Index

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

A

Abbeville, France, 80

acetylsalicylic acid, 7

addicts and drug users. See also specific people

compulsory withdrawal, 16

in concentration camps, 16

as criminally insane, 17

euthanasia, 17, 231 n31

imprisonment of, 15

postwar, 254 n4

prevented from reproducing, 17

stigmatization, 15

surveillance and reporting of, 16–17

Adenauer, Konrad, 209

Adlerhorst (“Eagle’s Eyrie”), 212, 215

Adlershof, Germany, 2

adrenalin, Pervitin’s similarity to, 29

Aeronautical Medical Research Institute, 45

Ahnenpass (Proof of Aryan Ancestry), 18

alkaloids, synthetic, 47, 50, 259 n59

American Civil War, morphine use, 7

amphetamines, 28, 46, 48–49, 98, 241 n133

anesthesia, 6, 7, 159

anti-drug policy as anti-Semitic policy, 18–20, 21

Ardennes

first German offensive, 56–57, 62, 67–73, 236 n49

second German offensive, 184, 212–13, 215

arteriosclerotic Parkinson’s disease, 178

Aryan ancestry, proof of (Ahnenpass), 18

Aspirin, 7

atropine, 169, 171

Auschwitz (extermination camp), 120, 209, 210, 257 n36

autoimmune disorders, 133, 178

B

bacteria, in medical treatments, 24, 232 n42

barbiturates, 209

Baumeister, Wilhelm, 88

Bayer Company, 7–8, 28

Beecher, Henry K., 210–11

Beigbeder, Frédéric, 69

Below, Nicolaus von, 162

Bełżec (extermination camp), 120

Benjamin, Walter, 184–85

Benn, Gottfried, 47, 50, 59, 157

Benzedrine, 28, 46, 48–49, 98

Berber, Anita, 11

Berghof (Hitler’s retreat), 24, 145–50

Berlin

1920s excesses, 10–13

Allied bombing of, 92, 146, 216

Pervitin’s advertising campaign, 31

Soviet assault on, 221–22, 224

Wannsee Conference (1942), 120

Berlin Alexanderplatz (Döblin), 10

Berlin Drug Squad, 18

Berlin Medical Council, 15

Biber (mini-U-boat), 194, 197

Blitzkrieg, 72, 73, 82, 87

Bloch, Marc, 71–72

bloodletting, 219, 243 n22

Boehringer (company), 9, 28

Böll, Heinrich, 40, 41, 42, 43

Bormann, Martin

Conti’s letter concerning Pervitin, 144

Hitler’s fifty-fifth birthday, 151

and Hitler’s medical treatment, 151, 165, 167, 168, 169

as Hitler’s secretary, 132, 172

Morell’s influence on, 132

brainwashing, concentration camp experiments, 209–11

Brandenburg (Hitler’s train), 183

Brandt, Karl, 249 n98

death sentence, 220

and Giesing, 159, 170

military rank, 79

suspicions about Morell, 165, 170, 171, 172

Brauchitsch, Walther von, 56, 63, 64, 82

Braun, Eva

death, 224

Hitler’s fifty-fifth birthday, 151

Hitler’s health, 151–52

as Hitler’s lover, 145–46, 147, 151

marriage to Hitler, 224

meeting Hitler, 23

Morell as physician to, 147

as photographer, 147–48, 148

smoking, 145

Braun, Wernher von, 45, 258 n41

Breaking Bad (TV series), 5

Brennscheidt, Ernst, 200–201

Brest Harbor, 244 n30

Brest-Litovsk, Poland, 52

Britain. See Great Britain

Britain, Battle of, 91–98

British Broadcasting Company, 98

Brown, Paul, 106

Brownshirts (SA), 13

Bulgaria, threatened break with Hitler, 146

Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg, 42, 44, 52

Bundeswehr, Munich, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90

Burroughs, William, 139

C

caffeine

in Coca-Cola, 229 n3

German Navy’s use of, 198

Hitler’s use of, 14, 213, 222

methamphetamine as substitute for, 59

Pervitin as substitute for, 34

in Pervitin studies, 46, 48–49

Canaris, Wilhelm, 145

Canetti, Elias, 210

Cardiazol, 127, 198

Chełmno (extermination camp), 120

chocolates, Pervitin in, 34, 35, 233 n56

Christian monasteries, production of medications, 6n

Churchill, Winston, 57, 75, 76

cigarette advertising, restrictions on, 17

Civil War (American), morphine use, 7

Coca-Cola, 7, 31, 229 n3

cocaine

in Berlin (1920s), 11–13

in Coca-Cola, 7, 229 n3

Communist disapproval of, 12–13

in “D I” to “D X” drugs, 194

in “D IX,” 193, 194

effect of, 160, 161

for fatigue, 240 n126

First World War, 96, 240 n126

German Navy’s tests of, 198, 199, 202–5

German Navy’s use of, 206, 206–8

German production and export, 9–10

Hitler’s use of, 159–63, 251 n138

Luftwaffe’s use of, 96, 240 n126

Nazi disapproval of, 12–13

Nazi use of, 144–45

in United States, 7

cocaine hydrochloride, 144–45, 249 n104

cocainum hydrochloricum, 199

coffee, 8, 47n, 59, 198 . See also caffeine

Cold War, 258 n41

Cologne, Germany, 121

Communists, disapproval of cocaine, 12–13

concentration camps

breeding of herbs and drugs, 256 n36

drug users in, 16

experiments on detainees, 199–205, 202, 204, 209–10, 255 n21, 257 nn36–37

extermination camps, 120

consciousness control, 209

Conti, Leo, 59–60, 62, 98–100, 119, 143–44

Corriere della Sera (Milan newspaper), 98

corticoids, 132

counterintelligence, 144, 249 n104

Crimea, 146

Crowds and Power (Canetti), 210

crystal meth, 1–2, 2n, 36n, 187

Czechoslovakia, defeat of, 38

D

D-Day, 151–52, 152n, 191

“D I” to “D X” (drugs), 194

“D IX” (drug), 193, 194, 196–97, 213

Dachau concentration camp, 209–10, 255 n21, 256 n36, 258 n41

DAF (German Labor Front), 90

Daladier, Édouard, 76

Darmstadt, 7. See also Merck Company

defense physiology, 44

Department Z, 144

Department ZF, 144

Desoxyn, 229 n1

The Devil’s General (Zuckmayer), 97

dextroamphetamine, 229 n1

diacetyl morphine. See heroin

Dicodid, 194

Dnieper River, 145

Döblin, Alfred, 10

doctors

drug use, 34, 136

drug use, penalties for, 15

in Nazi Party, 20, 231 n41

Pervitin’s advertising campaign, 31–32, 37

dolantin (opioid), 113

Dönitz, Karl, 150, 191, 197, 199, 205, 224

The Doors of Perception (Huxley), 210

dopamine, 29

Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–71

Dresden, bombing of, 216

drugs, etymology of word, 15n

Dunkirk, 79–83

E

“Eagle’s Eyrie” (Adlerhorst), 212, 215

Eberle, Henrik, 104–5

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 213

Elser, Georg, 56, 209n

Engel-Apotheke, Berlin-Mitte, 90, 125, 126, 140, 243 n11, 248 n89

Engel-Apotheke, Darmstadt, 7

English Channel, 244 n30

ephedrine, 29, 232 n46

Ernst, Konrad, 242 n11

Eukodal

active ingredient, 136, 248 n84

addictiveness, 136, 163

availability, 248 n80, 248 n84

in “D I” to “D X” drugs, 194

in “D IX,” 193, 194

effects of, 136

Göring’s use of, 223n

history of, 136

Hitler’s use of, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 217, 252 n147

side-effects, 182

therapeutic dose, 162, 252 n147

Eupaverin (anticonvulsive), 164, 173, 181, 212

euthanasia, of drug users, 17, 231 n31

exhaustion. See fatigue

Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine (Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain), 9–10

extermination camps, 120. See also concentration camps

F

Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain (Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine), 9–10

