NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (1900; New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909), 204, 243–44.

2. John W. Meyer et al., “The World’s Educational Revolution, 1950–1970,” Sociology of Education 50, no. 4 (1977): 244; John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal, “World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870–1980,” Sociology of Education 65, no. 2 (1992): 128.

3. Key, Century of the Child, 7; Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 2. Over three decades ago, Michel Foucault rejected the idea that modernity “liberated” individuals to develop their own sexual beings; instead, via a “veritable discursive explosion,” it inscribed sexuality as a central part of their beings. I hope it is possible to acknowledge the power of this insight—which calls our attention to what was liberated, and what was not—while still insisting upon important real changes in the way that people thought, acted, and felt across the twentieth century. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction (New York: Vintage, 1978), 17; Anthony Giddens, The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), esp. 27–28.

4. Key, Century of the Child, 11.

5. S. van der Doef, “Why Is Sex Education Necessary?” in Contraceptive Choices and Realities: Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the European Society of Contraception, ed. R. H. W. van Lunsen, V. Unzeitig, and G. Creatsas (London: Parthenon, 2000), 56. The subject of sex education has recently received a great deal of careful attention from historians, whose work I have liberally quoted and cited in the pages that follow. But most of their interpretations remain firmly rooted in one nation or another; by contrast, I have tried to tell a story that takes nations seriously while also emphasizing transnational forces, connections, and tensions. An excellent set of essays about sex education in a dozen European countries, by the best scholars of the same, is Lutz D. H. Sauerteig and Roger Davidson, eds., Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex Education in Twentieth Century Europe (London: Routledge, 2008). The standard history of sex education in the United States is still Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000); more recently, see Susan K. Freeman, Sex Goes to School: Girls and Sex Education before the 1960s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008); Robin E. Jensen, Dirty Words: The Rhetoric of Public Sex Education, 1870–1924 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010); and Alexandra M. Lord, Condom Nation: The U.S. Government’s Sex Education Campaign from World War I to the Internet (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010). Most other nations still lack full-length historical monographs devoted to their experiences with sex education. But I have benefited especially from the country-specific and comparative insights about the subject in Igor S. Kon, The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today (New York: Free Press, 1995); Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650–1950 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Dennis Altman, Global Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Sabine Frühstück, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Claudia Nelson and Michelle H. Martin, eds., Sexual Pedagogies: Sex Education in Britain, Australia, and America, 1879–2000 (New York: Palgrave, 2004); Matthew Guttmann, Fixing Men: Sex, Birth Control, and AIDS in Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Kristen Luker, When Sex Goes to School (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007); Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); Amy T. Schalet, Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011); Nancy Kendall, The Sex Education Debates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); and Colleen McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know: Consulting Children about Sex and AIDS Education in Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2012).

6. Hans L. Zetterberg, Sexual Life in Sweden, trans. Graham Fennell (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 162; “Swedes to Scan Teaching on Sex,” New York Times, April 26, 1964, p. 34; J. Robert Moskin, “Sweden’s New Battle over Sex,” Look, November 15, 1966, “Sex Education (Sweden)” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives, Bloomington, Indiana; Stine H. Bang Svendsen, “Elusive Acts: Pleasure and Politics in Norwegian Sex Education,” Sex Education 12, no. 4 (2012): 400; “No Sex Please, We’re in School,” South China Morning Post, February 10, 2001, p. 7; Corinne Nativel, “Teen Pregnancy and Reproductive Policies in France,” in When Children Become Parents: Welfare State Responses to Teenage Pregnancy, ed. Anne Dagueree and Corinne Nativel (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2006), 125; “Chile’s Precocious Teens Cast Aside Sexual Taboos,” International Herald Tribune, September 13, 2008, p. 1; Alan Guttmacher Institute, “Sex Education Widespread in the United States but Teachers Say, ‘Too Little, Too Late,’” press release, May 2, 1989, “AIDS Education” folder, box 101, AIDS History Project Collection, One: National Gay and Lesbian Archives, Los Angeles; “A Sexual Timebomb,” Guardian, June 9, 1992, p. 60; “Population, Sex Teaching Found Not Widespread,” International Family Planning Digest 2, no. 1 (1976): 7.

7. Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 102–3; Pierre Pradervand, “Excerpts from the Letters of Pierre Pradervand from West Africa, 1971–1973, Regarding Sex Education, Local Beliefs, Western Approaches” (MS, n.d. [1973]), p. 10, General Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives.

8. Barbara Lombardi, Dina Lombardi, and Francisco Masellis, “Sexual Education in Italian Schools: Past, Present, and Future,” in Medical Sexology: The Third International Congress, ed. Romano Forleo and Willy Pasina (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980), 532; “Social Hygiene Bulletin,” Journal of Social Hygiene 9, no. 3 (1923): 183; Mrs. C. Neville Rolfe, “The Social Hygiene Delegation to India,” Health and Empire 2, no. 2 (1927): 79; Dr. J. Sandell, Dr. J. S. Mathur, and Dr. B. K. Trivedi, “Sex Education and the National Family Planning Programme,” Journal of Family Welfare (India) 22, no. 4 (1976): 62.

9. Lena Lennerhed, “Taking the Middle Way: Sex Education Debates in Sweden in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Sauerteig and Davidson, Shaping Sexual Knowledge, 57; Responsible Parenthood and Family Life Education. Proceedings of the Seminar of the Western Pacific Region of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (Hong Kong: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1972), 35; Rebecca Firestone, “Mapping the Policy Environment for Sexuality Education in Thailand” (MPH thesis, University of Washington, 2003), 11; UNICEF, The Situation of Families and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Viet Nam: A National Overview (Hanoi: n.p., 2005), 40, National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi; Agnes Repplier, “The Repeal of Reticence” [1914] in Counter-Currents (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971), 140–41, 145; “Note and Comment,” Social Hygiene 6, no. 3 (1920): 434–35; Sherry Martschink, “Somewhere, Somehow, Children Must Get an Education in Sex,” News and Courier (Charleston, South Carolina), August 2, 1986, “South Carolina Sex Education Clippings” folder, box 250, James T. Sears Papers, Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

10. Report by Miss Martindale on Some Papers on Sex Instruction for Children and Adolescents Submitted from Six Countries to the Medical Women’s International Association for the Paris Congress (Paris: Imprimerie George Petit, 1929), 5–6, folder SA/MWF/N.1/12, Medical Women’s Federation Papers, Wellcome Library, London; Joseph S. Darden Jr., “Mandated Family Life Education: A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose,” Journal of School Health 51, no. 4 (1981): 294; “AIDS Lecture, January 23, 1987” (MS, 1987), folder 33, box 148, C. Everett Koop Papers, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; Review of Sex, Relationships, and HIV Education in Schools (n.p.: UNESCO, 2007), 9.

11. Mikolaj Kozakiewicz and Norman Rea, A Survey on the Status of Sex Education in European Member Countries (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1975), 22; T. A. Storey, “General Summary of the Work of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board” (MS, n.d. [1919]), p. 16, “Exec Secy: Gen’l Cor. File 1919–21” folder, box 4, General Records of the Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, 1918–1921, Records of the Public Health Service, Record Group 90, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; Agneta Nelson and Birgitta Sandstrom, “The Best Thing Is Getting to Know What Others Think”: A Summary of Quality Assessment of Sex Education in 80 Swedish Schools (Stockholm: National Agency for Education, 2001), 10; Pam Alldred and Miriam E. David, Get Real about Sex: The Politics and Practice of Sex Education (Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2007), 57.

12. Howard S. Hoyman, “Sweden’s Experiment in Human Sexuality and Sex Education,” Journal of School Health 41 (April 1971): 177; “The Role of Parents in Sex Education,” in Second Seminar on Sex Education and Social Development in Sweden, Latin America, and the Caribbean, April 1972, ed. Margareta Holmstedt (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Authority, 1974), 96; “Sex Education—Whose Responsibility?” BBC News, March 22, 2000, www.bbc.com/news/ (accessed January 2, 2013); Paula Maycock et al., Relationships and Sexuality Education (RSE) in the Context of Social, Personal, and Health Education (SPHE) (Dublin: Crisis Pregnancy Center, 2007), 138.

13. Wolf Bleek, Sexual Relationships and Birth Control in Ghana: A Case Study of a Rural Town (Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1976), 56; McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know, 72.

14. Roland Robertson, Globalization (London: Sage, 1992), 8; Chang Ching-Sheng, Sex Histories: China’s First Modern Treatise on Sex Education, trans. Howard S. Levy (Yokohama: n.p., 1967), 1–4; “News from Other Countries,” Journal of Social Hygiene 19, no. 5 (1933): 287; Thomas Dawes Eliot, “Welfare Fares Well: A Chronicle from Norway,” Social Service Review 26, no. 1 (1952): 46; “Slant in Sex Education,” New York Times, November 17, 1955, p. 43.

15. Irving R. Dickman, Winning the Battle for Sex Education (New York: Sex Information and Education Council of the United States, 1982), 42; “Statement by Rev. W. B. Woodard, General Secretary of the American Council of Christian Churches, before a Committee Appointed by the San Marino, California School Board” (MS, n.d. [1969]), folder 3752:9, Department of Education Records, California State Archives, Sacramento, California; Paromita Chakravarti, “The Sex Education Debates: Teaching ‘Life Style’ in West Bengal, India,” Sex Education 11, no. 4 (2011): 389; Igor S. Kon, “Russia,” in The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, ed. Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan (Bloomington, IN: Kinsey Institute, 2004), online edition; Igor S. Kon, “Sexual Culture and Politics in Contemporary Russia,” in Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia, ed. Aleksandar Stulhofer and Theo Sandfort (New York: Haworth Press, 2005), 119–20; Jay Friedman, “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality Education,” SIECUS Report 20, no. 6 (1992): 9.

16. Odette Leather, “Think about Those Sex Talks,” Sunday News (Auckland, New Zealand), November 4, 1973, “MW 1973 visit” folder, box 128, section 1, Papers of the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, Albert Sloman Library, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; John MacInnes and Julio Perez Diaz, “Transformations in the World’s Population: The Demographic Revolution,” in The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies, ed. Bryan S. Turner (New York: Routledge, 2010), 154; Marcelo Suarez-Orozco and Carola Suarez-Orozco, “Globalization, Immigration, and Education: Recent U.S. Trends,” in Globalization and Education, ed. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo et al. (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007), 96.

17. Michel As-Sabaa, “Our Contribution to Ideological Globalization,” As-Safir Daily, July 22, 1999, quoted in Azzah Shararah Baydoun, “Sex Education in Lebanon: Between Secular and Religious Discourses,” in Deconstructing Sexuality in the Middle East, ed. Pinar Ilkkaracan (Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2008), 89; “That’s Not Faith, That’s Provocation: Catholics and Muslims Are Uniting in a Pernicious New Alliance,” Guardian, November 12, 1999, p. 22; Shaikh Abdul Mabud, “An Islamic View of Sex Education,” in Sex Education and Religion, ed. Michael J. Reiss and Shaikh Abdul Mabud (Cambridge: Islamic Academy, 1998), 100.

18. G. Stanley Hall, Educational Problems, vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1911), 390; Marcel Fournier, Émile Durkheim: A Biography, trans. David Macey (2007; Cambridge: Polity, 2013), 585–86.

CHAPTER ONE: THE BIRDS, THE BEES, AND THE GLOBE

1. Mrs. C. Neville Rolfe to Secretary, Advisory Committee for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and for the Protection of Children, February 9, 1928; “Outline of a Scheme of Enquiry into Standards of Sex Conduct in Relation to Biological Education and Adolescent Recreation. Scope and Method of Enquiry” (MS, 1928), both in file ANVA/4/104 10B, box FL098, National Vigilance Association Papers, Women’s Library, London; Dame Katherine Furse, “Part of the Social Work of the League of Nations,” Health and Empire 3, no. 2 (1928): 134.

2. Furse, “Part of the Social Work of the League of Nations,” 134–37; F. Sempkins, “Extract of Letter to Dr. Ninck” (MS, March 18, 1929); Sempkins to M. Brifaut, May 28, 1929, both in file ANVA/4/104 10B, box FL098, National Vigilance Association Papers.

3. G. Bernard Shaw, “The Need for Expert Opinion in Sexual Reform,” Journal of Sex Education 2, no. 1 (1949): 25–26.

4. On these comparative points, see especially Tracy L. Steffes, School, Society, and State: A New Education to Govern Modern America, 1890–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

5. “The Educational Motion Picture,” Journal of Social Hygiene 10 (February 1924): 107.

6. Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague: Venereal Disease in Canada, 1838–1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 107, 109; Upton Sinclair and Eugène Brieux, Damaged Goods (Project Gutenberg, EBook 1157, 2008 [1913]), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1157/1157-h/1157-h.htm. The Sinclair/Brieux book was a novelized version of the play, published for American audiences, but the themes hewed closely to the original.

7. Jennifer Burek Pierce, What Adolescents Ought to Know: Sexual Health Texts in Early Twentieth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011), 65; Cassel, Secret Plague, 110–11.

8. Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 319; Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 32; Health Education and the Preparation of Teachers (New York: Child Health Organization, 1922), folder 3, box 125, White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California.

9. See, e.g., “Sex Education Movement in New Zealand,” Journal of Social Hygiene 9, no. 3 (1923): 182.

10. Testimony of Miss Norah March, October 1, 1920, in National Birth-Rate Commission, Youth and the Race (London: Kegan Paul, 1923), 31.

11. “Abstracts of Periodical Literature,” Journal of Social Hygiene 7, no. 4 (1921): 471; Newell W. Edson, “Some Facts Regarding Sex Instruction in the High Schools of the United States,” School Review 29, no. 8 (1921): 594.

12. Steffes, School, Society, and State, 201; W. S. Richardson to John D. Rockefeller Jr., November 6, 1918, folder 121, box 15, series K; Rockefeller to Julia Richman, February 19, 1912; Rockefeller to Richman, February 1, 1912, both in folder 81, box 10, series O, all in Record Group 2, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

13. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (1985; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 38–39, 48; M. J. Exner to John D. Rockefeller, December 19, 1918, folder 250, box 24, series R, Record Group 2, Rockefeller Family Archives.

