “Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015,” The Lancet 388, no. 10053 (October 2016): 1659–1724, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8.
3. G. Fraser et al., “Vegetarian Diets and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Black Members of the Adventist Health Study-2,” Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 3 (February 2015): 537–45, doi: 10.1017/S1368980014000263.
4. B. J. Pettersen et al., “Vegetarian Diets and Blood Pressure Among White Subjects: Results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2),” Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 10 (October 2012): 1909–16, doi: 10.1017/S1368980011003454.
5. J. McDougall et al., “Effects of 7 Days on an Ad Libitum Low-Fat Vegan Diet: The McDougall Program Cohort,” Nutrition Journal 13 (October 2014): 99, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-99.
6. P. N. Appleby, G. K. Davey, and T. J. Key, “Hypertension and Blood Pressure Among Meat Eaters, Fish Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in EPIC-Oxford,” Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 5 (October 2002): 645–54, doi:10.1079/PHN2002332.
Chapter 6: Hello Plants, Goodbye Cholesterol
1. “2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines: Answers to Your Questions,” United States Department of Agriculture, last modified January 7, 2016, choosemyplate.gov/2015-2020-dietary-guidelines-answers-your-questions.
2. D. J. Jenkins et al., “Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods vs Lovastatin on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein,” Journal of the American Medical Association 290, no. 4 (July 23, 2003): 502–10, doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.502.
3. K. E. Bradbury et al., “Serum Concentrations of Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B in a Total of 1694 Meat Eaters, Fish Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 2 (February 2014): 178–83, doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.248.
4. Mishra et al., “The GEICO Study,” 718–24.
5. A. Kuchta et al., “Impact of Plant-Based Diet on Lipid Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis,” Cardiology Journal 23, no. 2 (2016): 141–48, doi:10.5603/CJ.a2016.0002.
6. A. Malhotra, “Saturated Fat Is Not the Major Issue,” British Medical Journal 347 (October 2013): f6340, doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6340.
7. P. W. Siri-Tarino et al., “Saturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Modulation by Replacement Nutrients,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12, no. 6 (November 2010): 384–90, doi: 10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6; R. Estruch et al., “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet, New England Journal of Medicine 368, no. 14 (April 4, 2013): 1279–90, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303.
8. Fung et al, “Low-Carbohydrate Diets,” 289–98.
Chapter 7: Grow Plants Not Cancer Cells
1. “Cancer Statistics,” National Cancer Institute, last modified March 27, 2017, cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Xu Jiaquan et al., “Mortality in the United States, 2015,” NCHS Data Brief No. 267, December 2016, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm.
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “IARC Monographs Evaluate Consumption of Red Meat and Processed Meat,” press release, October 26, 2015, iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf.
6. Peter Whoriskey, “Hot Dogs, Bacon and Other Processed Meats Cause Cancer, World Health Organization Declares,” The Washington Post, October 26, 2015, washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/10/26/hot-dogs-bacon-and-other-processed-meats-cause-cancer-world-health-organization-declares.
7. T. A. Hastert and E. White, “Association Between Meeting the WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and Colorectal Cancer Incidence: Results from the VITAL Cohort, Cancer Causes & Control 27, no. 11 (November 2016): 1347–59, doi: 10.1007/s10552-016-0814-6.
8. Ibid.
9. “Colorectal Facts & Figures,” American Cancer Society, accessed 5/22/17, cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/colorectal-cancer-facts-figures.
10. D. Ornish et al., “Intensive Lifestyle Changes May Affect the Progression of Prostate Cancer, Journal of Urology 174, no. 3 (September 2005): 1065–69, doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000169487.49018.73.
11. Y. Tantamango-Bartley et al., “Are Strict Vegetarians Protected Against Prostate Cancer?” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 1 (January 2016): 153–60, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.106450.
12. M. J. Orlich et al., “Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Cancers,” JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 5 (May 2015): 767–76, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.59.
13. T. J. Key et al., “Cancer in British Vegetarians: Updated Analyses of 4998 Incident Cancers in a Cohort of 32,491 Meat Eaters, 8612 Fish Eaters, 18,298 Vegetarians, and 2246 Vegans,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. S1 (July 2014): S378–S85, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071266.
14. Jane V. Higdon et al, “Cruciferous Vegetables and Human Cancer Risk: Epidemiologic Evidence and Mechanistic Basis,” Pharmacological Research 55, no. 3 (March 2007): 224–36, doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009.
15. M. Dinu et al., “Vegetarian, Vegan Diets and Multiple Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57, no. 17 (November 2017): 3640–49, doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447.