Fall Rot (operation Case Red), 83–84

Farmacija (company), 140

fatigue

cocaine for, 240 n126

in German Army, 40, 42, 46, 50, 63–64

in German Navy, 245 n30

Pervitin for, 40, 42, 50, 58, 63–64, 245 n30

Faust (Goethe), 5–6, 142–43, 163

fear, Pervitin for, 37

Fest, Joachim C., 104, 252 n138

1st Panzer Division, 69, 237 n64

First World War

cocaine use, 96, 240 n126

German defeat, reasons for, 10, 229 n11

Versailles Treaty, 8, 9

Flanders, battle for, 82

Fonck, René, 95

Foreign/Counter-Intelligence Office, 144, 249 n104

France

declaration of war on Germany, 55

French Army, strength of, 55

German invasion, of heartland, 83–85, 84

German invasion, speed of, 71–77

Germany’s plan of attack, 55–57

Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 7

Frankfurt. See IG Farben

Freiburg Military Archive, 42, 44, 52

Funk, Walther, 149

G

Gable, Clark, 151

Gamelin, Maurice, 76

genocide of Jews, 114, 120, 121, 130

German Army

autoimmunological downfall, 133

Medical Academy, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90

methamphetamine use, 44–45, 223–24

number of soldiers, 37, 55

Paris, invasion of, 83, 85

speed of advance, 72–77, 85–86

supply lines, 131–32, 247 n68

German Army, Pervitin use

Ardennes offensive, 63, 69–72, 236 n49, 237 n64

concerns about, 54, 57–58, 60, 62

as crucial to the war, 101, 102

dependencies, 89

distribution, 73

dosage, 64, 84, 86, 88

8th Panzer Division, 53

factory order size, 65

for fatigue, 40, 42, 50, 53, 63–64

final phase of war, 187–89

IV Army Corps, 54

France, Battle of, 83–85, 84

by leaders, 143–44

by medical officers, 50–51

IX Army Corps, 53

ordered by officers, 88–89

Poland, invasion of, 51–54, 63–64

prophylactic use, 57–58

side-effects, 88–89

Soviet Union, attack on, 112, 118–19

“stimulant decree” (1940), 61, 63–64

Sudetenland, 234 n11

3rd Panzer Division, 52

to treat wounded, 188

German Labor Front (DAF), 90

German Navy

cocaine use, 206, 206–8

K-Verbände, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 225, 255 n18

miracle drug, quest for, 190–92, 194, 196–97, 198, 199, 203, 208

miracle drug, testing in concentration camp, 199, 201–5

miracle drug, use of, 206, 206–8

Pervitin use, 199, 244 n30

Scho-ka-kola use, 244 n30

Germany

1920s drug use, 8–9

declarations of war, 55, 119–20

economy, 10, 27–28, 37

foreign policy successes, 37

Pervitin use by civilians, 100, 100n, 254 n6

pharmaceutical industry, 6–10

Soviet advance toward, 151, 215, 221–22, 224

Versailles Treaty, 8, 9

Germany, attack on Soviet Union

attritional warfare, 119

German advance, 125

German headquarters, 110

goal, 113

Hitler’s division of forces, 122–23

Hitler’s “fanatical resistance,” 117–18

Kharkov, control of, 129–31

Kursk battle, 135

Moscow offensive, 116–17

Pervitin use, 112, 118–19

planning, 101, 110

Soviet defense and counteroffensives, 111–12, 117, 145, 146

Stalingrad, 134

Gestapo, 127n, 209, 238 n92

Giesing, Erwin, 157–62, 169–72, 251 n132, 252 n138

Der Giftpilz (“The Poisonous Mushroom”), 19

glucocorticoids, 132

glucose, Hitler’s injections of, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213

glyconorm (steroid), 112–13

Gneisenau (battleship), 244 n30

Goebbels, Joseph

estate on Schwanenwerder Island, 27

on Hitler, 25, 120

on Hitler’s health, 116, 133–34, 141, 151–52, 214, 218

injections, 247 n75

letter to Hitler, 108

smoking habit, 152, 153