14. Jonathan Zimmerman, “Uncle Sam at the Blackboard: The Federal Government and Education,” in To Promote the General Welfare: The Case for Big Government, ed. Steven Conn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 44–64; T. A. Storey, “The Work of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board,” Social Hygiene 5, no. 4 (1919): 443, 454–55; Thomas A. Storey, “A Summary of the Work for the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, 1919–1920,” Social Hygiene 7, no. 1 (1921): 64; Thomas C. Stowell to Walter Clarke, “Exec Secy: Gen’l Cor. File 1919–21” folder, box 4, General Records of the Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, 1918–1921, Records of the Public Health Service, Record Group 90, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland; “Social Hygiene Bulletin,” Journal of Social Hygiene 11, no. 1 (1925): 52–53.

15. Otto May, British Social Hygiene Council, Its Origin and Development (Shrewsbury, UK: Wilding and Sons, n.d. [1947]), 4, 1, “Great Britain Ephemera (British Social Hygiene Council)” folder, box 203, American Social Health Association Papers (hereafter “ASHA Papers”), Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Lesley A. Hall, “Birds, Bees, and General Embarrassment: Sex Education in Britain, from Social Purity to Section 28,” in Public or Private Education? Lessons from History, ed. Richard Aldrich (London: Woburn Press, 2004), 102; Simon Szreter and Kate Fisher, Sex before the Sexual Revolution: Intimate Life in England, 1918–1963 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 81; Steve Humphries, A Secret World of Sex: Forbidden Fruit: The British Experience, 1900–1950 (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1988), 48.

16. See, e.g., Theodore F. Tucker and Muriel Pout, Sex Education in Schools: An Experiment in Elementary Instruction (London: Gerald Howe, 1933); Charles Macalister, “Social Hygiene Teaching in a Rural Area: A Gloucestershire Experiment,” Health and Empire 9, no. 2 (1934): 134–36.

17. Virginie De Luca Barrusse, “The Concerns Underlying Sex Education for Young People in France during the First Half of the 20th Century: Morality, Demography, and Public Health,” Hygiea Internationalis 10, no. 1 (2011): 37, 40; Mary Lynn Stewart, “‘Science Is Always Chaste’: Sex Education and Sexual Initiation in France, 1880s–1930s,” Journal of Contemporary History 32, no. 3 (1997): 393; Frederick William Roman, The New Education in Europe (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1930), 401–2.

18. René La Bruyerè, “Germany from a Motor Car,” The Living Age 382 (January 15, 1927): 156; Sterling Fishman, “Suicide, Sex, and the Discovery of the German Adolescent,” History of Education Quarterly 10, no. 2 (1970): 180.

19. “The Sexual Enlightenment of Children (An Open Letter to Dr. M. Furst) [1907], in Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 9 (London: Hogarth, 1959), 138–39.

20. “Sexual Enlightenment of Children,” 139; Helmut Gruber, “Sexuality in ‘Red Vienna’: Socialist Party Conceptions and Programs and Working-Class Life, 1920–34,” International Labor and Working-Class History 31 (Spring 1987): 56; G. Stanley Hall, Educational Problems, vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1911), 397; Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. Eden Paul (1913; New York: AMS Press, 1975), 292; Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890–1970: The Maternal Dilemma (New York: Palgrave, 2005), 96; Ann Taylor Allen, “Mothers of the New Generation: Adele Schreiber, Helen Stocker, and the Evolution of the German Idea of Motherhood, 1900–1914,” Signs 10, no. 3 (1985): 429.

21. Lutz D. H. Sauerteig, “Sex Education in Germany from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century,” in Sexual Cultures in Europe: Themes in Sexuality, ed. Franz X. Eder (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 19–20; Report by Miss Martindale on Some Papers on Sex Instruction for Children and Adolescents Submitted from Six Countries to the Medical Women’s International Association for the Paris Congress (Paris: Imprimerie George Petit, 1929), 9–11, folder SA/MWF/N.1/12, Medical Women’s Federation Papers, Wellcome Library, London; I. L. Kandel, “Education in Nazi Germany,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 182 (November 1935): 159; Hans Peter Bluel, Sex and Society in Nazi Germany, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1973), 192–93; Romano Forleo and Pietro Lucisano, “Sex Education in Italy,” Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 6, no. 1 (1980): 15; Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999), 134–35.

22. Salomon M. Teitelbaum, “Sex Education in the Soviet Union,” Harvard Educational Review 16, no. 2 (1946): 87; Albert P. Pinkevitch, The New Education in the Soviet Union, ed. George S. Counts (New York: John Day, 1929), 337–38.

23. Pinkevitch, New Education in the Soviet Union, 337–38; Lynne Attwood, “Confronting Sexuality in School and Society,” in Education and Society in the New Russia, ed. Anthony Jones (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 264–65; Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 115, 121–23.

24. Teitelbaum, “Sex Education in the Soviet Union,” 86–87; Catriona Kelly, Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 576–77; Ann Livschiz, “Battling ‘Unhealthy Relations’: Soviet Youth Sexuality as a Political Problem,” Journal of Historical Sociology 21, no. 4 (2008): 401–2.

25. Eunice Blackburn to Dear Family, March 12, 1922, folder 4, box 1, Eunice R. Blackburn Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia; John A. Britton, “The Mexican Ministry of Education, 1931–1940: Radicalism and Institutional Development” (PhD thesis, Tulane University, 1971), 97–98, 105–6; Anne Rubenstein, “Raised Voices in the Cine Montecarlo: Sex Education, Mass Media, and Oppositional Politics in Mexico,” Journal of Family History 23, no. 3 (1998): 313–15; “Students Riot in Mexico against Sex Education,” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 8, 1934, p. 20.

26. Rubenstein, “Raised Voices in the Cine Montecarlo,” 315; Britton, “The Mexican Ministry of Education,” 100, 106, 110–11; Alan Knight, “Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico, 1910–1940,” Hispanic American Historical Review 74, no. 3 (1994): 423; “30,000 Catholics Protest on Mexico,” New York Times, February 25, 1935, p. 1; “Catholics to Pray for Turn in Mexico,” New York Times, June 24, 1935, p. 5; “The Mexican Persecution,” Irish Monthly 63, no. 746 (1935): 528; Herbert Ingram Priestly, “The Contemporary Program of Nationalization in Mexico,” Pacific Historical Review 8, no. 1 (1939): 67.

27. Canadian Social Hygiene Council, Introductory Studies in Social Hygiene (Toronto: CSHC, n.d. [1922]), 18, “Canada: VD pamphlets” folder, ASHA Papers; Ben E. Lindsey, “The House of Human Welfare,” Forum 78 (December 1927): 813.

28. “Miss Edith Cooper on ‘Sex Education’” (MS, 1921), folder DC/UWT/129/2, National Union of Women Teachers Collection, Institute of Education Archives, London; C. E. Silcox, “The Interest of the World’s YMCA in Problems of Sex,” Journal of Social Hygiene 13, no. 2 (1927): 83, 72; “Is Seeing Believing?” Journal of Social Hygiene 12, no. 3 (1926): 159–60.

29. Alice B. Van Doren, Christian High Schools in India (Calcutta: YMCA Publishing House, 1936), 135; “British Social Hygiene Council, Imperial Conference, September 27th, 1928,” Health and Empire 3, no. 4 (1928): 281; Bronisław Malinowski, “Syllabus on the Problems of Sex Life and Morality among Peoples of a Non-European Culture. Professor Malinowski of the London School of Economics and Political Science” (MS, n.d. [1931]), enclosed with Malinowski to “Miss Grant,” February 21, 1931, folder 14/120, Bronisław Malinowski Papers, Hall-Carpenter Archives, London School of Economics, London; Margaret Read, “The Contribution of Anthropology to Social Hygiene,” Health and Empire 8, no. 4 (1933): 289.

30. James W. C. Dougall, ed., Christianity and the Sex-Education of the African (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1937), 31, 12; John Norman Hostetter, “Mission Education in a Changing Society: Brethren of Christ Mission Education in Southern Rhodesia, Africa, 1899–1959” (EdD diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1967), 58; Louis Franklin Freed, Sex Education in Transvaal Schools (Johannesburg: Central News Agency, 1940), 6, 9.

31. Lucien Viborel, “The Teaching of Social Hygiene in Schools by Means of the Film,” International Review of Educational Cinematography 5, no. 9 (1933): 595; A. Cavaillon, “The Cinema and Educational Propaganda against Venereal Risks,” International Review of Educational Cinematography 3, no. 2 (1931): 146; Kurt Thomalla, “The Development of the Medical Film and of Those Dealing with Hygiene and General Culture in Germany,” International Review of Educational Cinematography 1, no. 4 (1929): 449; Andre Cavaillon, “The Cinema and the Campaign against the Danger of Venereal Diseases,” International Review of Educational Cinematography 6, no. 12 (1934): 793; Laura Dreyfus-Barney, “Public Hygiene and the Cinema,” International Review of Educational Cinematography 6, no. 3 (1934): 162; “The Educational Motion Picture,” Journal of Social Hygiene 10 (February 1924): 106; Asunción Lavrín, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890–1940 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 139; Wendell Cleland, “‘The Gift of Life’ in Egypt,” Journal of Social Hygiene 11, no. 4 (1925): 219.

32. Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 6 (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1913), 58; Leslie Brewer, The Good News: Some Sidelights on the Strange Story of Sex Education (London: Putnam, 1962), 105; Tucker and Pout, Sex Education in the Schools, 70; Cate Haste, Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain, World War I to the Present (London: Pimlico, 1992), 72; Magda Gawin, “Dispute over the Sex Education of Children and Young People during the Interwar Years,” Acta Poloniae Historica 79 (1999): 204.

33. H. L. Mencken, “Hiring a Hall: Crabbed Age and Youth and the Sex Hygienist,” New York World, n.d. [1925], enclosed with William H. Zinsser to John D. Rockefeller Jr., September 19, 1925, folder 130, box 16, Series K, Record Group 2, Rockefeller Family Archives; Zinsser to Rockefeller, ibid.; Cynthia R. Comacchio, The Dominion of Youth: Adolescence and the Making of a Modern Canada (Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2006), 87.

34. Chicago Society of Social Hygiene, Education against Venereal Disease a Need of the State (n.p., n.d. [1907?]), folder 18, box 21, Veranus A. Moore Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; “How Shall We Teach?” Journal of Social Hygiene 2, no. 3 (1916): 436; Ruth Topping, “Miss Wood’s Lecture at a Special Assembly of the Junior and Senior High School Girls, West Haven High School Connecticut, February 4” (MS, February 15, 1932), folder 201, box 10, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center.

35. Nancy Leys Stepan, “The Hour of Eugenics”: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 130; Britton, “The Mexican Ministry of Education,” 96; Lavrín, Women, Feminism, and Social Change, 141–42; Marie Carmichael Stopes, Sex and the Young (London: Gill Publishing House, 1926), 113. See also Julian B. Carter, The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America, 1880–1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), esp. chap. 4.

36. Sabine Frühstück, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 55; B. P. Kolhapure, Sex Education (n.p., 1928), 25–26, folder UWT/D/121/1/23, National Union of Women Teachers Collection; Paromita Chakravarti, “The Sex Education Debate: Teaching ‘Life Style’ in West Bengal, India,” Sex Education 11, no. 4 (2011): 391; David Mace and Vera Mace, Marriage: East and West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 96, 93; Myrtle Law and Gordon Law, “Gandhi in Jail,” Outlook, April 19, 1922, p. 649.

37. Hugo Rolling, “The Problem of Sex Education in the Netherlands in the 20th Century,” in Cultures of Child Health in Britain and the Netherlands in the 20th Century, ed. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Hilary Marland (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003), 248; Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 93.

38. American Federation for Sex Hygiene, Report of the Sex Education Sessions of the Fourth International Congress on School Hygiene and of the Annual Meeting of the Federation (New York: American Federation for Sex Hygiene, 1913), 65, 72–73; Jeffrey P. Moran, “‘Modernism Gone Mad’: Sex Education Comes to Chicago, 1913,” Journal of American History 83, no. 2 (1996): 502–6; “Sex Education as Its Friends and Foes View It,” Current Opinions 55 (October 1913): 261.

39. See, e.g., Sauerteig, “Sex Education in Germany,” 17, 23; Gawin, “Dispute over the Sex Education of Children,” 211; Barrusse, “The Concerns Underlying Sex Education for Young People in France,” 41; Britta McEwen, Sexual Knowledge: Feeling, Fact, and Social Reform in Vienna, 1900–1934 (New York: Berghahn, 2012), 75–76.

40. Gawin, “Dispute over the Sex Education of Children,” 186–87.

41. Hugo Münsterberg, Psychology and Social Sanity (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1914), 6, 17; Rosemary Auchmuty, “The Truth about Sex,” in Australian Popular Culture, ed. Peter Spearritt and David Walker (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1979), 172–73; C. M. McGeorge, “Sex Education in 1912,” New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 12, no. 2 (1977): 137.

42. “Washington Schools and Sex Education—A Protest from a Mother,” Washington Post, January 30, 1930, p. 6; London City Council, Report of the Education Committee on the Teaching of Sex Hygiene (London: London City Council, 1914), 5; Hall, Educational Problems, 401; Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987), 160; Hera Cook, “Emotion, Bodies, Sexuality, and Sex Education in Edwardian England,” Historical Journal 55, no. 2 (2012): 476.

43. “Pontiff Condemns New Naturalism Taught in Schools,” New York Times, January 12, 1930, p. 1; Robert H. Scott, “Shall Sex Be Taught in Our Schools?” Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1937, p. 26; McEwen, Sexual Knowledge, 76; Barrusse, “The Concerns Underlying Sex Education for Young People,” 41.

44. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 95; “What to Teach the Child, Whitehall against Sex Instruction,” Daily News, April 20, 1923, folder DC/UWT/129/2, National Union of Women Teachers Collection; “Sex Education Held Unwise in Schools,” New York Times, February 8, 1939, p. 19; “Sex Education for the Home,” Los Angeles Times, July 9, 1914, p. 16.

45. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 40–42; Chang Ching-Sheng, Sex Histories: China’s First Modern Treatise on Sex Education, trans. Howard S. Levy (Yokohama: n.p., 1967), 111; Humphries, A Secret World of Sex, 40, 43; Hall, “Birds, Bees, and General Embarrassment,” 21.

46. Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 25–26; Report by Miss Martindale on Some Papers on Sex Instruction, 25; Carleton Washburn, A Living Philosophy of Education (New York: John Day, 1940), 88; Freed, Sex Education in Transvaal Schools, 10.

47. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 57–58; Catherine Gasquoine Hartley, Sex Education and National Health (London: Leonard Parsons, 1920), 53–54; Thomas M. Balliet, Introduction of Sex Education into Public Schools (New York: American Social Hygiene Association, 1928), 5, “Introduction of Sex Education into Public Schools” folder, box 2, Thomas M. Balliet Papers, New York University Archives; Sex Education in Schools and Youth Organisations (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1943), 9, folder SA/FPA/NK234, Family Planning Association Papers, Wellcome Library.

48. Hanne Riser, “School Sex Education: Structure and System in Denmark,” in The Other Curriculum: European Strategies for School Sex Education, ed. Philip Meredith (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1989), 115; Max Hodann, History of Modern Morals, trans. Stella Brown (London: William Heinemann, 1937), 245; Sauerteig, “Sex Education in Germany,” 19; “Cautions Schools on Sex Education,” New York Times, November 7, 1938, p. 21; “Minutes. Sex Education Committee Meeting. November 30, 1939” (MS, 1939), p. 3, folder 21, box 9, United Federation of Teachers Records, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Tamiment Library, New York University; Geraldine Courtney, “Immorality in Our Schools,” Forum and Century 98 (September 1937): 132.

49. Hartley, Sex Education and National Health, 65; Willard W. Beatty, “Sex Instruction in Public Schools—I,” Journal of Social Hygiene 20, no. 5 (1934): 233; Hall, Educational Problems, 401; Stopes, Sex and the Young, 53.

50. Report by Miss Martindale on Some Papers on Sex Instruction, 9–10, 28; Kenneth M. Gould, “Progress, 1920–21,” Social Hygiene 7, no. 3 (1921): 313–14.

51. Carl Gustaf Boethius, “Swedish Experiences—An Historical Perspective,” in Meredith, The Other Curriculum, 333–35; Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 83; John D. Rockefeller to Julia Richman, December 13, 1911; James Russell to Rockefeller, January 14, 1913, both in folder 81, box 10, Series O, Record Group 2, Rockefeller Family Archives.

52. Havelock Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 252; John B. Watson and K. S. Lashley, A Consensus of Medical Opinion upon Questions Relating to Sex Education and Venereal Disease Campaigns (New York: National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1920), 58, “ISHB Publications” folder, box 5, General Records of the Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board; Report by Miss Martindale on Some Papers on Sex Instruction, 27, 20.

53. Howard M. Bell, Youth Tell Their Story (Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1938), 87–88; Angela Davis, “‘Oh no, nothing, we didn’t learn anything’: Sex Education and the Preparation for Motherhood, c. 1930–1970,” History of Education 37, no. 5 (2008): 671; Josephine May, “Secrets and Lies: Sex Education and Gendered Memories of Childhood’s End in an Australian Provincial City, 1930s–1950s,” Sex Education 6, no. 1 (2006): 11; Brewer, The Good News, 112; “Ch. V. Conclusions and Recommendations” (MS, n.d. [1939]), p. 2, “Michigan Curriculum Study—Sub-Committee on Sex Education 2” folder, box 3, Mabel Rugen Papers, Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Hodann, History of Modern Morals, 243–44.

54. Hodann, History of Modern Morals, 244; Cassel, The Secret Plague, 244; “Boys and Girls Show City Council How to Legislate without Tumult,” New York Times, April 15, 1939, p. 21; Claudia Nelson and Michelle H. Martin, “Introduction,” in Sexual Pedagogies: Sex Education in Britain, Australia, and America, 1879–2000, ed. Nelson and Martin (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 3.

55. Ralf Dose, “The World League for Sexual Reform: Some Possible Approaches,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 12, no. 1 (2003): 1–15; Hodann, History of Modern Morals, 261; Experiments in Sex Education (London: Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals, 1935), p. 4, folder DC/UWT/129/7, National Union of Women Teachers Collection.

56. Sigmund Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable” [1937], in Collected Papers, vol. 5, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1950), 336.

CHAPTER TWO: A FAMILY OF MAN?

1. “The Art of Pursuing in Common,” Journal of Social Hygiene 36, no. 6 (1950): 338.

2. “Progress and Trends in Sex Education in the United States: A Statement Prepared by the Staff of the American Social Hygiene Association” (MS, May 1951), folder 5, box 224, American Social Health Association Papers (hereafter “ASHA Papers”), Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota; Social Hygiene, the Citizen, and the United Nations (American Social Hygiene Association, 1950), enclosed with “United States Participation in a Delegation to the Congress of the International Union for the Prevention of Venereal Disease” (MS, July 13, 1950), p. 4, “Venereal Disease, Cong. Of the Int. Union for the Prevention of. Zurich. July 29 to Aug. 1, 1950” folder, box 380, Records of International Conferences, Commissions and Expositions, Record Group 43, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

3. Board of Education, Sex Education in Schools and Youth Organisations (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1943), 1, 8; Cyril Bibby, Sex Education: Aims, Possibilities, and Plans (n.p., 1945), 1–2, both in folder SA/FPA/NK234, Family Planning Association Papers, Wellcome Library, London.

4. Mary Louise Adams, “Sex at the Board, or Keeping Children from Sexual Knowledge,” in Sex in Schools: Canadian Education and Sexual Regulation, ed. Susan Prentice (Toronto: Our School/Our Selves Foundation, 1994), 61–62, 67; International Union against the Venereal Diseases, Summary Report of the Proceedings of the 1st Postwar General Assembly. Paris, France, October 20–25 1947 (New York: Regional Office for the Americas, IUAVD, n.d. [1947]), 36; Osmo Kontula and Elina Haavio-Mannila, “Finland,” in The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, ed. Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan (Bloomington, IN: Kinsey Institute, 2004), online edition; Polish Family Planning Association, Family Planning and Sex-Education in Socialist Countries. Proceedings of a Seminar Held in Warsaw, Poland, December 1976, ed. Mikolaj Kozakiewicz (Warazawa, Poland: Polish Family Planning Association, 1977), 101; Thomas Dawes Eliot, “Family Life Education in Norway,” Marriage and Family Living 15, no. 1 (1953): 5; Michele Guimelchain, “Sex Education as a Factor in the Process of Renewal of Education” (UNESCO: n.p., November 13, 1974), p. 7, at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0001/000107/010714eb.pdf (accessed July 26, 2013); Nina Epton, Love and the French (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1959), 350; Nicholas Beattie, “Sex-Education in France: A Case-Study in Curriculum Change,” Comparative Education 12, no. 2 (1976): 116–17.

5. Lester A. Kirkendall, “The Journey toward SIECUS, 1964: A Personal Odyssey,” SIECUS Report 12, no. 4 (1984): 1–3; Lester A. Kirkendall, “Sex Education in Nine Cooperating High Schools,” Clearing House 18, no. 7 (1944): 390.

6. American Social Hygiene Association, World-Wide Service. Report of the Association’s Committee on International Relations and Activities for the Year 1947 (New York: ASHA, n.d. [1947], p. 3, folder SA/SMO/R.28/13, Society of Medical Officers Papers, Wellcome Library; “Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting. American Social Hygiene Association,” Journal of Social Hygiene 33, no. 3 (1947): 132.

7. “Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting. American Social Hygiene Association.” Journal of Social Hygiene 34, no. 4 (1948): 179, 182; Bruce Webster, “Statesmanship in Social Health,” Social Health News 36, no. 5 (1961): 2; Jean B. Pinney to Clark H. Yeager, May 2, 1947; M. H. Lisboa to ASHA, June 1, 1947, both in folder 10; M. da Nobrega to ASHA, May 5, 1950, folder 11; Edgar Barbosa Ribas to Josephine V. Tuller, August 20, 1954, folder 12, all in box 216, ASHA Papers.

8. “Publications for the Institute of Inter-American Affairs. For Use in Brazil” (MS, 1947), folder 10; Elizabeth F. Force to Louis F. James, July 30, 1957, folder 12; Josephine V. Tuller, “Report to the IUVD and T on J.V. Tuller’s world trip 1954” (MS, n.d. [1954]), folder 2; Tuller to John C. Cutler, June 3, 1954, folder 2, all in box 216, ASHA Papers.

9. Mary B. Bigelow to Conrad Van Hynig, February 9, 1955, folder 12, box 222; “For Discussion” (MS, October 31, 1951), folder 5, box 224; Philip R. Mather, “Social Hygiene Possibilities in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 1945” (MS, 1945), folder 8, box 112, all in ASHA Papers.

10. Charles Walter Clarke to W. R. Deforest, November 28, 1950, folder 4, box 219, ASHA Papers; “Sex Education Held Need of German Girls,” Indianapolis Star, February 28, 1949, “Sex Education (Federal Republic of Germany)” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives, Bloomington, Indiana; Erich D. Langer to William F. Snow, December 20, 1949, folder 4; Elisabeth Hagemeyer to American Association of Social Hygiene, March 13, 1951, folder 5; Langer to Josephine V. Tuller, June 18, 1951, folder 5; Langer to Tuller, October 5, 1951, folder 5, all in box 219, ASHA Papers.

11. Ministry of Education memorandum, February 5, 1947, “Sex Education” folder, box 5728; “A Draft of Principles Purity Education (by the Committee of Purity Education),” p. 1 (MS, n.d. [1948], “Sex Education” folder, box 5247; Francis C. Park to Education Section, December 16, 1948, “School Hygiene” folder, box 2840, all in Civil Information and Education Section, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers Records, Record Group 331, National Archives II; William Neufeld to ASHA, June 24, 1948, folder 9, box 221; Carol V. Reynolds to Mary F. Jones, May 29, 1952, folder 1, box 222; Josephine V. Tuller to Kane Iwashita, October 21, 1954, folder 1, box 222; Jones to Tuller, March 9, 1952, folder 1, box 222, all in ASHA Papers.

12. Curtis A. Avery, “Toward an Understanding of Sex Education in Oregon,” The Coordinator 5, no. 1 (1956): 1–2, 8.

13. Helen Manley, “Sex Education in the Schools,” Journal of School Health 21, no. 2 (1951): 62, 67, folder 9, box 3, Helen Manley Papers, Missouri Historical Society, Saint Louis; Office of Family Education Research, Presbyterian Board of Christian Education, “The Church Faces a Changing Family” (MS, 1959), “BCE—Office of Fam. Ed Research—Folder 1” folder, box 2, Presbyterian Board of Christian Education Records, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia; “Family Strength Is World Strength,” Social Hygiene News 34, no. 4 (1959): 4.

14. “Progress and Trends in Sex Education in the United States,” 3; Health League of Canada, “6 Resolutions on V.D. Control” (MS, 1945), folder 4, box 217, ASHA Papers; Thomas D. Eliot, “Sex Instruction in Norwegian Culture,” Social Problems 1, no. 2 (1953): 47; Problems of Social Vice and Social Diseases: A Report of the Proceedings and Recommendations of a Three-Day Seminar on “Social and Moral Hygiene” (Problems of Social Vice and Social Diseases) Held by the Social Services Coordinating Council, Karachi, in March 1961 (Karachi: Social Services Coordinating Council, 1961), 18, 24; Family Planning Association of Hong Kong to Elise Ottesen-Jensen, November 8, 1955, volume 3, Foreign Correspondence, Papers of Riksförbundet för Sexuell Upplysning (RFSU), Labour Movement Archives and Library, Stockholm, Sweden.

15. Robert and Francis R. Harper, “Are Educators Afraid of Sex?” Marriage and Family Living 19, no. 3 (1957): 240–41.

16. Doris H. Linder, Crusader for Sex Education: Elise Ottesen-Jensen (1886–1973) in Scandinavia and on the International Scene (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996), 175, 179; W. F. Storm to Vera Houghton, September 1, 1951, folder 9, box 5, Abraham Stone Papers, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston; Irving J. Fasteau to Department of State, March 31, 1951, “Venereal Disease, 28th General Assembly of International Union Against. Paris May 21–25, 1951” folder, box 380, Records of International Conferences, Commissions, and Expositions; David Richards to Josephine V. Tuller, October 10, 1948, folder 9, box 217, ASHA Papers.

17. “Slant on Sex Education,” New York Times, November 17, 1955, p. 43; Katherine Rahl, “Report on Conferences in the Virgin Islands of the U.S.A.” (MS, June 1956), p. 16, folder 8, box 112; Josephine Tuller memorandum to International Division, June 15, 1956, folder 12, box 216; Tuller to E. E. Hermans, April 26, 1956, folder 6, box 223, all in ASHA Papers.

18. “Big Racket Seen in Pornography,” New York Times, May 21, 1956, p. 26; Robert A. Frumkin, “Should Public Schools Teach Sex Education?” Sexology 23, no. 5 (1956): 305; Josephine V. Tuller memorandum, April 15, 1958, folder 2, box 216, ASHA Papers; “Age Worries over at 16, Kinsey Says,” Washington Post, May 2, 1956, p. 46; Alfred Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948), 443; Bruno P. F. Wanrooij, “Carnal Knowledge: The Social Politics and Experience of Sex Education in Italy, 1940–1980,” in Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex Education in Twentieth Century Europe, ed. Lutz D. H. Sauerteig and Roger Davidson (London: Routledge, 2008), 117; Lisa Featherstone, Let’s Talk about Sex: Histories of Sexuality in Australia from Federation to the Pill (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011), 271; “Kinsey Attacked by Communists,” Social Hygiene News 28, no. 10 (1953): 1.