Chapter 8: Beans Not Butter for Better Brains
1. “The Swank Low-Fat Diet for the Treatment of MS,” The Swank MS Foundation, accessed 5/22/17, swankmsdiet.org/the-diet.
2. R. L. Swank and B. B. Dugan, “Effect of Low Saturated Fat Diet in Early and Late Cases of Multiple Sclerosis,” The Lancet 336, no. 8706 (July 7, 1990): 37–39, doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91533-G.
3. R. L. Swank and J. Goodwin, “Review of MS Patient Survival on a Swank Low Saturated Fat Diet,” Nutrition 19, no. 2 (February 2003): 161–62, doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00851-1.
4. P. Riccio, “The Molecular Basis of Nutritional Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 19, no. 4 (August 2011): 228–37, doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2011.06.006.
5. M. A. Kadoch, “Is the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Headed in the Wrong Direction?” The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 39, no. 3 (May 2012): 405, doi: 10.1017/S0317167100022241.
6. John McDougall, “Results of the Diet & Multiple Sclerosis Study,” The McDougall Newsletter, July 31, 2014, drmcdougall.com/2014/07/31/results-of-the-diet-multiple-sclerosis-study.
7. L. T. Le and J Sabaté, “Beyond Meatless, the Health Effects of Vegan Diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts,” Nutrients 6, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 2131–47, doi: 10.3390/nu6062131.
8. P. Giem, W. L. Beeson, and G. E. Fraser, “The Incidence of Dementia and Intake of Animal Products: Preliminary Findings from the Adventist Health Study,” Neuroepidemiology 12, no. 1 (1993): 28–36, doi:10.1159/000110296.
9. N. D. Barnard et al., “Dietary and Lifestyle Guidelines for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurobiology of Aging 35, no. S2 (September 2014): S74–78, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.033.
10. B. L. Beezhold and C. S. Johnston, “Restriction of Meat, Fish, and Poultry in Omnivores Improves Mood: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial,” Nutrition Journal 11 (February 14, 2012): 9, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-9.
11. S. P. Shah and J. E. Duda, “Dietary Modifications in Parkinson’s Disease: A Neuroprotective Intervention?” Medical Hypotheses 85, no. 6 (December 2015): 1002–05, doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.018.
12. R. D. Abbott et al., “Frequency of Bowel Movements and the Future Risk of Parkinson’s Disease,” Neurology 57, no. 3 (August 14, 2001): 456–62, doi:10.1212/WNL.57.3.456.
13. M. A. Sanjoaquin et al., “Nutrition and Lifestyle in Relation to Bowel Movement Frequency: A Cross-Sectional Study of 20630 Men and Women in EPIC-Oxford,” Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 1 (February 2004): 77–83, doi: 10.1079/PHN2003522.
14. Shah and Duda, “Dietary Modifications in Parkinson’s Disease,” 1002–05.
Chapter 9: Grow Plants Not Autoimmune Diseases
1. B. He et al., “Resetting Microbiota by Lactobacillus Reuteri Inhibits T Reg Deficiency-Induced Autoimmunity via Adenosine A2A Receptors,” The Journal of Experimental Medicine 214, no. 1 (January 2017): 107–23, doi:10.1084/jem.20160961.
2. J. M. Lyte, N. K. Gabler, and J. H. Hollis, “Postprandial Serum Endotoxin in Healthy Humans Is Modulated by Dietary Fat in a Randomized, Controlled, Cross-Over Study,” Lipids in Health and Disease 15, no. 1 (November 5, 2016): 186, doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0357-6.
3. L. Oates et al., “Reduction in Urinary Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Adults After a Week-Long Organic Diet,” Environmental Research 132 (July 2014): 105–11, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.021.
4. Jörgen Magnér et al., Human Exposure to Pesticides from Food: A Pilot Study (Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 2015), coop.se/PageFiles/430210/Coop%20Ekoeffekten_Rapport_eng.pdf.
5. S. Tonstad et al., “Prevalence of Hyperthyroidism According to Type of Vegetarian Diet,” Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 8 (June 2015): 1482–87, doi: 10.1017/S1368980014002183.
6. S. Tonstad et al., “Vegan Diets and Hypothyroidism,” Nutrients 5, no. 11 (November 20, 2013): 4642–52, doi: 10.3390/nu5114642.
Chapter 10: Plant-Powered GI and Kidney Systems
1. P. Jantchou et al., “Animal Protein Intake and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The E3N Prospective Study,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 105, no. 10 (October 2010): 2195–201, doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.192.