Wochenschau (newsreel), 80

Goebbels, Magda, 223

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5–6, 142–43, 163, 227

Goldschmied, Wilma, 127n

Gone with the Wind (movie), 151

Göring, Hermann

appearance, 94–95

arrest by Allies, 223n

Britain, Battle of, 91–94

Cardiazol use, 127

Dunkirk plans, 81–82, 91

at Felsennest, 80

final days of war, 223

Germany’s economic independence, 28

Luftwaffe administration, 94–98

and Morell, 91, 139, 218

morphine addiction, 80–81, 91, 95, 223, 223n, 238 n92

Pervitin, as “decisive for the outcome of the war,” 101

Soviet Union, supply drops, 125

wife of, 149

Gorrissen (patient), 254 n6

Grass, Günter, 14

Great Britain

Battle of Britain, 91–98

bombing raids on German cities, 121, 146

declaration of war on Germany, 55

Dunkirk evacuation, 81–82

German penetration of English Channel, 244 n30

Greece, retreat from, 187

Greul, Emil, 194

Guderian, Heinz

Abbeville, occupation of, 80

Ardennes offensive, 56–57, 67–69, 72–73

Blitzkrieg, coining of term, 73

Dunkirk, 80, 82

on endurance, 83

France, Battle of, 84

on Hitler’s health, 178

Soviet Union, attack on, 117

speed of advance, 73–74, 85–86

“Think Big,” 237 n60

H

Hácha, Emil, 38

Haffner, Felix, 32, 242 n11

Haffner, Sebastian, 124, 220

Halder, Franz, 56, 69, 77, 119, 123

Hamburg, cocaine market, 9

Hamma Company, 127–29, 150, 239 n113

Handloser, Siegfried, 99

Hartmann, Volker, 189–90

Hartwig, Jürgen, 36

Hasselbach, Hanskarl von, 165, 172, 182

Hauschild, Fritz, 5, 28–29, 28n, 34, 36, 46

heart problems, as Pervitin side-effect, 88–89

Heikorn, Adolf, 127n

Heikorn, Friedrich, 127n

Heikorn, Hedwig, 127n

Heikorn, Wilma, 127n

Heikorn Company, 127–29

heroin, 7–8, 9–10, 144

Heubner, Professor Dr., 243 n11

Heusinger, Adolf, 153

Heye, Hellmuth, 193

and concentration camp experiments, 203, 255 n21

K-Verbände, 191, 192, 197, 208, 216, 225

miracle drug, quest for, 194, 196, 199, 203, 208

postwar life, 209

high blood pressure, as Pervitin side-effect, 89

Hildebrand Company, 34, 35, 233 n56

Himmler, Heinrich

arms conference at Wolf’s Lair, 191

concentration camps, breeding of herbs and drugs, 256 n36

Morell, suspicions about, 166, 170, 171, 172

as Morell’s patient, 149

and Skorzeny, 196

SS’s economic empire, 257 n36

SS’s Vitamultin use, 90–91, 239 n113

Hippke, Erich, 91

Hiropon, 29n

Hitler (Fest), 104

Hitler, Adolf, health of. See also Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to

on abstinence, 211

alcohol consumption, 134–35

anxiety, 77–78, 218

arteriosclerotic Parkinson’s disease, 178

assassination attempt, effects of, 154–60, 156

cocaine use, 159–63, 251 n138

decline (1941 onward), 106, 107, 112–13, 135, 177

distrust of doctors, 25

Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–70

drug addiction, 104, 144, 163–64, 182–86, 217–19

final days, 223–24

final phase of war, 212–21

flu and conjunctivitis, 153

as Giesing’s patient, 157–62, 169–70, 251 n132, 252 n138

on health, 127

healthy image of, 14–15, 133–34, 140, 214, 249 n90

inferiority complex, 78

jaundice, 169, 170

narcotics use, 183, 243 n11

paranoia, 77–78, 218

psychological condition, 134–35, 157–58, 184–85

reality, severed relations with, 119–20, 121, 123, 124–25, 134, 174

research on, 103–4

sleepwalking, 77

speedball, 162–65

stimulation, need for, 124

stomach and intestinal pains, 23–24, 27, 125, 135–36, 137, 151, 163, 174, 182, 183, 184, 251 n138