19. C. E. Silcox, “The Moral and Social Factors of VD Control,” Journal of Social Hygiene 32, no. 1 (1946): 56; Wanrooij, “Carnal Knowledge,” 111; “Sex in Russia,” Newsweek, October 19, 1964, 106; V. N. Kolbanovskii, “The Sex Upbringing of the Rising Generation,” Soviet Education 6, no 11 (1964): 8; Catriona Kelly, Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 577.

20. Mark Fenmore, “The Growing Pains of Sex Education in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 1945–69,” in Sauerteig and Davidson, Shaping Sexual Knowledge, 82, 84–85; Waltraud Muller-Dietz, “Sex Education in the Soviet Union,” Review of Soviet Medical Sciences 2 (1965): 3; Lynne Attwood, “Confronting Sexuality in School and Society,” in Education and Society in the New Russia, ed. Anthony Jones (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 269; “Appendix 2: Development of Sex Education in China,” in Sexual Behavior in Modern China, ed. Dalin Liu et al. (New York: Continuum, 1997), 553; Alessandra Aresu, “Sex Education in Modern and Contemporary China: Interrupted Debates across the Last Century,” International Journal of Educational Development 29 (2009): 534–35; Mikolaj Kozakiewicz, “Sex and Family Life Education through the Polish School System,” in The Other Curriculum: European Strategies for School Sex Education, ed. Philip Meredith (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1989), 196.

21. “The Red Underground,” Herald Tribune, November 18, 1951; Jonathan Zimmerman, Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 194; Ruth Daniloff, “Sex? Nyet? Not in Soviet School System,” Louisville Courier-Journal, July 19, 1964, “Sex Education (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives; “Sex in Russia,” 106.

22. Carl Gustaf Boethius, “Sweden’s Way to Sex Education and Birth Control,” in Sex Education in Schools: Proceedings of an Expert Group Meeting. IPPF Middle East and North Africa Region. December 1974. Beirut, Lebanon, ed. Isam R. Nazer (Tunisia: IPPF Middle East and North Africa Region, 1976), 24–25; Carl Gustaf Boethius, “Sex Education in Swedish Schools: The Facts and the Fiction,” Family Planning Perspectives 17, no. 6 (1985): 276; untitled MS (1951), pp. 3–4, folder 57, box 4, Stone Papers; Lena Lennerhed, “Taking the Middle Way: Sex Education Debates in Sweden in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Sauerteig and Davidson, Shaping Sexual Knowledge, 62–63.

23. Nils Nielsen, untitled MS (1955), p. 4, folder 58, box 4, Stone Papers; “Background on Elise Ottesen-Jensen. Supplied by National League for Sex Education, Sweden” (MS, 1954), p. 6, folder 11, box 205, Planned Parenthood Federation of America II Collection, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; The National League for Sex Education (Stockholm: Tryckeriaktiebolaget Federative, 1949), p. 4, “Sex Education Organization (Sweden). Swedish Association for Sex Education” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives; Handbook on Sex Instruction in Swedish Schools, trans. Norman Parsons (Stockholm: Royal Board of Education in Sweden, 1956), 2032.

24. Stewart E. Fraser, Sex, Schools, and Society: International Perspectives (Nashville: Aurora Publishers, 1972), 12; “Swedes Debate Sex Hysteria,” Washington Post, February 23, 1964, p. E4; “Swedes to Scan Teaching on Sex Education,” New York Times, April 26, 1964; J. Robert Moskin, “Sweden’s New Battle over Sex,” Look, November 15, 1966, both in “Sex Education (Sweden)” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives; Robert M. Bjork, “An International Perspective on Various Issues in Sex Education as an Aspect of Health Education,” Journal of School Health 39 (October 1969): 532.

25. Linder, Crusader for Sex Education, 228; M. A. Hai, “Sex Education”: A Social Problem of the Mid-Twentieth Century (n.p.: Modern Press and Publicity, n.d. [1955]), p. 9, folder 2, box 221, ASHA Papers; R. L. Humphris to Elise Ottesen-Jensen, February 18, 1956, volume 4, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers.

26. Lotte Fink to Elise Ottesen-Jensen, May 19, 1954, volume 3; Richard B. Gamble to Ottesen-Jensen, August 22, 1952, volume 1, both in Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Linder, Crusader for Sex Education, 194–95; “Mrs. Ottesen-Jensen Schedule of U.S. Visit, 1954” (MS, 1954), folder 11, box 205, Planned Parenthood Federation of America II Collection; Awad Al-Najim to RFSU, December 12, 1954, volume 3, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; “Background on Elise Ottesen-Jensen,” 6–7.

27. Frederick Hale, “Time for Sex in Sweden,” Scandinavian Studies 79, no. 3 (2003): 354–55, 357, 359–60, 363, 367.

28. Hale, “Time for Sex in Sweden,” 365–66; “Sex and Suicide in Sweden Aren’t the Rage after All,” Wall Street Journal, April 6, 1990, p. A1; Howard S. Hoyman, “Impressions of Sex Education in Sweden,” Journal of School Health 34 (May 1964): 215; Moskin, “Sweden’s New Battle over Sex”; Fraser, Sex, Schools, and Society: International Perspectives, 16–17.

29. Leonard England, “A British Sex Survey” in Sex, Society, and the Individual, ed. A. Pillay and Albert Ellis (Bombay: International Journal of Sexology, 1953), 363; “What Teen-Agers Think,” in Sex Education and the Teen-Ager, ed. Seymour M. Farber and Roger H. L. Wilson (Berkeley, CA: Diablo Press, 1967), 133, 135; Norman Haire, “Sex Education for Adolescents,” New Horizons in Education 3, no. 3 (1943): 16–17; “How Girls Find Out about Sex,” Intro, October 21, 1967, folder SA/FPA/A17/120, Family Planning Association Papers.

30. Nina Epton, Love and the English (London: Cassell, 1960), 327; Helen Manley, A Curriculum Guide in Sex Education (Saint Louis: State Publishing, 1964), 39, 47, folder 10, box 3, Manley Papers; Genaro Castro-Vázquez, In the Shadows: Sexuality, Pedagogy, and Gender among Japanese Teenagers (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), 30.

31. Leslie Brewer, The Good News: Some Sidelights on the Strange Story of Sex Education (London: Putnam, 1962), 19; “Ch. V. Conclusions and Recommendations” (MS, n.d. [1940?]), pp. 1–2, “Michigan Curriculum Study—Sub-Committee on Sex Education 2” folder, box 3, Mabel Rugen Papers, Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Lester A. Kirkendall, Sex Education as Human Relations (New York: Inor, 1950), xiv, 158; “Sex Teaching,” Times Educational Supplement, March 4, 1944, p. 111; “A Draft of Principles Purity Education,” 3.

32. The First All-India Conference on Moral and Social Hygiene (New Delhi: Association for Moral and Social Hygiene in India, n.d. [1950]), 1, 13, “India—Ephemera” folder, box 203, ASHA Papers; Seventh All-India Conference on Moral and Social Hygiene (Delhi: Neelkamal Printers, n.d. [1959]), 161; untitled clipping, Daily Herald, February 2, 1949, folder DC/UWT/129/2, National Union of Women Teachers Collection, Institute of Education, London; “Education,” Time, February 21, 1949, 73.

33. “Sex Education in Schools Plan Fought by Mother,” Los Angeles Times, March 9, 1945, p. A1; “Catholic Boycott of Sex Film Urged,” New York Times, December 5, 1949, p. 20; Wanrooij, “Carnal Knowledge,” 111; George W. Cadbury, “Outlook for Government Action in Family Planning in the West Indies,” in Research in Family Planning, ed. Clyde V. Kiser (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), 324–25; Roger Davidson, “Purity and Pedagogy: The Alliance-Scottish Council and School Sex Education in Scotland, 1955–1967,” in Sauerteig and Davidson, Shaping Sexual Knowledge, 93; “Education in Sex Vital, Says Priest,” Sunday Telegraph, April 8, 1962, folder SA/FPA/A17/117, Family Planning Association Papers.

34. P. Chambre, “Sex Education at Home and in the School,” in UNESCO Institute for Education, Health Education, Sex Education, and Education for Home and Family Life: Report on an Expert Meeting, February 17–22, 1964 (Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Education, 1965), 86; Sidonie Matsner Gruenberg, “Must We Change Our Methods of Sex Education?” in Sex Habits of American Men, ed. Albert Deutch (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1948), 218; Thomas Dawes Eliot, “Welfare Fares Well: A Chronicle from Norway,” Social Service Review 26, no. 1 (1952): 65; Eliot, “Sex Instruction in Norwegian Culture,” 46; J. Bach, “Health, Sex, and Family Education,” in UNESCO Institute for Education, Health Education, 42; John C. Davis, “Teacher Dismissal on Grounds of Immorality,” Clearing House 46, no. 7 (1972): 421; John B. Lewis, “Freedom of Speech and Expression in the Public Schools: A Closer Look at Teachers’ Rights,” High School Journal 63, no. 4 (1980): 138.

35. Lester Kirkendall, “Sex Education in Nine Cooperating Schools Part II: Methods of Teaching for the Individual Schools,” Clearing House 18, no. 8 (1944): 460; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 127; Dollie R. Walker, “The Need of Sex Education in Negro Schools,” Journal of Negro Education 14, no. 2 (1945): 180; Frumkin, “Should Public Schools Teach Sex Education?” 304.

36. “Fear or Happiness,” Journal of Sex Education 3, no. 3 (December 1950–January 1951), 104; Linder, Crusader for Sex Education, 152; Davidson, “Purity and Pedagogy,” 95; Christian Council of Ghana, Committee on Christian Marriage, “Account of an Experiment in Sex Education among Middle School Leavers in Accra Area. July 1961” (MS, 1961), pp. 1–2, 4, enclosed with C. F. Paton to Principal Education Officer, September 29, 1961, folder 3/1/35, Ghana Education Service Records, Record Group 3/1, Ghana National Archives, Accra, Ghana.

37. Christian Council of Ghana, Committee on Christian Marriage, “Conclusions and Recommendations Arising from an Experiment in Sex-Education in Accra Middle Schools in July 1961” (MS, n.d. [1961]), p. 1; M. L. Quist to Miss Addison, November 24, 1965, both in folder 3/31/35, Ghana Education Service Records; “International Union against the Venereal Diseases. History and evaluation” (MS, 1952), folder 4, box 224, ASHA Papers.

38. Kozakiewicz, “Sex and Family Life Education through the Polish School System,” 199; Roger Davidson and Gayle Davis, The Sexual State: Sexuality and Scottish Governance, 1950–1980 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 192; Adams, “Sex at the Board,” 76, 65; International Planned Parenthood Federation, Proceedings: Second Conference of the Region for Europe Near East and Africa (Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1960), 53.

39. “Introduction,” in UNESCO Institute for Education, Health Education, 8; Liz Stanley, Sex Surveyed, 1949–1994: From Mass-Observation’s “Little Kinsey” to the National Survey and the Hite Reports (London: Taylor and Francis, 1995), 88; Phyllis Kronhausen and Eberhard Kronhausen, “Sex Education—The Orphan Annie of American Schools,” Phi Delta Kappan 43, no. 3 (1961): 128.

CHAPTER THREE: SEX EDUCATION AND THE “SEXUAL REVOLUTION,” 1965–1983

1. Ashley Montagu, “The Pill, the Sexual Revolution, and the Schools,” Phi Delta Kappan 49 (May 1968): 480, 483.

2. “Mrs. Whitehouse Crusades towards the White House,” Sunday Times, October 29, 1972; Lee Edwards to Raymond Gauer, December 14, 1972; Mary Whitehouse, “Address at a Luncheon, December 14, 1972, at the Home of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Frawley” (MS, 1972), all in “MW U.S. visit” folder, box 126, section 1, Papers of the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association (hereafter “NVLA Papers”), Albert Sloman Library, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom.

3. Edward W. Pohlman and K. Seshagiri Rao, “Population Education versus Sex Education,” in Population Education: A Panel Discussion, ed. B. Kuppuswamy et al. (Delhi: Institute for Social and Psychological Research, 1971), 5; Final Report on the Third Seminar on Sex Education and Social Development (Stockholm: Division for Population, Health, and Nutrition of the Swedish International Development Authority, 1977), 127.

4. Mary Calderone, “Youth and Sexual Behavior,” Sixth Annual Greater Hartford Forum (n.p., 1965), p. 53, folder 237, box 14, Collection 179, Mary Calderone Papers, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts; International Union of Family Organisations, Commission on Marriage and Marriage Guidance (Paris), “Report of the Meeting Held in Edinburgh (2–4 June 1969)” (MS, 1969), p. 5, “Sex Education” folder, box PC-S101, Accession II, Population Council Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York; International Planned Parenthood Federation, Europe and Near East Region, Regional Council Sex Education Seminar, Baden/Vienna, 6–8 October 1970 (London: IPPF Europe and Near East Region, 1970), 1; Mary Calderone, “Sexual Attitudes and the Regulation of Conception,” Emphasis ’65: A Report from the Boston University Symposium on Population Growth and Birth Control (New York: Siecus, n.d. [1965]), p. 52, folder 42, box 2, Collection 83-M184, Calderone Papers.

5. Jonathan Zimmerman, Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 191–92; Howard S. Hoyman, “Our Most Explosive Issue: Birth Control,” Journal of School Health 39, no. 7 (1969): 459, 464–65; Howard S. Hoyman, “Sex Education and Our Core Values,” Journal of School Health 44, no. 2 (1974): 63.

6. S. P. Ruhela, Sociology of Sex Education in India (Delhi: Dhanpat Rai and Sons, 1969), 13; Dr. (Miss) J. Sandell, Dr. J. S. Mathur, and Dr. B. K. Trivedi, “Sex Education and the National Family Planning Programme,” Journal of Family Welfare 22, no. 4 (1976): 62; J. Mugo Gachuhi, Sex Education Contraversy [sic]: Views of Youth and Teachers in Kenya (Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, 1975), 16; Responsible Parenthood and Family Life Education. Proceedings of the Seminar of the Western Pacific Region of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (Hong Kong: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1972), 85.

