NOTES

INTRODUCTION

  1. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Groups 1999–2017,” https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map.

  2. FBI, “2012 Hate Crime Statistics,” https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2012.

CHAPTER ONE: A BETTER LIFE

  1. David Bacon, “Living Under the Trees: Indigenous Mexican Farm Workers in California,” Beacon Broadside (blog of Beacon Press), May 6, 2008, http://www.beaconbroadside.com/broadside/2008/05/living-under-th.html.

  2. Abel Valenzuela Jr., Nik Theodore, Edwin Meléndez, and Ana Luz Gonzalez, On the Corner: Day Labor in the United States (Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, UCLA, January 2006), http://portlandvoz.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2009/04/national-study.pdf.

  3. Alto Trump!, “Stand Up Against Hatred, Bigotry and Xenophobia,” November 11, 2016, http://altotrump.com.

CHAPTER TWO: WHY DON’T THEY WANT US?

  1. Agence France-Presse, “Trump Win Breathes Life into the Private Prison Industry,” Raw Story, November 25, 2016, http://www.rawstory.com/2016/11/trump-win-breathes-life-into-the-private-prison-industry.

  2. Office of the Inspector General, US Department of Justice, Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Monitoring of Contract Prisons (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, August 2016).

  3. Paul Blumenthal, “Private Prison Company Backs Super PACs for Trump, Senate Republicans,” Huffington Post Mexico, October 24, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/entry/donald-trump-private-prison_us_580e7b02e4b000d0b1583000.

  4. Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC: DHS, November 14, 2017), https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook; Muzaffar Chishti, Sarah Pierce, and Jessica Bolte, “The Obama Record on Deportations: Deporter in Chief or Not?,” Migrationpolicy.org. March 22, 2017, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/obama-record-deportations-deporter-chief-or-not.

  5. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), Secure Communities and ICE Deportation: A Failed Program? (April 8, 2014), http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/349.

  6. Randy Capps, Sarah Hooker, Heather Koball, Juan Manuel Pedroza, Andrea Campetella, and Krista Perreira, “Implications of Immigration Enforcement Activities for the Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families,” September 2015, Urban Institute and Migration Policy Institute, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-exhibits/2000405/2000405-Implications-of-Immigration-Enforcement-Activities-for-the-Well-Being-of-Children-in-Immigrant-Families.pdf.

  7. Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table39.

CHAPTER THREE: OAXACALIFORNIA

  1. “Quiénes somos,” Frente Indígena de Organizaciones Binacionales (FIOB), http://fiob.org/quienes-somos, accessed January 9, 2018.

  2. National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), Mexico, Census, 2010 (in Spanish), http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/temas/lengua/default.html.

  3. Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres et al., Las mujeres indigenas de México: Su contexto socioeconómico, demográphico y de salud (Indigenous women in Mexico: social, economic, demographic, and health context), October 2006, 21, http://cedoc.inmujeres.gob.mx/documentos_download/100833.pdf.

  4. Ibid.

  5. L. Miranda, “Pierde a su hija por no hablar español ni inglés,” El Oaxaqueño, August 28, 2009.

  6. FIOB, Programa de los Intérpretes Indígenas, “Intérpretes Indígenas: Puente Imprescindible Entre Culturas,” http://centrobinacional.org/programas/fresno/programa-de-los-interpretes-indigenas.

  7. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, “History,” November 16, 2016, accessed January 9, 2018, http://www.chla.org/history.

  8. Eileen Truax, “¿Cómo se dice ‘censo’ en zapoteco?,” La Opinión, January 9, 2010.

CHAPTER FOUR: A QUESTION OF HONOR

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “HIV Among Hispanics/Latinos,” September 26, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html.

  2. Euronews video, “‘You’re in My House,’ Obama Shuts Down a Heckler During Speech,” June 25, 2014, https://youtu.be/HpF9ObMoIDc.

  3. Eileen Truax, “La transgénero que incomodó a Obama,” El Universal, July 5, 2015, http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/periodismo-de-investigacion/2015/07/5/la-transgenero-que-incomodo-obama.

  4. Cristina Costantini, Jorge Rivas, and Kristofer Ríos, Why Did the U.S. Lock Up These Women with Men?, Fusion Special Report, November 17, 2014, http://interactive.fusion.net/trans.

  5. Quote from video posted on NDLON website.

  6. Mitch Kellaway and Sunnivie Brydum, “The 21 Trans Women Killed in 2015,” Advocate, July 27, 2015, https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2015/07/27/these-are-trans-women-killed-so-far-us-2015.

  7. “These Are the Trans People Killed in 2016,” Advocate.com, https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2016/10/14/these-are-trans-people-killed-2016.

  8. “Who We Are,” Honor 41, http://honor41.org, accessed January 9, 2018.