suicide, 224–25

tremors, 148–49, 176, 178, 182, 214, 216

vegetarianism, 107, 114, 150

Hitler, Adolf, leadership of

absolute control, need for, 77–78, 120, 125, 134, 174

on abstinence, 211

Adlerhorst (“Eagle’s Eyrie”), 212, 215

Ardennes, first attack on, 62–63

Ardennes, second attack on, 184, 212–13, 215

assassination attempts, 56, 153–58, 209n

at Berghof, 145–46

Britain, Battle of, 92

bunker mentality, 120, 124, 134, 185

commanders, concerns about health of, 22–23, 143, 249 n98

commanders, relationship with, 76–78, 97, 108, 122–24, 196

coups against (planned), 56

Czechoslovakia, seizure of, 38

D-Day, 152, 152n, 191

desire to be the greatest, 222

Dunkirk plans, 81, 82

English Channel, retreat through, 244 n30

Felsennest (“cliff nest”) headquarters, 67, 77, 80

final phase of war, 211–21, 223

France, planned attack on, 55–57

infallibility, 82–83, 134

inferiority complex, 78

Jews, policies concerning, 18, 120

and Luftwaffe, 81, 97

Mein Kampf, 13, 185

miracle weapon, belief in, 191, 197, 216

as morale booster, 141–42

Mussolini, meetings with, 135, 136, 138–39, 155

Nazi putsch, failed (1923), 190

Nero decree, 221

popularity, 38

prewar, 37–38

Soviet Union, attack on, 110–13, 117–18, 120, 122–23, 125, 134

speed of advance, misunderstanding of, 86

successor, 191, 223

“Werwolf” (headquarters in Ukraine), 120–27

Western Front, 161

at Wolf’s Lair, 108–17, 120, 134

Wolf’s Lair arms conference, 191

Wolf’s Lair superbunker, 175, 183

Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to, 123, 166

absorption of injections, 125

analyses of, 104–5

appointment of, 22–25

assassination attempt on Hitler, 154–55

barbiturate-based narcotics, 183

bloodletting, 219, 243 n22

confidentiality, 165

drug withdrawal, 216–20

Eukodal use, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 252 n147

Eupaverin use, 181, 212

as exhausting for Morell, 149

file cards, 137, 156

final phase of war, 216–17, 221

and Giesing, 158–59, 169–70

glucose injections, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213

Hitler’s decline, 135–36, 175–76, 178, 180–82

Hitler’s firing of, 222

Hitler’s request for stronger medicines, 127, 211–12

Hitler’s trust in, 171–73

Homoseran use, 114

Knight’s Cross of the War Merit Cross, 146

medications administered, list of, 115n

at military briefings, 122

Morell as prisoner of, 178–79

Morell, suspicions about, 107, 165–71, 168, 218

Morell’s civilian status, 78–79

Morell’s concerns (1944), 175–76, 178

Morell’s exit strategy, 250 n116

Morell’s influence, 104, 165, 242 n6

Morell’s notes on, 107–8, 137, 139, 139, 141, 142, 145, 156

Morell’s personal gain, 27, 127, 131–32, 140

morphine use, 184

Mutaflor use, 24, 183

nocturnal tea-drinking sessions, 139–40

Orchikrin use, 114

Parkinson’s disease, 178

Pervitin use, 213

Prostakrinum use, 114

syringes, disinfection of, 170, 252 n160

Testoviron use, 114

Tonophosphan use, 114

on train journey, 114–15

vein scarring, 180–81

Vitamultin use, 89–91, 112, 115, 146–47, 239 n109

at Wolf’s Lair, 110–11, 112–15, 153–54, 175–76

“x” use, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

Hitler, Adolf, personal life of

Braun, relationship with, 23, 145–46, 147–48, 148, 224

favorite food, 23

fifty-fifth birthday, 150–51

Hitler Youth, 205–6

Hoechst (company), 114, 140

Hoffmann, Felix, 7–8

Hoffmann, Heinrich, 22, 67, 79, 112, 147

Holocaust, 120

Holt (Ranke’s driver), 85

Holzlöhner, Ernst, 255 n21, 257 n37

Homoseran (supplement), 114

Höss, Rudolf, 257 n36

Hoth, Hermann, 75

Hülphers, Arne, 83

Hungary, threatened break with Hitler, 146

Huxley, Aldous, 210

I

IG Farben, 9, 28, 140

Institute for Pharmacology and Army Toxicology, 45

intestinal conditions

Hitler’s, 23–24, 27, 125, 135–36, 137, 151, 163, 174, 182, 183, 184, 251 n138

treatment for, 24, 232 n42

Ironside, Edmund, 76, 79

Italy

alliance with Germany, 135, 138

Allied invasion, 135, 146

J

Japan, N-methylamphetamine, 28–29

Jews

equated with poison, 18, 19, 21

extermination of, 114, 120, 121, 130

property seized from, 127, 127n, 151

in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 200

Jodl, Alfred, 67, 77, 113, 124

Jost (Engel pharmacy owner), 140, 243 n11, 248 n89

Junge, Traudl, 140

Jungnickel (criminal investigator), 243 n11

K

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 171

Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine, 114

kamikaze pilots, 29n

Kampfzeit (period of struggle), 13

Keitel, Wilhelm, 83, 113, 122, 154

Kershaw, Ian, 104, 242 n6

Kharkov, Ukraine, 125n, 129–31

Kielmansegg, Johann Adolf Graf von, 69, 237 n64

Kleist, Paul von, 146, 146n

Klinische Wochenschrift (journal), 34, 36, 46

Knoll (company), 9

Koch, Erich, 129, 130, 142

Kosmehl, Erwin, 19

Krauch, Carl, 232 n45

Krebsstein, Theodor Benzinger von, 242 n11

Kretschmar, Otto, 84, 86, 88

Krummacher (doctor), 86

Krupp, Alfried, 149

Kulmhof (Chełmno extermination camp), 120

Kursk, 135

K-Verbände, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 225, 255 n18

L

Laboratory for Serum Conservation, 45

laudanum, 6

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, 17

laws

imprisonment of addicts, 15, 15 n22

Marital Health Law (1935), 17

Nuremberg Race Laws (1935), 18

Reich Opium Law (1941), 1, 100

League of Nations International Opium Convention (1925), 9

leeches, 243 n22

Lehmann, Günther, 202–3

Lemmel, Gerhard, 36

Linge, Heinz, 112, 135, 143, 154, 158–60, 170

Linz, Professor Dr., 243 n11

liver

Morell’s preparations, 132–33, 150, 216, 219, 248 n75, 250 n118, 258 n57

parasite and fluke livers, 150, 250 n118

substances produced by, 132–33, 247 n74

Loerzer, Bruno, 95

London, German bombings of, 92

Long, Tania, 225

Lübeck, Germany, 121

Luftwaffe

Britain, Battle of, 92–93

concentration camps, human experiments, 257 nn36–37, 258 n41

Dunkirk, 81

Göring’s administration of, 94–97

Hitler’s favoritism toward, 81

last mission, 214

Pervitin use, 92–94, 97, 98, 188, 214, 240 n119

M

Maginot Line, 85–86

Magische Gifte (“Magic Poisons”), 18–19, 231 n35

Main Medical Park, 73

Majdanek (extermination camp), 120

Mann, Golo, 37, 55

Mann, Klaus, 10, 136, 248 n80

Mann, Thomas, 136

Manstein, Erich von

Ardennes offensive, 56–57, 62, 236 n49

dismissal of, 146

on Dnieper River, 145

on Dunkirk, 82

on Eastern Front, 123

memoirs, 250 n110

war crimes, 250 n110

Manteuffel, Hasso von, 212

Mantey, Heinz, 206

Marital Health Law (1935), 17

Martelange, Belgium, 70

Maser, Werner, 252 n138

Medical Academy of the Bundeswehr, Munich, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90