2. M. Chiba et al., “Lifestyle-Related Disease in Crohn’s Disease: Relapse Prevention by a Semi-Vegetarian Diet,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 20 (May 28, 2010): 2484–95, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i20.2484.
3. Y. Tantamango-Bartley et al., “Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer in a Low-Risk Population,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 22, no. 2 (February 2013): 286–94, doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1060.
4. F. L. Crowe et al., “Diet and Risk of Diverticular Disease in Oxford Cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): Prospective Study of British Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians,” British Medical Journal 343 (July 19, 2011): d4131, doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4131.
5. V. Wiwanitkit, “Renal Function Parameters of Thai Vegans Compared with Non-Vegans,” Renal Failure 29, no. 2 (2007): 219–20, doi:10.1080/08860220601098912.
6. J. Lin, F. B. Hu, and G. C. Curhan, “Associations of Diet with Albuminuria and Kidney Function Decline,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5, no. 5 (May 2010): 836–43, doi: 10.2215/CJN.08001109.
7. Ibid.
8. S. M. Moe et al., “Vegetarian Compared with Meat Dietary Protein Source and Phosphorus Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, no. 2 (February 2011): 257–64, doi:10.2215/CJN.05040610.
9. B. W. Turney et al., “Diet and Risk of Kidney Stones in the Oxford Cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC),” European Journal of Epidemiology 29, no. 5 (May 2014): 363–69, doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9904-5.
Chapter 11: Fifty Shades of Green with Plants and Sex
1. “FOK Releases ‘Raise the Flag with a Vegan Diet’ about Sexual Dysfunction,” Forks Over Knives (blog), January 24, 2012, forksoverknives.com/fok-releases-raising-the-flag-with-a-vegan-diet-about-sexual-dysfunction.
2. Bolaji Oyetunde Oyelade et al., “Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Possible Risk Factors Among Men of South-Western Nigeria: A Population Based Study,” The Pan African Medical Journal 24 (2016): 124, doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.124.8660.
3. A. Cassidy, M. Franz, and E. B. Rimm, “Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Incidence of Erectile Dysfunction,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 2 (February 2016): 534–41, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.122010.
4. K. Esposito et al., “Mediterranean Diet Improves Erectile Function in Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome,” International Journal of Impotence Research 18, no. 4 (July–August 2006): 405–10, doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901447.
Chapter 12: The Garden of Youth
1. D. Ornish et al., “Increased Telomerase Activity and Comprehensive Lifestyle Changes: A Pilot Study,” The Lancet Oncology 9, no. 11 (November 2008): 1048–57, doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70234-1.
2. D. Ornish et al., “Changes in Prostate Gene Expression in Men Undergoing an Intensive Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 24 (June 17, 2008): 8369–74, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803080105.
3. D. L. Ellsworth et al., “Intensive Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Induces Sustainable Changes in Expression of Genes and Pathways Important to Vascular Function,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 7, no. 2 (April 2014): 151–60, doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.113.000121.
4. J. A. Monro, R. Leon, and B. K. Puri, “The Risk of Lead Contamination in Bone Broth Diets,” Medical Hypotheses 80, no. 4 (April 2013): 389–90, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.026.
5. J. Cha, A. Niedzwiecki, and M. Rath, “Hypoascorbemia Induces Atherosclerosis and Vascular Deposition of Lipoprotein(A) in Transgenic Mice,” American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 53–62, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064792.
6. O. Castañer et al., “In Vivo Transcriptomic Profile After a Mediterranean Diet in High-Cardiovascular Risk Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98, no. 3 (September 2013): 845–53, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.060582.
Chapter 13: Plants, the Plight of Animals, and World Religions
1. Carrie Hribar, Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities, ed. Mark Schultz (Bowling Green, Ohio: National Association of Local Boards of Health, 2010), cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/understanding_cafos_nalboh.pdf.
2. “Factory Farming: The Truth Behind the Barn Doors,” Last Chance for Animals, accessed 5/22/17, lcanimal.org/index.php/campaigns/other-issues/factory-farming.
3. “The Best Speech You Will Ever Hear—Gary Yourofsky,” YouTube video, 1:10:22, from a speech made at Georgia Tech in 2010, posted by “TheAnimalHolocaust,” December 22, 2010, youtube.com/watch?v=es6U00LMmC4&sns=fb.
4. Adaptt: Animals Deserve Absolute Protection Today and Tomorrow, website of Gary Yourofsky, adaptt.org.
5. C. Radnitz, B. Beezhold, and J. DiMatteo, “Investigation of Lifestyle Choices of Individuals Following a Vegan Diet for Health and Ethical Reasons,” Appetite 90 (July 2015): 31–36, doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026.