CHAPTER FIVE: SANCTUARY

  1. I re-created the scene of Jeanette Vizguerra’s arrival at the sanctuary based on my conversation with her on May 25, 2017; the CNN story by Donie O’Sullivan and Sara Weisfeldt, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/20/us/vizguerra-time-100-trnd/index.html; and Sarah Pulliam Bailey, “This Undocumented Immigrant Just Announced That She Is Seeking Sanctuary at a Church. Now She Waits,” Washington Post, February 15, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/02/15/this-undocumented-immigrant-just-announced-shes-seeking-sanctuary-at-a-church-now-she-waits.

  2. F. James Sensenbrenner Jr., “H.R.4437—109th Congress (2005–2006): Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005,” Congress.gov, January 27, 2006, https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/4437.

  3. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, John Morton memo re “Secretary Napolitano’s Memorandum Concerning the Exercise of Prosecutorial Discretion for Certain Removable Individuals Who Entered the United States as a Child,” https://www.ice.gov/doclib/about/offices/ero/pdf/s1-certain-young-people-morton.pdf.

  4. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “FY 2016 ICE Immigration Removals,” https://www.ice.gov/removal-statistics/2016, accessed January 9, 2017.

  5. Bryan Baker and Christopher Williams, “Immigration Enforcement Actions: 2014,” Department of Homeland Security, January 2016, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Enforcement_Actions_2014.pdf.

  6. According to Rev. Noel Anderson from the World Church movement in an interview with the Washington Post. Rev. Anderson has followed the Sanctuary movement for many years. Bailey, “This Undocumented Immigrant Just Announced That She Is Seeking Sanctuary at a Church. Now She Waits.”

  7. “Criminal Justice Fact Sheet,” NAACP, 2015, http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet; Sophia Kerby, “The Top 10 Most Startling Facts About People of Color and Criminal Justice in the United States,” Center for American Progress, March 13, 2012, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/03/13/11351/the-top-10-most-startling-facts-about-people-of-color-and-criminal-justice-in-the-united-states.

  8. CNN, “Black vs. White Man Breaking into Car,” 2014, https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2014/02/23/nr-car-prank-racism-long.cnn.

  9. Darla Cameron, “How Sanctuary Cities Work, and How Trump’s Blocked Executive Order Could Have Affected Them,” Washington Post, January 18, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/sanctuary-cities.

  10. “Women’s Refugee Commission Announces Support for We Belong Together Kids Caravan and Week of Action,” April 10, 2017, Women’s Refugee Commission, https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/news/press-releases-and-statements/2596-wrc-support-we-belong-together-kids-caravan.

  11. “Sanctuary Everywhere,” American Friends Service Committee, https://www.afsc.org/sanctuaryeverywhere, accessed January 9, 2018.

  12. America Ferrera, “Jeanette Vizguerra,” The 100 Most Influential People, Time, 2017, http://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736271/jeanette-vizguerra.

CHAPTER SIX: A LIFE LIVED WITHIN TWENTY-NINE MILES

  1. Travis Mitchell, “U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Population Estimates,” November 3, 2016, Pew Research Center, Hispanic Trends project, http://www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/unauthorized-immigrants.

  2. Anat Bracha and Mary A. Burke, “Informal Work in the United States: Evidence from Survey Responses,” Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, March 31, 2014, https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/current-policy-perspectives/2014/informal-work-in-the-united-states-evidence-from-survey-responses.aspx; US Customs and Border Protection, “Border Patrol Sectors,” https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/border-patrol-sectors, accessed January 9, 2018.

  3. As of March 2018, the budget approved by Congress has not included resources to hire these new Border Patrol agents. During the budget discussion in the Senate in January 2018, this was one of the conditions that the Republican Party asked to be included in exchange for some kind of legislation to protect the undocumented youth known as Dreamers.

  4. US Customs and Border Protection, “Border Patrol Sectors.”

  5. Bob Ortega, “Interior Border Checks Spur Suit,” Arizona Republic, January 16, 2014, http://archive.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140115interior-border-checks-spur-suit.html.

  6. “ACLU Factsheet on the Constitution in the 100-Mile Zone,” American Civil Liberties Union, https://www.aclu.org/other/constitution-100-mile-border-zone.

  7. Manny Fernandez, “Checkpoints Isolate Many Immigrants in Texas’ Rio Grande Valley,” New York Times, November 22, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/us/checkpoints-isolate-many-immigrants-in-texas-rio-grande-valley.html.

  8. Kevin Johnson, “The Arizona Lawman Challenging President Trump’s Border Wall,” USA Today, March 5, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/03/05/arizona-lawman-challenging-president-trumps-border-wall/98492128.