medical confidentiality, 15, 165

Medical Journal for Lower Saxony, 18

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 13, 185

Mendel, Albert, 2

Merck Company. See also Eukodal

bombing of, 215

cocaine market, 9, 10, 145, 159

company growth, 28

founding, 7

opiates market, 7, 10

Psicain, 251 n137

Merck, Emanuel, 7

mescaline, 209–10

methadone, 140

methamphetamine. See also Pervitin

addiction process, 232 n49

amphetamine comparisons, 241 n133

as coffee substitute, 59

consumer demand for, 32, 34, 233 n53

crystal meth, 1–2, 2n, 36n, 187

in “D IX,” 194

dosage, 32, 232 n49

German Army’s use of, 72–77, 223–24

German Navy considering use of, 197

hallucinations, 52

inhibitions, reduction in, 52

medical indications for, 32

modern consumption, 1

as performance enhancer, 32, 34, 36, 233 n53

physiological effect, 29–31, 241 n133

prescription drugs based on, 229 n1

pure form, 2n

regulation of, 229 n1

suppressing sense of danger, 75

synthesis, 29, 232 n46

tolerance threshold, 232 n49, 245 n31

methylamphetamine, 29. See also Pervitin

N-methylamphetamine, 28–29

Meuse, German crossing of, 71–73

Military Medical Academy, 44–45, 50–51

miracle drug

German Navy’s use of, 206, 206–8

quest for, 190–92, 194, 196–97, 198, 199, 203, 208

testing in concentration camp, 199, 201–5

MKUltra, 211

modafinil, 189–90

Mohr, Richard, 192

monasteries, production of medications, 6n

Montgomery, Bernard, 125

Morell, Hanni, 20, 24–25, 26, 146

Morell, Theodor

addiction, 149

as Braun’s personal physician, 147

business ventures, 127–33, 140, 247 n74

capture by Americans, 225

and Czechoslovakia’s defeat, 38

death, 226

on doctor-patient relationship, 103, 242 n1

estate on Schwanenwerder Island, 27

Farmacija (company), 140

final days of war, 222–23

Hamma Company, 127–29, 150

health of, 149, 150, 170–71, 173–74

Heikorn Company, 127–29

income, 79, 79n

joining Nazi Party, 20

liver preparations, 132–33, 150, 216, 219, 248 n75, 250 n118, 258 n57

meeting Hitler, 22–24

mistaken for a Jew, 20

patients, 254 n6

postwar investigations of, 106–7, 225–26

professional success, 20, 22–25

steroid preparations, 216, 258 n58

table manners, 150–51

treating top-ranking officials, 143, 149, 249 n99

Ukrainian Pharma-Works, 129–33, 247 n74

uniform, 78–79, 153

as vitamin pioneer, 22, 89–91

on Wolf’s Lair, 110

Morell, Theodor, as Hitler’s personal physician, 123, 166

absorption of injections, 125

analyses of, 104–5

appointment of, 22–25

assassination attempt on Hitler, 154–55

barbiturate-based narcotics, 183

bloodletting, 219, 243 n22

confidentiality, 165

drug withdrawal, 216–20

Eukodal use, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 252 n147

Eupaverin use, 181, 212

as exhausting for Morell, 149

file cards, 137, 156

final phase of war, 216–17, 221

and Giesing, 158–59, 169–70

glucose injections, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213

Hitler’s decline, 135–36, 175–76, 178, 180–82

Hitler’s firing of, 222

Hitler’s request for stronger medicines, 127, 211–12

Hitler’s trust in, 171–73

Homoseran use, 114

Knight’s Cross of the War Merit Cross, 146

medications administered, list of, 115n

at military briefings, 122

Morell as prisoner of, 178–79

Morell, suspicions about, 107, 165–71, 168, 218

Morell’s civilian status, 78–79

Morell’s concerns (1944), 175–76, 178

Morell’s exit strategy, 250 n116

Morell’s influence, 104, 165, 242 n6

Morell’s notes on, 107–8, 137, 139, 139, 141, 142, 145, 156

Morell’s personal gain, 27, 127, 131–32, 140

morphine use, 184

Mutaflor use, 24, 183

nocturnal tea-drinking sessions, 139–40

Orchikrin use, 114