7. Beryl Sutters, Be Brave and Angry: Chronicles of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1973), 365–66; Eighth International Conference of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (Santiago, Chile), “Daily Bulletin” (MS, 1967), folder 8, box 202, Planned Parenthood Federation of America II Collection, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; “Swinging Holland: Riots Every Week,” Washington Post, July 16, 1966, p. A12; “Girls March,” Guardian, February 19, 1976, p. 2; “Student Coalition for Relevant Sex Education, Birth Control, and Venereal Disease Information and Referral Project in New York City Public Schools” (MS, January 1972), pp. 6–7, enclosed with Jules Kolodny to Harvey B. Scribner, July 21, 1972, folder 11, box 89, United Federation of Teachers Records, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Tamiment Library, New York University.

8. “Women Winning the Sex War?” Gloucester Citizen, May 10, 1968, folder SA/FPA/A17/121, Family Planning Association Papers, Wellcome Library, London; Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 147; “Sex Education in the Schools Is Approved by the Following National Organizations” (MS, n.d. [1969?]), p. 2, “Sex Education” folder, box PC-S101, Accession II, Population Council Papers; Judy Mann, “Sex Education Fails to Address the Issues,” Washington Post, February 8, 1980, p. B1.

9. “Sex Education: The Forbidden Topics,” Washington Post, December 4, 1979, p. C1; “Is It Time to Teach a New Lesson in Sex?” Now! June 20, 1980, pp. 63–64, enclosed with Antony Grey to the Editor, “Now!,” July 5, 1980, folder HCA/ALBANY TRUST 2/7, HCA/Albany Trust Collection, Hall-Carpenter Archives, London School of Economics, London; British Broadcasting Corporation, School Broadcasting and Sex Education the Primary School (London: BBC, 1971), 3; “Wiseman’s New Film,” Christian Science Monitor, May 19, 1969, p. 7; Frederick Wiseman, High School (Cambridge, MA: Zipporah Films, 1968).

10. Mikolaj Kozakiewicz and Norman Rea, A Survey on the Status of Sex Education in European Member Countries (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1975), 1, 81, 62; International Union of Family Organisations, “Report of the Meeting Held in Edinburgh,” 10; Nicholas Beattie, “Sex-Education in France: A Case-Study in Curriculum Change,” Comparative Education 12, no. 2 (1976): 118, 121–22, 124; Uta Schwarz, “Helga (1967): West German Sex Education and the Cinema in the 1960s,” 200–201; Lutz D. H. Sauerteig, “Representations of Pregnancy and Childbirth in (West) German Sex Education Books, 1900s–1970s,” 144–45, both in Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex Education in Twentieth Century Europe, ed. Lutz D. H. Sauerteig and Roger Davidson (London: Routledge, 2008); Mary Redliffe, “Is This Teutonic Study of Sex the Best We Can Offer?” Morning Telegraph (Sheffield), November 20, 1968, folder SA/FPA/AIP/121, Family Planning Association Papers.

11. Schwarz, “Helga (1967),” 198; Adolph Schalk, The Germans (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971), 331–32; Sauerteig, “Representations of Pregnancy and Childbirth,” 146; Katherine Whitehorn, “How to Turn Off Sex on Tap(e),” Observer, November 16, 1980, p. 33.

12. “Sex Education: The Forbidden Topics”; Michael Scriven, “Putting the Sex Back in Sex Education,” Phi Delta Kappan 49 (May 1968): 485; Stewart E. Fraser, “Introduction to Part IV,” in Stewart E. Fraser, ed., Sex, Schools, and Society: International Perspectives (Nashville: Aurora Publishers, 1972), 231; “High Schools Are Urged to Assist Birth Control,” New York Times, September 29, 1971, p. 33; Hariette Surovell, “Most Girls Just Pray,” New York Times, October 1, 1971, p. 41; “Spanish ‘Stork’ Film Off Limits to Youth,” Los Angeles Times, November 25, 1971, p. G16; Bruno P. F. Wanrooij, “Carnal Knowledge: The Social Politics and Experience of Sex Education in Italy, 1940–1980,” in Sauerteig and Davidson, Shaping Sexual Knowledge, 119.

13. Howard S. Hoyman, “Sweden’s Experiment in Human Sexuality and Sex Education,” Journal of School Health 41 (April 1971): 183; Schwarz, “Helga (1967),” 201; “Sex Education Workshop Started,” Northwest Missourian (Maryville, MO), July 17, 1970, folder 8, box 3, Helen Manley Papers, Missouri Historical Society, Saint Louis; Emily de Forest White, “Family Planning Report on Trip around the World. August 29–November 7 1964” (MS, 1964), p. 1, folder 46, box 203; Alan F. Guttmacher to Elise Ottesen-Jensen, May 18, 1964, folder 11, box 205, both in Planned Parenthood II Collection.

14. A. C. Vaigo, “Denmark: Getting Sex in Perspective,” Times Educational Supplement, September 3, 1971, p. 13; Toshimi Inaba to Elizabeth Wettergren, March 31, 1971, volume 3; Andrew Phelan to RFSU, December 22, 1971, volume 10; James Pilbeam to RFSU, April 18, 1969, volume 8; J. W. Korstman to RFSU, November 1, 1969, volume 8, all in Foreign Correspondence, Papers of Riksförbundet för Sexuell Upplysning (RFSU), Labour Movement Archives and Library, Stockholm, Sweden.

15. Tom Buckley, “Oh! Copenhagen!” New York Times, February 8, 1970, p. 217; J. Robert Moskin, “Sweden’s New Battle over Sex,” Look, November 15, 1966, “Sex Education (Sweden)” file, Vertical Files Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives, Bloomington, Indiana; David Barnard, “Most Swedes Want Sex in Curriculum,” Times Educational Supplement, July 30, 1971, p. 8; “Study of Sex Education Programs,” School and Society 97 (Summer 1969): 271; Hans L. Zetterberg, Sexual Life in Sweden, trans. Graham Fennell (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 162; Hoyman, “Our Most Explosive Sex Education Issue,” 464; Carl-Gustaf Boethius, “The Battle for Sex Education in Sweden,” in Second Seminar on Sex Education and Social Development in Sweden, Latin America and the Caribbean, April 1972, ed. Margareta Holmstedt (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Authority, 1974), 82; Lester A. Kirkendall, “Preface,” in Birgitta Linner, Sex and Society in Sweden (New York: Random House, 1967), ix.

16. Carl Gustaf Boethius to Ruarc Gahan, June 14, 1978, volume 15; Boethius to Rosa Castella, June 5, 1980, volume 16, both in Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Boethius, “The Battle for Sex Education in Sweden,” 83.

17. Hoyman, “Sweden’s Experiment in Human Sexuality and Sex Education,” 174; Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, “‘Open House’ Youth Clinic” (MS, n.d. [1984]), p. 1, enclosed with Kerstin Strid to W. Haddad, February 2, 1984, volume 17, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Maj-Briht Bergstrom-Walan to Martin S. Weinberg, March 4, 1971, “Bergstrom-Walan, Maj-Briht” folder, Gebhard Era Correspondence Collection, Part II (1970–79), Kinsey Institute Archives; Barnard, “Most Swedes Want Sex in the Curriculum,” 8.

18. Roger Davidson and Gayle Davis, The Sexual State: Sexuality and Scottish Governance, 1950–1980 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 199; Kirby Kinman, Sex Education Examined (n.p., 1969), 12, folder 35, box 22, Institute for Sex Education Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Richard J. Daley Library, University of Illinois at Chicago; Michael Tracy and David Morrison, Whitehouse (London: Macmillan, 1979), 132; Paul Ferris, “Sex: What to Tell the Children?” Observer, May 29, 1977, p. 13.

19. Pink Floyd, “Pigs,” in Animals (London: Harvest Records, 1977); Elizabeth M. Elliott to Mary Whitehouse, June 28, 1972, box 80 [no folder], section 1, NVLA Papers.

20. Mary M. Robson to Mary Whitehouse, October 24, 1969, “MW U.S. visit” folder, box 126; Martha Rountree to Steven Stevens, November 7, 1973, “Martha Rountree” folder, box 127, both in section 1, NVLA Papers.

21. “CDL Sponsors Whitehouse Visit,” National Decency Reporter 10, nos. 1–2 (1973): 1; Raymond P. Gauer to Charles H. Keating Jr., December 18, 1972, both in “CDL Inc” folder, box 127; Gauer to Mary Whitehouse, August 30, 1972, “MW U.S. visit” folder, box 126, all in section 1, NVLA Papers.

22. “Festival of Light People Have Big Plans,” Advertiser (Adelaide, Australia), October 29, 1973; “Mary, Mary Not Quite Contrary (and How’s the BBC?)” Woman’s Day, October 8, 1973; Bernard Boucher, “A Talk with Crusader to Clear the Air,” Advertiser, October 18, 1973, all in “MW 1973 visit” folder, box 128; “Mr. Kurt Kempf President Canterbury Branch SPCS with Mrs. V. Riches and Her Husband in Timaru,” Society for Promotion of Community Standards Newsletter (New Zealand), no. 48 (December 1983), p. 1; “Combating the Forces Arrayed against the Family,” New Life (Australia), May 5, 1983, both in “Australian Festival of Light” folder, box 131, all in section 1, NVLA Papers; Thea Mendelsohn, “Getting Sex, Sex Education, and the Opposition into Perspective,” in Teaching about Sex: The Australian Experience (Sydney: Australian Federation of Family Planning Associations, 1983), 108.

23. Hanne Riser, “School Sex Education: Structure and System in Denmark,” in Preparation for Family Life, ed. Klaus Schleicher (Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Co-Operation, 1982), 126–27; Mike Duckenfield, “Denmark: Sex Education Protest Goes to Human Rights Court,” Times Educational Supplement, October 17, 1975, p. 14.

24. Duckenfield, “Denmark,” 14; Danish Family Planning Association and the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, RFSU, Sexual Rights of Young Women in Denmark and Sweden (Stockholm: RFSU, 1995), 10; Svend Laursen, “Open Letter to Her Majesty the Queen, London” (MS, January 3, 1977); Therese Brondum to Philippe Schepens, n.d. [1977], both in box 38 [no folders], section 5; “Sex Education and Parental Rights in Inter national Law” (MS, June 1980), p. 3, “Sex Education” folder, box 14, section 2, all in NVLA Papers.

25. T. J. Proom, “BBC Education Spelt Disaster to Our Family: A Personal Report to the Annan Inquiry” (MS, October 1974); “No Legal Right for Parents on Sex Classes,” Daily Telegraph, March 10, 1971; Proom to Rex Stanton Rogers, March 4, 1976, all in box 80 [no folders], section 5, NVLA Papers.

26. “Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, Continued” (MS, January 14, 1976), “Sex Education” folder, box 14, section 2, NVLA Papers; House of Lords Official Report Vol. 407 No. 103 (3/24/1980), p. 559, 553, folder SA/FPA/C/B/6/7/1; John A. Murphy, “Sex Education Broadcasts: The Duty of Parents,” Times of London, November 17, 1969; Jacinth Whittaker, “Now, Pornography for the Kids of 8,” Birmingham Free Press, November 7, 1969, both in folder SA/FPA/A17/123, all in Family Planning Association Papers.

27. “School Sex Education Required in Three States and D.C., but Most States Allow Local Districts to Decide,” Family Planning Perspectives 12, no. 6 (1980): 308; “That Schools Teach of Sex Is Still Controversial,” New York Times, February 27, 1977, p. 150; “New York State and Sex Education,” SIECUS Report 5, no. 3 (1977): 6; “School Sex Court Gets High Court OK,” Chicago Tribune, December 8, 1970, p. B6; “Summary of Actions of the Supreme Court Announced Yesterday,” New York Times, April 6, 1976, p. 25; “Protesters Proclaim, ‘Right’s on Our Side,’” Christian Science Monitor, February 14, 1970, p. 13; Commission on Professional Rights and Responsibilities, National Education Association, Suggestions for Defense against Extremist Attack: Sex Education in the Public Schools (Washington, DC: National Education Association, n.d. [1970]), p. 4, folder 10, box 999, Manuscript Collection 2266, National Education Association Records, Gelman Library, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

28. “Rappitup,” “Stop All This Havering about Sex!” Evening Times, July 10, 1969, folder SA/FPA/A17/122, Family Planning Association Papers; “Concern Grows on BBC Lessons” (unidentified clipping, n.d. [1971]), box 80 [no folders], section 1, NVLA Papers; “Sex Courses Bring Picketing Threat by Parents,” Washington Post, March 3, 1968, p. F6.

29. “‘Spring Awakening’ More Than a Curiosity Piece,” Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1979, p. A3; Ronald Goldman and Juliette Goldman, “The Research Bases for Sex Education” (MS, November 10–11, 1984), pp. 4–5, volume 17, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Mary Calderone to Ronald Goldman, January 21, 1981, folder 10, box 6, Collection 83-M184, Calderone Papers.

30. Thorsten Sjövall, “Why Sex Education?” in International Planned Parenthood Federation, Europe and Near East Region, Regional Council Sex Education Seminar, Baden/Vienna, 6–8 October 1970 (London: IPPF Europe and Near East Region, 1970), 4; Bernard, “Most Swedes Want Sex in Curriculum,” 8; “The Sexual Rights of Children and Youth,” SIECUS Report 8, no. 2 (1979): 3; Lester A. Kirkendall to Mary Calderone, June 6, 1979; Lester A. Kirkendall and Ronald Moglia, “The Sexual Rights of Children and Youth” (MS 1979), both in folder 23, box 30, Collection 83-M184, Calderone Papers; WHO Regional Office for Europe, “Consultation on Sexuality, Summary Report” (MS, December 15, 1983), pp. 1–3, volume 17, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers.