6. Human Rights Code, R.S.O., chapter H.19 (1990) (Ontario, Can.), ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h19.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. The Daniel Plan, website of the lifestyle program of the same name, danielplan.com.
10. “Living a Healthful Life,” Seventh-day Adventist Church website, accessed 5/22/17, adventist.org/en/vitality/health.
11. Jesus People for Animals, PETA, jesuspeopleforanimals.com or petalambs.com.
12. Richard C. Foltz, “Is Vegetarianism Un-Islamic?” Studies in Contemporary Islam 3, no. 1 (2001): 39–54, reposted on Animals in Islam, PETA, animalsinislam.com/islam-animal-rights/vegetarianism-un-islamic.
13. Shabkar, website dedicated to vegetarianism for Buddhists, last modified March 17, 2017, shabkar.org.
14. “Jainism,” Hinduwebsite.com, accessed 5/22/17, hinduwebsite.com/jainism/jainindex.asp.
15. “North America: Early 20th Century/Albert Einstein (1879–1955),” International Vegetarian Union, accessed 5/22/17, ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html.
16. “Sir Paul McCartney Narrates ‘Glass Walls,’” Action Centre page, PETA UK, accessed 5/22/17, action.peta.org.uk/ea-action/action?ea.client.id=5&ea.campaign.id=5133.
Chapter 14: The Earthen Plate and the Environment
1. “The Disappearing Rainforests,” Save the Amazon Coalition website, accessed 5/22/17, savetheamazon.org/rainforeststats.htm.
2. Ibid.
3. Julia Loman, “Medicinal Secrets of the Amazon Rainforest,” Julia’s Journal (blog), Amazon Aid Foundation, March 31, 2016, amazonaid.org/medicinal-secrets-of-the-amazon.
4. “Amazon Rainforest,” Greenpeace USA, accessed 5/22/17, greenpeace.org/usa/forests/amazon-rainforest.
5. “Cattle Ranching in the Amazon Region,” Global Forest Atlas, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, accessed 5/22/17, globalforestatlas. yale.edu/amazon/land-use/cattle-ranching.
6. Jon Dettling et al., A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Based Foods and Meat Foods (Boston, MA: Quantis USA, 2016), prepared for MorningStar Farms, accessed 5/22/17, morningstarfarms.com/content/dam/morningstarfarms/pdf/MSFPlantBasedLCAReport_2016-04-10_Final.pdf.
7. John Gaudiosi, “James Cameron: Why I Eat a Vegan Diet,” interview with James Cameron, Men’s Journal, accessed 5/22/17, mensjournal.com/health-fitness/nutrition/james-cameron-why-i-eat-a-vegan-diet-20150915.
8. Ibid.
9. Marco Springmann et al., “Analysis and Valuation of the Health and Climate Change Cobenefits of Dietary Change,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 113, no. 15 (March 21, 2016): 4146–51, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1523119113.
10. E. Hertwich et al., United Nations Environment Programme, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production: Priority Products and Materials, A Report of the Working Group on the Environmental Impacts of Products and Materials to the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management (Paris, France: UNEP, 2010), accessed 5/22/17, unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1262xPA-PriorityProductsAndMaterials_Report.pdf.
11. 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion website, accessed 5/22/17, health.gov/dietary-guidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
12. T. J. Vilsack and S. M. M. Burwell, “2015 Dietary Guidelines: Giving You the Tools You Need to Make Healthy Choices,” US Department of Agriculture blog, October 6, 2015, blogs.usda.gov/2015/10/06/2015-dietary-guidelines-giving-you-the-tools-you-need-to-make-healthy-choices.
13. S. B. Eaton and M. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications,” New England Journal of Medicine 312, no. 5 (January 31, 1985): 283–89, doi: 10.1056/NEJM198501313120505.
14. P. Scarborough et al., “Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in the UK,” Climate Change 125, no. 2 (2014): 179–92, doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1; Gidon Eshel et al., “Environmentally Optimal, Nutritionally Aware Beef Replacement Plant-Based Diets,” Environmental Science and Technology 50, no. 15 (2016): 8164–68, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01006.
15. “Is a Vegetarian Paleo Diet Possible—S. Boyd Eaton,” YouTube video, 0:35, from a statement made at Finding Common Ground conference on November 17, 2015, posted by “Oldways,” January 19, 2016, youtube.com/watch?v=Qx9OfvjedhM.