Parkinson’s disease, 178

Pervitin use, 213

Prostakrinum use, 114

syringes, disinfection of, 170, 252 n160

Testoviron use, 114

Tonophosphan use, 114

on train journey, 114–15

vein scarring, 180–81

Vitamultin use, 89–91, 112, 115, 146–47, 239 n109

at Wolf’s Lair, 110–11, 112–15, 153–54, 175–76

“x” use, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

Mormon tea, 29

Morocco, poppy fields, 140

morphine

in Berlin (1920s), 11–12

derivatives of, 209 (See also heroin)

for euthanasia, 17

Göring’s addiction, 80–81, 91, 95, 223, 223n, 238 n92

Hitler’s use of, 184

isolation of, 6, 163

Pervitin comparisons, 188

pharmaceutical industry, 7

synthetic substitutes, 140

wartime pain relief, 7

morphium. See morphine

Moscow, German attack on, 116–17

Müller-Hess, Professor, 243 n11

Mulli, Kurt, 132

Munich

Bundeswehr, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90

failed Nazi putsch (1923), 190

Mussolini, Benito

abduction of, 196

meetings with Hitler, 114, 135, 136, 138–39, 155

as Morell’s patient, 149

Mutaflor (medication), 24, 183, 232 n42

N

Nansen, Odd, 202

narcotics

addicts as mentally disturbed, 17

Hitler’s use of, 183, 243 n11

required reporting, 15–16

National Archives, Washington, DC, 105–8

National Socialist German Association of Doctors, 60

National Socialists. See Nazi Party

Naval Medical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 211

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

alcohol use, 13, 13n

chaotic structures of, 13, 230 n16

drug use, as systemic, 144–45

drugs, as taboo, 12–14, 15

economic independence, 27–28


failed putsch (1923), 190

founding, 13n

Office of Racial Policy, 19

Official Reich Photographer (See Hoffmann, Heinrich)

social intoxication, 13–14

Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 106

Neger (mini-U-boat), 192, 194, 196

Nero decree, 221

Neubrandenburg, Germany, 225

Neustrelitz, Germany, 225

Nissle, Alfred, 24

N-methylamphetamine, 28–29

Nobel-Vitamultin, 89–90, 213, 239 n109

Nordmark (firm), 89

North Africa, German actions in, 125, 140, 145

NSDAP. See Nazi Party

Nuremberg, war crimes trials, 205

Nuremberg Race Laws (1935), 18

O

Obersalzberg. See Berghof

Odeonsplatz, Munich, 190

Office of Racial Policy, 19

Olympic Games (1936), 28

Operation Bagration, 151

Operation Barbarossa, 110

Operation Paperclip, 258 n41

Operation Reinhard, 121

Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain), 91–98

Operation Valkyrie, 153–56

opiates, defined, 113n

opioids

defined, 113n

oxycodone, 136, 248 n84

opium

availability in Germany, 140

in Berlin (1920s), 11–12

German laws concerning, 100

German production and export, 9–10

Sertürner’s experiments with, 6

Oranienburg, 199–201

Orchikrin (medication), 114

Orzechowski, Gerhard, 192, 194–98, 195, 198, 255 n14

Oshima, Hiroshi, 149

oxycodone, 136, 248 n84

Oxycontin, 248 n84

Oxygesic, 248 n84

P

Paderborn, Westphalia, 6

Panzer Ersatz Division 1, 88–89

Panzer Group von Kleist, 63, 67–68, 73, 88

Paris

Allied liberation, 187

German invasion, 83, 85

Parkinson’s disease, 178

Patient A. See Hitler, Adolf

Patient B. See Braun, Eva

Patient D. See Mussolini, Benito

Patient X. See Ribbentrop, Joachim von

Paulus, Friedrich, 125

Pemberton, John, 229 n3

people’s drug. See Pervitin

performance-enhancing drugs

methamphetamine as, 32, 34, 36, 233 n53

Pervitin as, 32, 34, 36, 38–39, 46–47, 53–54

search for, 5, 28–29

Pershing II rockets, 258 n41

Peru, cocaine exports, 9

Pervitin

addiction concerns, 51, 59–60, 62, 99–100

advertising campaign, 31–32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 46