31. “Sex Education and Parental Rights in International Law,” 3; Emrys Jones to Alastair Service, July 19, 1982, folder SA/FPA/C/B/2/15/1, Family Planning Association Papers; Brita Blomquist to Milanka Jaksic, June 15, 1973, volume 12, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Lester A. Kirkendall, “Education for Sexuality in the Orient,” SIECUS Report 1, no. 2 (1972): 5.

32. Bruce D. Carlson to John S. Nagel, November 27, 1974; Barry Schuman to Nagel, November 11, 1974, both in grant 07110570, reel 1200; Clay I. Onah to Robert Edwards, April 17, 1975, grant 07350359, reel 1158, all in Ford Foundation Archives, New York; “Health Education and Family Planning Program in Uganda. Monthly Report of George A. Saxton, Jr., M.D., M.P.H.” (MS, April 1968), folder 3, box 2; AFSC International Service Division, “Hong Kong Family Planning Program. Program Developments during 1967” (MS, March 1968), folder 21, box 12; Corinne Johnson to Members of the Committee on Family Planning and Population Education, January 26, 1972, folder 11, box 1; American Friends Service Committee, “Family Planning and Population Education in Latin America” (MS, October 1970), folder 1, box 2, all in Henry Joel Cadbury Papers, Special Collections, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania; Paula Pelaez, “Chile,” in Responsible Parenthood and Sex Education, ed. Susan Burke (London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1970), 82; “Report on Ed Duckles [sic] trip to Central and South America. February 8 to March 14, 1969” (MS, 1969), p. 12, folder 1, box 2, Cadbury Papers.

33. Elisabeth Wettergren to Benigno S. Aquino, October 10, 1969, volume 8, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Wettergren to H. S. Hoyman, September 28, 1971; K. Yamaguchi to “Miss Wemen,” April 3, 1971; “Object of Study” (MS, 1971), enclosed with Takeo Asai to Truz von Ahlefeld, May 21, 1971, all in volume 10, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Final Report on the Third Seminar on Sex Education and Social Development (Stockholm: Division for Population, Health and Nutrition of the Swedish International Development Authority, 1977), 3; Second Seminar on Sex Education and Social Development in Sweden, Latin America and the Caribbean (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Authority, 1974), 100.

34. “Urge Every School to Teach Sex Education,” Chicago Tribune, April 13, 1967, folder 119, box 12, Institute for Sex Education Records; Eighth International Conference of the IPPF, “Daily Bulletin”; IPPF, Regional Council Sex Education Seminar, Baden/Vienna, 6–8 October 1970, 3; UNESCO, Regional Meeting of Experts on Sex Education (UNESCO Regional Office of Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1971), 4; Bo Lewin, “Family Planning and Sex Education for Young People,” in The Adolescent Dilemma: International Perspectives on the Family Planning Rights of Minors, ed. Hyman Rodman and Jan Trost (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1986), 203.

35. Pierre Pradervand, “Excerpts from the Letters of Pierre Pradervand from West Africa, 1971–1973, Regarding Sex Education, Local Beliefs, Western Approaches” (MS, n.d. [1973]), p. 7, General Collection, Kinsey Institute Archives; “Mexican Government’s Increased Program Support Leads to Doubling of Contraceptive Use in 2.5 Years,” International Family Planning Digest 3, no. 4 (1977): 13; N. H. Rajaratnam, “Suggestions” (MS, August 16, 1965), p. 1, folder 3/1/35; “Petition to the National Liberation Council through Lt-General J. A. Ankrah, Chairman” (MS, 1966), enclosed with J.T.K. Aggrey to Principal Secretary, August 8, 1966, folder 3/1/121, both in Ghana Education Service Records, Record Group 3/1, Ghana National Archives, Accra, Ghana.

36. Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana, “Discussion Paper. Sex Education in Ghana” (MS, July 1971), p. 1, enclosed with E. K. Okoh to F. W. Beecham, September 6, 1971, folder 3/1/35, Ghana Education Service Records; Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana (n.p., October 1976), 26; Maung Sein to Anita Gradin, May 1, 1975, volume 13, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers; Hermongenes Alvarez, “Uruguay,” in Burke, Responsible Parenthood and Sex Education, 111; Barry Schuman to John S. Nagel, November 11, 1974, grant 07110570, reel 1200, Ford Foundation Archives.

37. Government of India, Ministry of Health, Family Planning, Works, Housing, and Urban Development, Family Planning Programme Today: Some Questions and Answers (n.p., December 1970), p. 13, folder 30, box 13, Alan Frank Guttmacher Papers, Center for the History of Medicine, Frances A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston; J. Mayone Stycos, “Desexing Birth Control,” Family Planning Perspectives 9, no. 6 (1977): 286–87; Burke, Responsible Parenthood and Sex Education, 15; Pierre Pradervand, “Report on the First National Seminar on Family Planning” (MS, December 11–16, 1972), p. 3, grant 07350359, reel 1158, Ford Foundation Archives; Co-Ordinated Action Programme for the Advancement of Population Education (CAPAPE), UNESCO, Study of the Contribution of Population Education to Educational Renewal and Innovation in El Salvador, the Republic of Korea, Philippines, and Tunisia (Paris: UNESCO, 1980), 25, 45; “Report of Edwin Duckles’ Trip to Central and South America. January 30 to March 14, 1970” (MS, 1970), p. 11, folder 1, box 2, Cadbury Papers.

38. UNESCO, Population Education: A Contemporary Concern (Paris: UNESCO, 1978), 23–24; John W. Dykstra, “Imperative: Education for Reproductive Responsibility,” Phi Delta Kappan 49 (May 1968): 503; Caroline S. Cochran, “Baltimore—Population and Family Planning Education” (MS, n.d. [1967]), “Correspondence Re: Meeting 5/1, 2/70” folder, box PC-102, Accession II, Population Council Papers; Art Hurow memorandum, August 5, 1971, School of Education of the University of North Carolina Papers, Collection 40043, University Archives, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

39. Sloan Wayland, “Population Education as It Exists Today: A Global Perspective” (MS, 1971), p. 1, “Population Education as It Exists Today: A Global Perspective” folder, Sloan R. Wayland Papers, Pocket Knowledge (BETA) File View, Teachers College Archives; Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 162–63; Inderjeet Parmar, Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 2; John S. Nagel to Richard W. Dye, April 12, 1975; Barry Schuman to Nagel, November 11, 1974, both in grant 07110570, reel 1200, Ford Foundation Archives.

40. “Population-Related Activities at Teachers College, Columbia University” (MS, n.d. [1983?], “Population Education” folder, Wayland Papers; David Kline to Stephen Viederman, April 20, 1970, “Correspondence re Meetings, 5/1, 2/70” folder; Thomas Poffenberger and B. P. Lulla, “The Baroda-Michigan Population Education Program” (MS, 1970), “Project Proposals—International” folder, both in box PC-S102; Stephen Viederman, “Proposals for the Population Council’s Program in Population Education” (MS, October 2, 1970), p. 8, “Population Education—A Report” folder, box PC-S101, all in Accession II, Population Council Papers; “Some Thoughts about a Population Education Network” (MS, 1973), p. 4, “Population Education and Studies (1973) 1” folder, box 12, Center for Studies in Education and Development Papers, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts; B. L. Raina, A Quest for a Small Family (New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1991), 198.

41. UNESCO, Population Education: A Contemporary Concern, 25; Edward W. Pohlman and K. Seshagiri Rao, “Population Education versus Sex Education,” in Population Education: A Panel Discussion, ed. B. Kuppuswamy et al. (Delhi: Institute for Social and Psychological Research, 1971), 7–8, 3–4, 5.

42. Irwin Slesnick, “Reaction to Basic Paper from Non-Participants,” in Kuppuswamy et al., Population Education, 101–2; Raina, A Quest for a Small Family, 191–92; “Population, Sex Teaching Found Not Widespread,” International Family Planning Digest 2, no. 1 (1976): 560; V. K. Rao, Population Education (New Delhi: APH Publishing, 2001), 16; T. Sjövall, “The Relative Priority for IPPF Policy of Maternal and Child Health, etc. and Population Control” (MS, September 1970), volume 10, Foreign Correspondence, RFSU Papers.

43. Pohlman and Rao, “Population Education versus Sex Education,” 10; Stephen Viederman to John H. Tanton, August 27, 1970, “Teachers Requests—Misc.” folder, box PC-S101, Accession II, Population Council Papers; Stephen Viederman, “Population Education in the Schools: Status and Needs,” in Readings on Population Information and Education. Background Papers for a Ford Foundation Meeting on Population. Elsinore, Denmark, June, 1972 (New York: Ford Foundation, 1973), 328; David Kline, “Why, What, and How Population Education in the Schools?” (MS, November 30, 1972), p. 6, “Population Education and Studies (1973) 2” folder; David Kline, John Middleton, and Lewis J. Perelman, “PACER: Population Abatement through Communication, Education, and Reinforcement” (MS, May 1, 1972), p. 37, both in box 12, Center for Studies in Education and Development Papers; Rosario P. Alberto and Mara Jesusa A. Ledesma, Population Education in Asia: A Synthesis (Honolulu: East-West Center, March 1977), 5–6.

44. Felicitas Arellano-Reyes and Carmelita L. Villaneuva, Introducing Human Sexuality into the Population Education Curriculum (Makatia, Rizal, Philippines: Population Center Foundation, 1976), 16; “Sex Education in Mexico,” SIECUS Report 5, no. 3 (1977): 7; Elisabeth E. Mueller to Stephen Viederman, June 10, 1970, folder 70, PC-FC box 54, Accession II, Population Council Papers; N. V. Vaswani and Indira Kapoor, “School Teachers’ Attitude towards Population Education, Views on Age of Marriage and Family Size,” in Why Sex Education? Report of the Seminar, ed. Indian Council for Child Welfare (New Delhi: March 29–30, 1976), 31–32.

45. “School Use of Sex Pamphlet Stirs Angry Debate in French Town,” New York Times, December 26, 1972, p. 35; “Sex Education Planned in French Schools,” New York Times, January 5, 1973, p. 3; William Farr, “France: Cautious Start to Sex Instruction,” Times Educational Supplement, February 22, 1974, p. 15; Mark Webster, “Unwilling to School,” Times Educational Supplement, December 31, 1976, p. 6.

46. Robert M. Bjork, “An International Perspective on Various Issues in Sex Education as an Aspect of Health Education,” Journal of School Health 39 (October 1969): 526; “Teacher in Pill Talk Gets the Sack,” Daily Sketch (UK), March 18, 1969; untitled clipping, Nottingham Evening Post, March 28, 1969, both in folder SA/FPA/A17/122, Family Planning Association Papers; “Teacher Defends Showing of Explicit Sex Filmstrip,” New York Times, April 6, 1974, p. 35; “Merola Drops Inquiry of a Teacher Showing Students Sex Film, Saying Law Was Not Violated,” New York Times, May 23, 1974, p. 21; “Sex Education Softened,” Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1975, p. SE1; Helen Smyth, Rocking the Cradle: Contraception, Sex, and Politics in New Zealand (Wellington: Steele Roberts, 2000), 168–69; Albert G. Chanter, Sex Education in the Primary School (London: Macmillan, 1966), 4–5.

47. Wolf Bleek, Sexual Relationships and Birth Control in Ghana: A Case Study of a Rural Town (Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1976), 53–54; Anthony A. D’Souza, Sex Education and Personality Development (New Delhi: USHA Publications, 1979), 25; Concerned Parents Association (Geelong, Australia), Alert, no. 3 (April 1981): 5, “Australian Festival of Light” folder, box 131, section 1, NVLA Papers; Ann Leslie, “Sex out of School Hours,” Sunday Mirror, February 11, 1968; Josephine Type, “Sex Education Is Still a Delicate Issue,” South Wales Weekly Argus, May 9, 1968, both in folder SA/FPA/A17/121, Family Planning Association Papers; “Women Victim of Sexual Taboos, Psychiatrist Says,” Los Angeles Times, May 22, 1970, p. E8.

48. “Gay Rights: Is a Backlash Forming?” Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1977, p. F1; “The Homosexual in the Classroom,” New York Times, October 24, 1977, p. 28; “San Francisco Schools to Teach Tolerance of Homosexuals,” Washington Post, June 7 1977, p. A2; House of Lords Official Report Vol. 406 No. 98 (March 14, 1980), p. 1375, folder SA/FPA/C/B/6/7/1, Family Planning Association Papers; Bernard Moran, “Our Teenagers and Sex Education,” Challenge Weekly (New Zealand) 41, no. 9 (March 18, 1983), p. 11, “MW 1978” visit folder, box 129, section 1, NVLA Papers.

49. Moran, “Our Teenagers and Sex Education,” 10; Kozakiewicz and Rea, A Survey on the Status of Sex Education in European Member Countries, 22; Lewin, “Family Planning and Sex Education for Young People,” 207; “Population, Sex Teaching Found Not Widespread,” 7.

50. “That Schools Teach of Sex Is Still Controversial”; Howard M. Bahr, “Changes in Family Life in Middletown, 1924–1977,” Public Opinion Quarterly 44, no. 1 (1980): 42; Gerard Lucas, “Sex Education Today,” World Health [no vol. number] (July–August 1969): 37.

CHAPTER FOUR: A RIGHT TO KNOWLEDGE?

1. Report of the International Conference on Population and Development. Cairo, 5–13 September 1994 (New York: United Nations, 1995), 49; Stanley Johnson, The Politics of Population: The International Conference on Population and Development (London: Earthscan, 1995), 153–54; Jocelyn DeJong memorandum, March 23, 1994, reel 7009; Aziz Ahmed Khattab, “Sex Education in Egypt. [Thirty Years’ Personal Experience]” (MS, n.d. [1995]), reel 6855, both in grant 09451109, Ford Foundation Archives, New York.

2. Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, Breaking Through: A Guide to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (Stockholm: RFSU, 2004), 15–17; Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, 146; “The Poor Lose Out in Battle between Church and State,” Guardian, October 31, 1994, p. 9; Michelle Goldberg, The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World (New York: Penguin, 2009), 104; “Pakistani Leader Attends Conference Despite Islamists,” Christian Science Monitor, September 6, 1994, p. 7.

3. Johnson, The Politics of Population, 157; Goldberg, Means of Reproduction, 112; Fatima Amer, “The Problems of Sex Education within the Context of Islamic Teachings—Towards a Clearer Vision of the British Case,” Muslim Education Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1997): 16, 24, 26.

4. Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, Passion for Rights: Ten Years of Fighting for Sexual and Reproductive Health (Stockholm: RFSU, 2004), 69.

5. “AIDS lecture October 6, 1987” (MS, 1989), pp. 1–2, folder 3, box 148, C. Everett Koop Papers, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.

6. Yoshiro Hatano and Tsuguo Shimazaki, “Japan,” in The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, ed. Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan (Bloomington, IN: Kinsey Institute, 2004), online edition; James L. Shortridge, “Siecus Is Pioneering a Worldwide Sexuality Education Effort,” SIECUS Report 24, no. 3 (1996): 2.

7. “Family Feuds,” New York Times, August 5, 1990, p. EDUC26; Debra W. Haffner, “1992 Report Card on the States: Sexual Rights in America,” SIECUS Report 20, no. 3 (1992); “Abstinence Is Focus of U.S. Sex Education,” New York Times, December 15, 1999, p. A18; “U.S. Shows Respect,” Daily Journal (Kankakee, IL), February 10, 1987, enclosed with Coleen Kelly Mast to C. Everett Koop, February 19, 1987, folder 7, box 84, Koop Papers; “Sex and Schools,” Time, November 24, 1986, “AIDS. Education—Newspaper Clippings” folder, box 101, AIDS History Project Collection, One: National Gay and Lesbian Archives, Los Angeles; “Dr. Koop Defends His Crusade on AIDS,” New York Times, April 6, 1987, p. B8.

8. “Sex Lesson Rules Mean Pupils May Miss Aids Advice,” Guardian, March 7, 1987, p. 2; “Condoms Pose Sex Lesson Problem in Catholic Schools,” Guardian, April 16, 1987, p. 4; “Children ‘Need Lessons on Aids,’” Guardian, July 15, 1987, p. 4; Paul Meredith, “Children’s Rights and Education,” in Legal Concepts of Childhood, ed. Julia Fonda (Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2001), 211–12.

9. Hugo Roling, “The Problem of Sex Education in the Netherlands in the 20th Century,” in Cultures of Child Health in Britain and the Netherlands in the 20th Century, ed. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Hilary Marland (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003), 255; Jay Friedman, “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality Education,” SIECUS Report 20, no. 6 (1992): 9; Osmo Kontula, Reproductive Health Behaviour of Young Europeans, vol. 2 (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2004), 48; Kristin Luker, When Sex Goes to School (New York: Norton, 2006), 209; Thomas Phelim Kelly, “Ireland,” in Francoeur and Noonan, Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality; Anna Titkow, “Poland,” in From Abortion to Contraception: A Resource to Public Policies and Reproductive Behavior in Central and Eastern Europe from 1917 to the Present, ed. Henry David (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999), 187; Corinne Nativel, “Teen Pregnancy and Reproductive Policies in France,” in When Children Become Parents: Welfare State Responses to Teenage Pregnancy, ed. Anne Dagueree and Corinne Nativel (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2006), 127; United Nations Family Planning Association, Thematic Evaluation of Adolescent Reproductive Health Programmes (New York: UNFPA, 1997), 24.

10. Melanie Gallant and Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, “School-Based HIV Prevention Programmes for African Youth,” Social Science and Medicine 58 (April 2004): 1337–38; Monica Dynowski Smith, Profile of Youth in Botswana (Gabarone: Intersectoral Committee on Family Life Education, 1989), 5; Final Report of the UNESCO Regional Seminar on HIV/AIDS and Education within the School System for English-Speaking Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Paris: UNESCO, 1995), 12–13, 72; Colleen McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know: Consulting Children about Sex and AIDS Education in Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2012), 41.

11. Christopher Mensah Chrismek, Sex Education and Social Harmony, vol. 1 (Accra, Ghana: Chrismek Rights’ Foundation, 2004), 15, 27–28, 36–39; Michael Aketewah, Current Social Studies for West African Senior Schools (Kumasi, Ghana: 4th Born Printing Press, 2007 [2004]), 114; Gifty Gyamera, Religious and Moral Education for Senior Secondary Schools (Accra, Ghana: Gogan Publishing, 2007), 94; Luke Gyesi-Appiah, HIV/AIDS—Condom or Abstinence (Cape Coast, Ghana: L. Nyakod Printing Works, 2007), 12.

12. Margaret E. Greene et al., In This Generation: Sexual and Reproductive Health Policies for a Youthful World (Washington, DC: Population Action International, 2002), 28–29; James T. Sears, “In(ter)ventions of Male Sexualities and HIV Education: Case Studies in the Philippines,” in A Dangerous Knowing: Sexuality, Pedagogy, and Popular Culture, ed. Debbie Epstein and James T. Sears (London and New York: Cassell, 1999), 106; S. P. Ruhela and Ahrar Husain, Sex Education in India in the 21st Century (Delhi: Indian Publishers Distributors, 2002), ix; Nancy E. Riley and Edith Bowles, “Premarital Sexual Behavior in the People’s Republic of China: A Review of Critical Problems and Issues,” p. 13, in “Conference on Adolescent Sexuality in Asia” (MS, September 24–28, 1990), Research Information Services, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i; Joanna McMillan, Sex, Science, and Morality in China (London: Routledge, 2006), 57.

13. Margaret Gecaga, “Sex Education in the Context of Changing Family Roles,” in Responsible Leadership in Marriage and Family, ed. Mary N. Getui (2005; Nairobi, Kenya: Acton Publishers, 2008), 55; Shishir Bhate, “Should a Child Be Told about ‘The Birds and the Bees?’” in Ruhela and Husain, Sex Education in India in the 21st Century, 4–5; “Progress or Pornography?” News China, December 1, 2011, p. 18; Alessandra Aresu, “Sex Education in Modern and Contemporary China: Interrupted Debates across the Last Century,” International Journal of Educational Development 29, no. 5 (2009): 539; Azzah Shararah Baydoun, “Sex Education in Lebanon: Between Secular and Religious Discourses,” in Deconstructing Sexuality in the Middle East, ed. Pinar Ilkkaracan (Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2008), 91.

14. Office of the Secretary memorandum, October 18, 1985, folder 4, box 1323; Inter-Agency Working Group, “Core Curriculum Guide for Strengthening Health and Family Life Education in Teacher Training Colleges in the Eastern Caribbean” (MS, 1993), p. 73, folder 5, box 1321; “Workshop for Primary School Teachers in Health and Family Life Education, 12–14 November 1986” (MS, 1986), pp. 2–3, folder 8, box 1322, all in Carnegie Corporation of New York Papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, Columbia University.

15. Ruth Landau, “Trip Report” (n.d., 1987), enclosed with Landau to Kerstin Strid, January 27, 1987, volume 22, IPPF Correspondence; “Ottar Fund,” People 13, no. 2 (1986), enclosed with Maj Fant and Kerstin Strid to “World List of Family Planning Addresses,” June 6, 1986, volume 18, Foreign Correspondence, both in Papers of Riksförbundet för Sexuell Upplysning [RFSU], Labour Movement Archives and Library, Stockholm, Sweden; Le Thi Nham Tuyet and Vuong Xuan Tinh, eds., Reproductive Culture in Vietnam (Hanoi: Gioi Publishers, 1999), foreword [n.p.]; Anna Runeborg, Sexuality—A Super Force: Young People, Sexuality, and Rights in the Era of HIV/AIDS (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2002), 27, 34–35.

16. Summary of Proceedings of the First African Youth Conference on Sexual Health (Accra, Ghana: GUNSA National Secretariat, 1996), 28; Ford Foundation, Sexuality and Social Change: Making the Connection; Strategies for Action and Investment (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995), 32–33; Debra Haffner, “Should We Do It the Swedish Way?” SIECUS Report 18, no. 5 (1990): 10.

17. Carmen Barroso, “From Reproductive to Sexual Rights,” in Routledge Handbook of Sexuality, Health and Rights, ed. Peter Aggleton and Richard Parker (London: Routledge, 2010), 386; “International Guidelines on Sex Education Reignite Debate,” Singapore News, September 4, 2009; “Unesco Assailed over Sex Education Guidelines,” International Herald Tribune, September 3, 2009, p. 8.

18. “Swedes Instill a Sense of Responsibility,” New York Times, November 8, 1987, p. EDUC19; Maureen A. Kelly and Michael McGee, “Report from a Study Tour: Teen Sexuality Education in Netherlands, France, and Germany,” SIECUS Report 27, no. 2 (December 1998/January 1999): 11–12.

19. Nativel, “Teen Pregnancy and Reproductive Policies in France,” 125; Syed Ali Ashraf, “Sex Education and the Decadence of European Civilization,” Muslim Education Quarterly 11, no. 4 (1994): 1; J. Mark Halstead, “Values and Sex Education in a Multicultural Society,” in Sex Education and Religion, ed. Michael J. Reiss and Shaikh Abdul Mabud (Cambridge: Islamic Academy, 1998), 238; Syed Ali Ashraf, “The Islamic Concept of Sex as the Basis of Sex Education,” Muslim Education Quarterly 13, no. 2 (1996): 2; Shaikh Abdul Mabud, “An Islamic View of Sex Education,” in Sex Education and Religion, 114; “‘Cameron Did Not Want a Yes Man’: Sayeeda Warsi, David Cameron’s New Shadow Minister for Community Cohesion, Is the First Muslim to Sit in Either a Cabinet or Shadow Cabinet,” Guardian, July 11, 2007, p. 10.

20. Isabel Kaprielian-Churchill, “Refugees in Education in Canadian Schools,” International Review of Education 42, no. 4 (1996): 361; Shahnaz Khan, “Muslim Women: Negotiations in the Third Space,” Signs 23, no. 2 (1998): 480; Fida Sanjakdar, “‘Teacher Talk’: The Problems, Perspectives, and Possibilities for Developing a Comprehensive Sexual Health Education Curriculum for Australian Muslim Students,” Sex Education 9, no. 3 (2009): 265–66; “Liberal Sexual Mores Present a ‘Threat’ to Swedish Muslims,” Jakarta Post, June 24, 2001, p. 1; Tiffany Bartz, “Sex Education in Multicultural Norway,” Sex Education 7, no. 1 (2007): 18–20, 24; Roling, “The Problem of Sex Education in the Netherlands,” 255; Jan Steutel and Ben Spiecker, “Sex Education, State Policy, and the Principle of Mutual Consent,” Sex Education 4, no. 1 (2004): 52; Rachel Parker et al., “Sexuality Education in Europe: An Overview of Current Policies,” Sex Education 9, no. 3 (2008): 237.

21. “Church Turns the Clock Back on Poland’s Sexual Taboos,” Observer (UK), May 2, 1993, p. 18; “Behind the Priests’ Back,” Guardian, October 3, 1995, p. B5; Kontula, Reproductive Health Behaviour of Young Europeans, 56; Igor S. Kon, “Russia,” in Francoeur and Noonan, Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality; Igor S. Kon, “Sexual Culture and Politics in Contemporary Russia,” in Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia, ed. Aleksandar Stulhofer and Theo Sandfort (New York: Haworth Press, 2005), 119.

22. Jennifer S. Butler, Born Again: The Christian Right Globalized (London: Pluto Press, 2006), 103, 130; Goldberg, Means of Reproduction, 156–57; Shelley Jones and Bonny Norton, “Uganda’s ABC Program on HIV/AIDS Prevention: A Discursive Site of Struggle,” in Language and HIV/AIDS, ed. Christina Higgins and Bonny Norton (Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2010), 160–61.

23. Goldberg, Means of Reproduction, 104; “Women’s Meeting Agrees on Right to Say No to Sex,” New York Times, September 11, 1995, p. A1; United Nations Family Planning Association, Thematic Evaluation of Adolescent Reproductive Health Programmes (New York: UNFPA, 1997), 25; “Deadly Serious,” Guardian, June 30, 1999, p. B2; “Islamic States and US Right Fight to Turn Back Clock,” Guardian, September 22, 1999, p. 6.

24. Gordon Urquhart, “That’s Not Faith, That’s Provocation: Catholics and Muslims Are Uniting in a Pernicious New Alliance,” Guardian, November 12, 1999, p. 22; Butler, Born Again, 52; Goldberg, Means of Reproduction, 157.

25. Doug Ireland, “U.S and Evil Axis—Allies for Abstinence,” Nation, May 16, 2002; Susan Rose, “Going Too Far? Sex, Sin, and Social Policy,” Social Forces 84, no. 2 (2005): 1211–12; A. K. Ghosh, “Lifestyle Education: Need for Wholesome, Responsible Attitude to Sex,” Statesman (New Delhi), May 30, 2005, p. 1; Avadesh Kumar Singh, “Against,” in “Debate Contest: Sex Education Should Be Made Compulsory in Schools,” Pratiyogita Darpan, July 2008, p. 171.

26. Communication and Advocacy Strategies: Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health. Booklet 1. Demographic Profile (Bangkok: UNESCO PROAP Regional Clearing House, 1999), 12; Mary Hunag Soo Lee, Communication and Advocacy Strategies: Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health. Case Study: Malaysia (Bangkok: UNESCO PROAP Regional Clearing House, 1999), 16; Gyamera, Religious and Moral Education for Senior Secondary Schools, 93; Pornruedee Nitrat, “Thai Adolescents’ Sexual Behaviors and School-Based Sex Education: Perspectives of Stakeholders in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, 2007), 88.