  9. Texas Border Business, “Texas Mayors United Asking Congress to Oppose ‘Reckless Policies’ Regarding Our U.S. Border and Mexico, Our Neighbor and Trading Partner,” February 3, 2017, https://texasborderbusiness.com/texas-mayors-united-asking-congress-oppose-reckless-policies-regarding-u-s-border-mexico-neighbor-trading-partner.

CHAPTER SEVEN: LIFE IS NO DISNEYLAND

  1. PBS NewsHour, “Watch Hillary Clinton Answer Questions at 2016 NABJ/NAHJ Joint Convention,” YouTube video, August 5, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoB-gOZY5OM.

  2. Lindsey Graham, “S.1615—115th Congress (2017–2018): Dream Act of 2017,” Congress.gov, July 20, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1615.

  3. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “FY 2016 ICE Immigration Removals,” December 5, 2017, https://www.ice.gov/removal-statistics/2016#_ftnref3.

  4. College Board, Trends in Higher Education, “Average Published Undergraduate Charges by Sector and by Carnegie Classification, 2017–18,” https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/average-published-undergraduate-charges-sector-2016-17.

  5. US Citizenship and Immigration Services, “DHS Outlines Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 3, 2012, https://www.uscis.gov/news/dhs-outlines-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-process. DACA was announced during Obama’s reelection campaign in 2012 and was seen as a means to pressure Congress to pass the immigration reform legislation presented in 2013, at the beginning of his second term. But DACA was also the result of years of intensive lobbying, protesting, and organizing by the Dreamers themselves, at the local and national level. See Eileen Truax, Dreamers: An Immigrant Generation’s Fight for Their American Dream (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013).

  6. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “DACA Has Shielded Nearly 790,000 Young Unauthorized Immigrants from Deportation,” Pew Research Center, September 1, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/01/unauthorized-immigrants-covered-by-daca-face-uncertain-future.

  7. Tom K. Wong et al., “New Study of DACA Beneficiaries Shows Positive Economic and Educational Outcomes,” October 18, 2016, Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2016/10/18/146290/new-study-of-daca-beneficiaries-shows-positive-economic-and-educational-outcomes.

  8. Michael D. Shear and Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Trump Moves to End DACA and Calls on Congress to Act,” New York Times, September 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/politics/trump-daca-dreamers-immigration.html.

CHAPTER EIGHT: CAPTAIN OF HIS PEOPLE

  1. Kim Parker, Anthony Cilluffo, and Renee Stepler, “6 Facts About the US Military and Its Changing Demographics,” Pew Research Center, April 13, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/13/6-facts-about-the-u-s-military-and-its-changing-demographics.

  2. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “5 Facts About Latinos and Education,” Pew Research Center, July 28, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/28/5-facts-about-latinos-and-education.

  3. Amy Navvab, “Cultural Competency Key to Meeting the Health Needs of Latino Veterans,” Center for American Progress, November 10, 2012, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/08/07/12037/cultural-competency-key-to-meeting-the-health-needs-of-latino-veterans.

  4. Christine Eith and Matthew R. Durose, “Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2008,” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2011, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp08.pdf.

  5. Kenan Davis et al., “The Counted: The Definitive Map of US Police Killings in 2015,” Guardian, June 1, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-map-us-police-killings.

  6. Gustavo López and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “How Hispanic Police Officers View Their Jobs,” Pew Research Center, February 15, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/15/how-hispanic-police-officers-view-their-jobs.

  7. The survey was conducted by the National Police Research Platform, May 19–August 14, 2016, and collected the views of a nationally representative sample of 7,917 sworn officers working in 54 police and sheriff’s departments with 100 or more officers.

  8. Eileen Truax, “Soñadores a pesar de Trump,” Revista Cambio, February 2017, http://www.revistacambio.com.mx/mundo/sonadores-a-pesar-de-trump.

CHAPTER NINE: FAMILIES CAUGHT BETWEEN TWO WORLDS

  1. “Unauthorized Immigrants: Length of Residency, Patterns of Parenthood,” Pew Research Center, Hispanic Trends project, December 1, 2017, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-of-residency-patterns-of-parenthood.

  2. Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Jie Zong, “A Profile of US Children with Unauthorized Immigrant Parents,” Migration Policy Institute, April 7, 2017, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/profile-us-children-unauthorized-immigrant-parents.

  3. Guillermo Cantor, “Thousands of US-Citizen Children Separated from Parents, ICE Records Show,” American Immigration Council, Immigration Impact project, March 9, 2016, http://immigrationimpact.com/2014/06/26/thousands-of-u-s-citizen-children-separated-from-parents-ice-records-show.

  4. My interviews with the Romero family were done with support from the Immigration in the Heartland program of the Institute for Justice and Journalism (IJJ). Excerpts from the interview were published in my Huffington Post story, “Dos realidades en una sola familia,” November 1, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eileen-truax/dos-realidades-una-familia_b_4195095.html.