as appetite suppressant, 85, 86

availability in Germany, 60

BBC feature on, 98

in chocolates, 34, 35, 233 n56

consumer use of, 32, 34, 59–60, 100, 100n

Conti’s concerns about, 98–100, 143–44

in “D I” to “D X” drugs, 194

in “D IX,” 193

dosage, 32, 34, 36, 37, 47n, 64, 84, 86, 88, 232 n49

for fatigue, 40, 42, 50, 58, 234 n8, 245 n30

German civilian use of, 100, 254 n6

German Navy’s tests of, 202–5

German Navy’s use of, 198, 199, 244 n30

Hitler’s use of, 213

legislation concerning, 1, 100

Luftwaffe’s use of, 92–94, 97, 98, 188, 214, 240 n119

medical indications for, 32, 33

molecular structure, 29, 29

as mood enhancer, 52, 58, 235 n37

morphine comparisons, 188

overdoses, 50–51, 61

patent, 29

as performance enhancer, 32, 34, 36, 38–39, 46–47, 53–54

potency, 232 n47

price, 47n

production, 2, 64, 65–66, 67

reducing fear, 37

scientific studies, 36–37, 46–47, 48–49

self-experimentation among scientists, 36

side-effects, 46–47, 50–51, 64, 88–89, 118–19

testing of, 202–5, 257 n37

tolerance threshold, 245 n31

as truth serum, 209n

Waldmann’s warnings about, 241 n141

women’s use of, 59

Pervitin, German Army’s use of

Ardennes offensive, 63, 69–72, 236 n49, 237 n64

concerns about, 54, 57–58, 60, 62

as crucial to the war, 101, 102

dependencies, 89

distribution, 73

dosage, 64, 84, 86, 88

8th Panzer Division, 53

factory order size, 65

for fatigue, 40, 42, 50, 53, 63–64

final phase of war, 187–89

IV Army Corps, 54

France, Battle of, 83–85, 84

by leaders, 143–44

by medical officers, 50–51

IX Army Corps, 53

ordered by officers, 88–89

Poland, invasion of, 51–54, 63–64

prophylactic use, 57–58

side-effects, 88–89

Soviet Union, attack on, 112, 118–19

“stimulant decree” (1940), 61, 63–64

Sudetenland, 234 n11

3rd Panzer Division, 52

to treat wounded, 188

“The Pervitin Problem” (Speer), 99

pharmaceutical industry, birth of, 7

Philopon/Hiropon, 29n

physicians. See doctors

physiology, as discipline, 44

plant-based healing substances, 256 n36

Plötner, Kurt, 209–11

“The Poisonous Mushroom” (Der Giftpilz), 19

Polamidon, 140

Poland, invasion and occupation of, 51–54, 63–64, 121

Pontarlier, France, 85–86

potassium cyanide, 223

Prague, German invasion of, 38

prescription narcotics, required reporting, 15–16

Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser), 244 n30

Project Chatter, 211

Proof of Aryan Ancestry (Ahnenpass), 18

propiophenon, 232 n46

Prostakrinum, 114

Prostrophanta, 150

Psicain, 251 n137

Püllen, C., 36–37

R

racial hygiene, laws concerning, 17, 18, 19

RAF (Royal Air Force), 82, 92–93

Ranke, Otto F.