27. “Moral Responsibility,” Statesman (New Delhi), August 22, 2007, p. 1; K. D. Whitehead, “Sex Education: Vatican Guidelines,” Crisis 14, no. 5 (1996); R. Wanjohi, “Views of the Catholic Church: Youth and Family Life Education,” in Adolescent Fertility. Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Kwale, Coast Province, Kenya, August 1986, ed. K. O. Rogo (Nairobi: Kenya Medical Association, 1987), 96; “Safe Textuality,” Outlook (India), April 8–14, 2008, p. 20.

28. “Sex Classes Urged after Scandal at School,” South China Morning Post, September 24, 2001, p. 12; Gallant and Maticka-Tyndale, “School-Based HIV Prevention Programmes for African Youth,” 1349; Mbukeni Herbert Mnguni, Education as a Social Institution and Ideological Process: From the Negritude Education in Senegal to Bantu Education in South Africa (Münster, Germany: Waxmann Verlag, 1998), 75; “Women’s Organization Opposes Decision to Introduce Sex Education in Schools,” Hindu (Chennai), March 8, 2007, p. 1; Kabita Chakraboty, “Unmarried Muslim Youth and Sex Education: The bustees of Kolkata,” in Health, Culture, and Religion in South Asia: Critical Perspectives, ed. Assa Doron and Alex Broom (New York: Routledge, 2011), 77; “Teacher Arrested for Sodomy,” Jakarta Post, April 8, 2004, p. 5.

29. Peter Lewis Allen, The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 147; “Books Stir Sex Education Debate in Britain,” Chicago Tribune, December 22, 1986, p. 36; “Bigotry Fear If Gay Sex Teaching Is Banned,” Guardian, December 9, 1987, p. 3; “Section 28 ‘No Bar to Gay Issues,’” Guardian, July 26, 1988, p. 4; Wanjira Kiama, “Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya,” in AIDS and Men: Taking Risks or Taking Responsibility? ed. Martin Foreman (London: Panos/Zed Books, 1999), 115; The Voices and Identities of Botswana’s School Children: Gender, Sexuality, HIV/AIDS, and Life Skills in Education (Nairobi: United Nations Children’s Fund, 2005), 109.

30. Baydoun, “Sex Education in Lebanon,” 94; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China: Female Sexuality and Gender since 1949 (New York: Continuum, 1997), 38; “Sex Education Termed a Crime against Youth,” Hindu (Chennai), April 21, 2007, p. 1; Mabud, “An Islamic View of Sex Education,” 109, 112.

31. Gert Hekma, “A Dutch Concert: Sex Education in Multicultural Schools,” Thamyris 7, nos. 1 and 2 (Amsterdam: Najade Press, 2000), 252, 255–56.

32. Hera Cook, “Getting ‘Foolishly Hot and Bothered’? Parents and Teachers and Sex Education in the 1940s,” Sex Education 12, no. 5 (2012): 560; Pierre Pradervand, “Report of the First International Seminar on Sex Education for Countries of Francophone Subsaharan Africa” (MS, April 16–25, 1973), p. 2, grant 07350359, reel 1158, Ford Foundation Archives; Runeborg, Sexuality—A Super Force, 15; Saskia Belleman, “Let’s Talk about Sex,” Guardian, November 19, 1993, p. A16; Figen Cok, “Reflections on an Adolescent Sexuality Education Program in Turkey,” SIECUS Report 28, no. 4 (2000): 17.

33. Cok, “Reflections on an Adolescent Sexuality Education Program,” 17; Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, Breaking Through: A Guide to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (Stockholm: RFSU, 2004), 43; Stine H. Bang Svendsen, “Elusive Acts: Pleasure and Politics in Norwegian Sex Education,” Sex Education 12, no. 4 (2012): 400; Mary M. Krueger, “The Omnipresent Need: Professional Training for Sexuality Education Teachers,” SIECUS Report 19, no. 4 (1994): 3; McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know, 62; Paula Maycock et al., Relationships and Sexuality Education (RSE) in the Context of Social, Personal, and Health Education (SPHE) (Dublin: Crisis Pregnancy Center, 2007), 172.

34. Iffat Farah et al., Where Are the Gaps? HIV and Gender Pre-Service Teacher Training Curriculum and Practices in East Africa (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2009), 81–82; McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know, 55, 42, 77; Market and Research Development Center, Report. Evaluation of the National AIDS Program. January 1996–June 2001 in Vietnam (Hanoi: n.p., May 2002), 59, Vietnam Development Information Center, Hanoi.

35. “Teachers Unwilling to Give Sex Lessons,” South China Morning Post, July 18, 1996, p. 5; Igor S. Kon, “Russia,” in Francoeur and Noonan, Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality; Alan Guttmacher Institute, Risk and Responsibility: Teaching Sex Education in America’s Schools (New York: Guttmacher Institute, 1989), p. 12, folder 10, box 1916, Collection 2281, National Education Association Records, Gelman Library, George Washington University; “Flash Points,” New York Times, August 5, 1990, p. EDUC23; Lana D. Muraskin to Gloria Primm Brown, August 21, 1987, folder 4, box 1192, Carnegie Corporation of New York Papers; “Classroom Conundrums,” in Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate, ed. Lynne Segal and Mary McIntosh (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 203.

36. Mathabo Khau, “Sexuality Education in Rural Lesotho Schools: Challenges and Possibilities,” Sex Education 12, no. 4 (2012): 413; Sabina Faiz Rashid, “Communicating with Rural Adolescents about Sex Education: Experiences from BRAC, Bangladesh,” in Towards Adulthood: Exploring the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents in South Asia, ed. Sarah Bott et al. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003), 171; McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know, 72; Uwem Edimo Eslet, “Nigeria,” in Francoeur and Noonan, Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality; Nitrat, “Thai Adolescents’ Sexual Behaviors and School-Based Sex Education,” 29, 204; “Unwanted Lessons in Sex Education for Thai Teachers,” South China Morning Post, April 9, 2005, p. 2; “Implementation of Project to Strengthen the Role of the School in Health Development and School Health and Family Life Education. Dominica 1986” (MS, 1986), p. 8, folder 8, box 1322, Carnegie Corporation of New York Papers; Voices and Identities of Botswana’s School Children, 68–69.

37. “No Sex Please, We’re in School,” South China Morning Post, February 10, 2001, p. 7; Maureen Freely, “They Never Tell Us the Things We Really Want to Know,” Independent, November 1, 1999, p. 8; Nitrat, “Thai Adolescents’ Sexual Behaviors and School-Based Sex Education,” 203.

38. Pempelani Mufane, “Stakeholder Perceptions and Attitudes towards Sexual and Reproductive Health Education in Namibia,” Sex Education 8, no. 2 (2008): 152–53; McLaughlin et al., Old Enough to Know, 62; Andrea Irvin, Taking Steps of Courage: Teaching Adolescents about Sexuality and Gender in Nigeria and Cameroun (New York: International Women’s Health Coalition, 2000), 4; Isak Niehaus, “Towards a Dubious Liberation: Masculinity, Sexuality, and Power in South African Lowveld Schools, 1953–1999,” Journal of Southern African Studies 26, no. 3 (2000): 405; Anoop Khanna, Adolescent Sexual Behaviour and Quality of Life (Jaipur, India: Shruti Publications, 2009), 135; Shreejana Pokharel, “School-Based Sex Education in Western Nepal: Uncomfortable for Both Teachers and Students,” Reproductive Health Matters 14, no. 28 (2006): 158; “Is Sex Education Appropriate for Middle School Students?” Beijing Review 50, no. 4 (2007): 46.

39. Tsuguo Shimazaki, “A Closer Look at Sexuality Education and Japanese Youth,” SIECUS Report 22, no. 2 (December 1993/January 1994): 13; Maycock et al., Relationships and Sexuality Education, 163, 131; Eastern Caribbean Intercountry Meeting on School Health and Family Life Education, Sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and Pan American Health Organization (as Executing Agency), St. Christopher–Nevis, June 3–5, 1991 (n.p., 1991), p. 9, folder 1, box 1323, Carnegie Corporation of New York Papers.

40. “Teenage Girls Demand Better Sex Education,” Observer (London), February 26, 2006, p. 10; Donald Langille et al., “So Many Bricks in the Wall: Young Women in Nova Scotia Speak about Barriers to School-Based Sexual Health Education,” Sex Education 1, no. 3 (2001): 253; Social Sector Policy Unit, Policy Analysis Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, In-Depth Assessment of the Ghana National Family Planning Programme: 1970–1990 (Accra: Social Sector Policy Unit, 1992), 260; Pokharel, “School-Based Sex Education in Western Nepal,” 158–59; “Rural Sex Education Frustrated by Ignorance,” Guardian, September 3, 1994, p. 10.

41. Pokharel, “School-Based Sex Education in Western Nepal,” 158; Michael J. Kelly, SJ, Education: For an Africa without AIDS (Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2008), 155; Handbook for Educating on Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health, book 2 (Bangkok: UNESCO, 1998), 2; “AIDS Survey Sparks Call for Classes,” South China Morning Post, February 10, 1996, p. 5; Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, State of Denial: Adolescent Reproductive Rights in Zimbabwe (New York: Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, 2002), 57; AnnDenise Brown et al., Sexual Relations among Young People in Developing Countries: Evidence from WHO Case Studies (Geneva: Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, 2001), 31; Lakshmi Goparaju, “Ignorance and Inequality: Youth Sexuality in India and Its Implications to HIV Spread” (PhD diss., Syracuse University, 1998), 206; “Concern over Ignorance of HIV among Taiwanese Youth,” BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, July 22, 2004, p. 1; Doris Essah, “School Children Learning about Sex and Love,” in Sex and Gender in an Era of Aids: Ghana at the Turn of the Millennium, ed. Christine Oppong et al. (Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2006), 200–201; Wanda Nowicka, “Roman Catholic Fundamentalism against Women’s Reproductive Rights in Poland,” Reproductive Health Matters 4, no. 8 (1996): 26; Reality Counts: Focusing on Sexuality and Rights in the Fight against HIV/AIDS (Stockholm: RFSU, 2004), 64.

42. “Recommendation for Grant/FAP Action” (MS, March 13, 1997), grant 09300818, reel 7347, frames 147–48, Ford Foundation Archives; Virginia Guzman et al., “Democracy in the Country but Not in the Home? Religion, Politics, and Women’s Rights in Chile,” Third World Quarterly 31, no. 6 (2010): 977–79.

CONCLUSION

1. Rex Stanton Rogers to T. J. Proom, January 11, 1976, box 80 [no folders], section 5, Papers of the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, Albert Sloman Library, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; Rex S. Rogers, Sex Education: Rationale and Reaction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).

2. Proom to Rogers, March 4, 1976, box 80, section 5, NVLA Papers.

3. See, e.g., John Boli, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John W. Meyer, “Explaining the Origins and Expansion of Mass Education,” Comparative Education Review 29, no. 2 (1985): 148; John W. Meyer, “World Models, National Curricula, and the Centrality of the Individual,” in School Knowledge in Comparative and Historical Perspective, ed. Aaron Benavot and Cecilia Braslavsky (Hong Kong: Spring, 2007), 268–70.

4. K. H. Kavanagh, Sex Education: Its Uses and Abuses (London: Responsible Society, n.d. [1972]), “Sex Education” folder, box 14, section 2, NVLA Papers.

5. Paul Cole Beach and James Likoudis, “Sex Education: The New Manicheanism. Part II. A New Ideology,” Child and Family 10, no. (1971): 316; Lisa Arai, Teenage Pregnancy: The Making and Unmaking of a Problem (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2009), 95.

6. Rogers to Proom, January 11, 1976, box 80, section 5, NVLA Papers; Marta Suplicy, “Sexuality Education in Brazil,” SIECUS Report 22, no. 2 (December 1993/January 1994): 3.

7. Kenneth Cmiel, “The Recent History of Human Rights,” in The Human Rights Revolution: An International History, ed. Akira Iriye, Petra Goedde, and William I. Hitchcock (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 36; Michael Ignatieff et al., Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 53; Sally Gibson, “The Language of the Right: Sex Education Debates in South Australia,” Sex Education 7, no. 3 (2007): 240.

8. Clark W. Hetherington, “Play Leadership in Sex Education,” Social Hygiene 1, no. 1 (1914): 37; Lucien Viborel, “Venus Remains Unsatiated: Youth Should Preserve Its Cool-Headedness!” International Union against the Venereal Diseases and the Treponematoses, Bulletin of Information for the Regional Office for Europe (Rotterdam: IUAVD, July 1959), 25; Makoto Yamaguchi, “Sex Problems and Sex Education in Japan,” in Responsible Parenthood and Family Life Education. Proceedings of the Seminar of the Western Pacific Region of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (Hong Kong: IPPF, 1972), 28; “Progress or Pornography?” News China, December 1, 2011, p. 18; “Let’s Talk about Sex,” Sunday Star-Times (Wellington, New Zealand), May 21, 2006, p. C1.

9. “Schools Flunk Sex Education Test,” Los Angeles Times, May 14, 1981, p. 111; “Study of Sex Education Programs,” School and Society 97 (Summer 1969): 271; Carl Gustaf Boethius, “Comparisons: A Discussion of Some Topics from Country Reports,” in The Other Curriculum: European Strategies for School Sex Education, ed. Philip Meredith (London: IPPF, 1989), 346.

10. James A. Michener, “Sex Education: A Success in Our Social-Studies Classes,” Clearing House 12, no. 8 (1938): 464; Catherine Gasquoine Hartley, Sex Education and National Health (London: Leonard Parsons, 1920), 47.

11. “Should Public Schools Teach the ‘Facts of Life’?” Forum and Century 102 (October 1939): 172; letter by Mrs. O. R. Martin, St. Louis Argus, November 6, 1970, folder 10, box 9, Helen Manley Papers, Missouri Historical Society, Saint Louis; L. Townsend, “Teaching Sex in Primary Schools” (MS, n.d. [1970]), box 80, section 5, NVLA Papers.

12. Matthew Gutmann, Fixing Men: Sex, Birth Control, and AIDS in Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 125; Joseph Ribal, Learning Sex Roles: American and Scandinavian Contrasts (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1973), 255.