  5. I’ve followed the story of Viridiana Hernández since 2012, when I first interviewed her while doing the research for my book about Dreamers. The last time I saw her was in February 2017, in Phoenix. By then she had regularized her immigration status and was working for an immigrant rights organization in that city.

  6. Gardenia Mendoza, “Lupita García de Rayos abre tortillería en Guanajuato tras deportación,” La Opinión, June 5, 2017, https://laopinion.com/2017/06/05/lupita-garcia-de-rayos-abre-tortilleria-en-michoacan-tras-deportacion.

CHAPTER TEN: LITTLE LEGS, BIG DREAMS

  1. At the time, Shriners didn’t have a hospital in Mexico. They opened one in Mexico City in 2006. More information can be found on their website: https://www.shrinershospitalsforchildren.org/shc.

  2. Eileen Truax, “Vivir con miedo,” Proceso, June 6, 2015, http://hemeroteca.proceso.com.mx/?page_id=278958&a51dc26366d99bb5fa29cea4747565fec=406683&rl=wh.

  3. The five parts of the study’s report, Undocumented and Uninsured, can be downloaded at https://www.labor.ucla.edu/healthy-california.

  4. Emanuella Grinberg, “Protesters, Riot Police Clash over Arizona Immigration Law,” CNN.com, July 29, 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/07/29/arizona.immigration.protests.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE FUTURE IS FEMALE

  1. Patricia Gándara, “Making Education Work for Latinas in the US,” June 2, 2014, US Department of Education, White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics, https://sites.ed.gov/hispanic-initiative/2014/06/making-education-work-for-latinas-in-the-u-s.

  2. “Women Helping Women Reach for the Stars/P.E.O. International,” https://www.peointernational.org, accessed January 9, 2018.

  3. Patricia Gándara, “Fulfilling America’s Future: Latinas in the US, 2015,” October 31, 2015, Civil Rights Project and White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics, https://sites.ed.gov/hispanic-initiative/files/2015/09/Fulfilling-Americas-Future-Latinas-in-the-U.S.-2015-Final-Report.pdf; Sarah Catherine K. Moore, Molly Fee, Jongyeon Ee, Terrence G. Wiley, and M. Beatriz Arias, “Exploring Bilingualism, Literacy, Employability and Income Levels Among Latinos in the United States,” in The Bilingual Advantage: Language, Literacy and the US Labor Market, ed. Rebecca M. Callahan and Patricia C. Gándara (Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters), 16–44.

  4. National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education: Gaps in Access and Persistence Study (Washington, DC: August 2012), http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012046.pdf.

  5. Annie E. Casey Foundation, KIDS COUNT Data Book (2014), 19, http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-2014kidscountdatabook-2014.pdf.

  6. Gándara, “Fulfilling America’s Future.”

  7. Robert Crosnoe, Mexican Roots, American Schools: Helping Mexican Immigrant Children Succeed (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).

CHAPTER TWELVE: LAWYER DREAMS

  1. Eileen Truax, “EU: El abogado García litiga por su sueño . . . ejercer,” Proceso, October 4, 2014, http://hemeroteca.proceso.com.mx/?p=354533.

  2. “Immigrants in Arizona,” American Immigration Council fact sheet, October 26, 2017, https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-arizona; “Demographic and Economic Profiles of Hispanics by State and County, 2014,” Pew Research Center, Hispanic Trends project, July 26, 2011, http://www.pewhispanic.org/states/state/az.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: BOYCOTT

  1. Marshall Fitz and Angela Maria Kelley, “Stop the Conference: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Conference Cancellations Due to Arizona’s S.B. 1070,” November 18, 2010, Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2010/11/18/8657/stop-the-conference.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Armando Ríos Piter, “Ni maiz, Trump,” Excélsior, February 27, 2017, http://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/armando-rios-piter/2017/02/27/1148893.

EPILOGUE

  1. In fact, in the first year of the Trump administration the number of deportations, 226,000, was significantly lower than in 2013, the year of the Obama administration with the most deportations, when there had been 433,000; see https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table39 and https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Document/2017/iceByTheNumbersFY17Infographic.pdf; ICE, Fiscal Year 2017 ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations Report, https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2017/iceEndOfYearFY2017.pdf.

  2. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Key Facts About the Latino Vote in 2016,” Pew Research Center, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/14/key-facts-about-the-latino-vote-in-2016/; D’Vera Cohn, “More Voters Will Have Access to Non-English Ballots in the Next Election Cycle,” Pew Research Center, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/16/more-voters-will-have-access-to-non-english-ballots-in-the-next-election-cycle/.

  3. Human Rights Watch, chapter on the US, World Report 2018, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/united-states.