on cocaine addiction, 240 n126

inventions, 44

late phase of war, 255 n14

and Morell’s Vitamultin, 91

Pervitin, German Army’s use of, 57–58, 61, 63–64, 83–86, 88–89

Pervitin, personal use of, 58–59, 89

on Pervitin as mood enhancer, 58, 235 n37

Pervitin investigations, 46–47, 48–49, 50–52

postwar life, 255 n14

as Research Institute of Defense Physiology director, 44–47, 50–52

Rauschgiftbekämpfung (war on drugs), 15–18

Red Army. See Soviet Union

Das Reich, 214

Reich Central Office for Combating Drug Transgressions, 16, 17–18, 19

Reich Committee for the People’s Health, 17

Reich Health Office (Berlin), 17, 59–60, 62, 233 n56, 241 n138

Reich Opium Law (1941), 1, 100

Reko, Viktor, 231 n35

Research Institute of Defense Physiology, 44–47, 50–51

Reynaud, Paul, 75

Rhine Valley, as Chemical Valley, 9

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 149, 166–67

Richert, Hans-Joachim, 197, 199, 202–3, 205

Riefenstahl, Leni, 95, 148, 149

Roma, in concentration camps, 121, 200

Romania, threatened break with Hitler, 146

Rome, bombing of, 138

Rommel, Erwin, 62, 74–76, 84, 85, 125, 140

Römpp, Hermann, 185

Rosenberg, Alfred, 128

Rostock, Germany, 121

Royal Air Force (RAF), 82, 92–93

Rucksack Principle, 238 n75

Rundstedt, Gerd von, 188

Russla (anti-louse powder), 128

S

SA (Brownshirts), 13

Sachsenhausen concentration camp

description of, 199–200

detainees, 200

drug experiments on detainees, 201–5, 202, 204

execution of Soviet prisoners of war, 200

shoe-walking unit, 200–201

Savage, Charles, 210–11

Scharnhorst (battleship), 244 n30

Schaub (Hitler’s adjutant), 22–23

Schenk, Ernst Günther, 213

Schmeling, Max, 22

Schoen, Rudolf, 36

Scho-Ka-Kola, 233 n56, 244 n30

Schramm, Percy Ernst, 108

Schultesteinberg, Ottheinz, 118–19

Secret State Police. See Gestapo

Sedan, France, 70–72

Seehund (mini-U-boat), 197, 198, 199, 205–8, 206, 255 n18, 256 n28

Sertürner, Friedrich Wilhelm, 6, 163

7th Panzer Division, 62, 74–75

sexually transmitted diseases, 20, 22–23

shoe industry, 200–201

Sinti, in concentration camps, 121, 200

Skorzeny, Otto, 194, 196, 199, 213

slivovitz, 135, 248 n76

Sobibór (extermination camp), 120

Solmmen, Georg, 27n

Soviet prisoners of war, execution of, by Germans, 200

Soviet Union, advance toward Germany, 151, 215, 221–22, 224

Soviet Union, German attack on

attritional warfare, 119

German advance, 125

German headquarters, 110

goal, 113

Hitler’s division of forces, 122–23

Hitler’s “fanatical resistance,” 117–18

Kharkov, control of, 129–31

Kursk battle, 135

Moscow offensive, 116–17

Pervitin use, 112, 118–19

planning, 101, 110

Soviet defense and counteroffensives, 111–12, 117, 145, 146

Stalingrad, 134

speedball, 162–65

Speer, Albert

at Berghof, 148

Hitler’s grandiose ideas, 123, 124

Hitler’s successor, 172

as Morell’s patient, 149

at Wolf’s Lair, 121, 191

Sperling, Dr., 94

SS

extermination through labor, 201

and German Navy’s search for wonder drug, 194, 196, 199

methamphetamine use, 34

Pervitin use, 88

Russian war, 239 n113

suicides, 225

Vitamultin use, 90–91, 239 n113

Waffen-SS, 88, 213, 225, 239 n113

Stalin, Joseph, 113n, 125n

Stalingrad, 125, 134

Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf von, 153–54, 182

Steinhoff, Johannes, 240 n119

Steinkamp, Peter, 72

Stockhausen, Colonel, 86

Strophanthin, 150

Strughold, Hubertus, 45, 258 n41

strychnine, 169, 170, 171

Stumpfegger, Ludwig, 179, 221

Stuttgart, British bombing of, 121

Sudetenland, invasion of, 234 n11

suicide, following Hitler’s, 225

superbunker (Wolf’s Lair), 175, 183

Swift (company), 128

synthetic alkaloids, 47, 50

synthetics, development of, 28

T

Temmler, Theodor, 2, 5

Temmler Company. See also Pervitin

company growth, 28

current status, 2, 4, 5

head pharmacist, 28–29

location, 2, 188, 254 n6

as Nazi drug lab, 3, 5

performance-enhancing drug, search for, 28–29

Pervitin patent, 29, 31

Pervitin production, 2, 64, 65–66, 67, 187–88, 241 n138, 254 n6

sugar-coating room, 30

Tempelhof Chemical Factory, 2

Testoviron (sexual hormone), 114

Thyssen, August, 149

tiredness. See fatigue

Tonophosphan (metabolic stimulant), 114, 115

Treblinka (extermination camp), 120

U

U-boats, 191–92

Udet, Ernst, 95–98, 96

Ukraine

retreat from, 145

slaughterhouses, 128–30, 250 n118

Ukrainian Pharma-Works, 129–33, 247 n74

United States

Civil War medicine, 7

Cold War, 258 n41

German declaration of war against, 119–20

space program, 258 n41

U.S. Secret Service, 106–7, 138, 139, 210–11

V

V2 rocket, 258 n41

Venice, production of medications, 6n

Versailles Treaty, 8, 9, 37

Vin Mariani, cocaine in, 7

Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 120–29

vitamins

Hitler’s injections of, 26, 112

Morell as pioneer of, 22, 89–91

Vitamultin

contents, 239 n109

Göring’s wife’s use of, 149

Hitler’s use of, 112, 115, 146–47, 150

marketing strategy, 89–91

as reward, 132

Volksdroge.See Pervitin

Vyazma, Russia, 117

Vzvad, Russia, 118

W

Waffen-SS, 88, 213, 225, 239 n113

Wagner, Richard, 187

Waldheim mental hospital (Saxony), 231 n31

Waldmann, Anton, 62, 63, 85, 241 n141

Walter White (TV character), 5

Wannsee Conference (1942), 120

war on drugs, 15–18, 20

Warlimont (German officer), 154

Warsaw, Soviet seizure of, 215

Weber, Bruno, 209, 210

Weber, Professor (cardiac specialist), 245 n35

Weber, Richard, 149, 171, 247 n75, 250 n116

Wehrmacht. See German Army

“Werwolf” (Nazi headquarters in Ukraine), 120–27

White, Walter (TV character), 5

Whitman, Walt, 191

Wirsting, Hermann, 231 n31

withdrawal, compulsory, 16

Witte (German naval physician), 245 n30

Wochenschau (newsreel), 80

Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze), 109

arms conference (1944), 191

assassination attempt on Hitler, 153–58

closure of, 183

Hitler’s routine, 114, 134

location and description of, 109–11

move from, 121

Reichs- and Gauleiter, meeting of, 142

Russian campaign, headquarters for, 110–13

security measures, 159, 160, 175, 183

women

Pervitin production, 64, 65, 67

Pervitin use, 59

wonder drug. See miracle drug

World War I. See First World War

X

“x” (medication), 141, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

Z

Zuckmayer, Carl, 97