INDEX

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of the book. Each link will take you to the beginning of the corresponding print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

A

Abiy Ahmed Ali, 18
Abkhazia, 66–67
Abu Ayyash, Radwan, 89
accelerationism, 175–176
accountability, 200
Adams, Gerry, 83–84
Adityanath, Yogi, 52–53
Africa. See also individual countries
- democratization in, 107–108
- Facebook in, 108
- internet access in, 108
African National Congress, 195
Akesson, Jimmie, 119–120
Alawites, 85–86
Alberta, Tim, 160
Algeria, 90, 95, 100
All Assam Minority Students Union (AAMSU; India), 73
All Assam Students’ Union (AASU; India), 72–73
al-Qaeda, 169, 178, 182
Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 118, 152
Amazon, right-wing books on, 171
American National Election Study, 154
American Nazi Party, 170
Amoss, Ulius, 177
anocracies. See also individual countries
- civil war and, 12–15
- description of, 11–12
- government weakness in, 15–17
- peaceful, 26–27
- Philippines move toward, 62–63
- United States as, 138–139, 140
antifa, 190
anti-immigration movements, 71
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996; United States), 209
apartheid, 194–196
Arab Spring, 10, 85, 97, 125
Arafat, Yasser, 29, 90
Armenian genocide, 188
Arthurs, Devon, 176
Assad, Bashar al-, 77, 85–89, 99, 196, 197
Assam, 69–74, 75
Atomwaffen Division (AWD), 176–177, 185
Aung San Suu Kyi, 102–104, 106, 112, 113
autocracy, shifts toward, 19–23. See also polity index scores
automatic voter registration (AVR), 201
Azov Battalion, 187

B

Baath Party, 5–6
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-, xviii
Bannon, Steve, 152
Baoulé people, 92–93
Barak, Ehud, 90
Baruah, Sanjib, 73
Bashir, Omar al-, 45
Basque people, 98
Bauer, Shane, 124–125
Bazargan, Mehdi, 185–186
Beam, Louis, 177–178
Becker, Jo, 119–120
Bédié, Henri Konan, 145–146
Belfast Agreement, 214
Ben Ali, Zine al-Abidine, 85
Bengali migration to Assam, 69–74
Berger, J. M., 125–126, 178
Bharatiya Janata Party (India), 52, 54
Bhattacharjee, Manash Firaq, 73–74
Biden, Joe, 129, 140, 148
bin Laden, Osama, 169
Bishop, Patrick, 82
Black Lives Matter, 125, 138, 139, 184, 218
Black Panthers, 91
Blackburn, Marsha, 148
Blactivist, 217–218
Bloody Sunday, 82
Boban, Mate, 50
Bogside, Battle of, 80–82, 96–97
Bolsonaro, Jair, 54–55, 117–118, 122
Boogaloo Bois, 178–181
Botha, P. W., 195, 196
Boynton, Jen, 219
Brady, William J., 110
Branch Davidians, 157
Braun, Mike, 147–148
Braver Angels, 220
Brazil, 54–55, 98, 117–118, 122
Breitbart News, 152
Bremer, Paul, 6
Brezhnev, Leonid, 29
BriteHeart, 220
Brooks, Mo, 148
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 185–186
Burkina Faso, 107
Burma. See Myanmar
Burundi, 93, 94
Bush, George H. W., 143
Bush, George W., 3, 12, 143, 209

C

Cahill, Joe, 97
California, 224–225
Callan, Aela, 105
Camp David talks, 90
campaign finance rules, 203
Canada, 202
Cane, Jená, 219
Capitol insurrection
- arrests due to, 157
- Congress’s return to work after, 139
- as immediate risk, xix
- international effects of, 216
- investigation of, 140, 209
- open insurgency stage and, 159–160
- Republican Party and, 147–148, 155
- Trump and, 129–135, 138
- The Turner Diaries and, 170
Carlson, Tucker, 144
Catholics
- in Northern Ireland, 78–85, 100, 196
- in Philippines, 58, 59–61, 64
Cawthorn, Madison, 148
Cernovich, Mike, 152
Charlottesville, Virginia, 132, 177, 211–212
Cheney, Dick, 139
Cheney, Liz, 175
Chenoweth, Erica, 91, 92, 98, 127
Cherlin, Andrew, 149
Chiang Kai-shek, 33
China, 90, 100
Chinese Communist Party, 33
Christian Ambonese, 17
CIA
- homegrown extremism and, 156
- leaderless resistance and, 177
- Political Instability Task Force and, 14
- stages of insurgency and, 156, 158, 159
Citizen University, 218–219
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 203
citizenship laws, in India, 54, 71
civic education, 204–205
Civic Saturday, 219
Civil Rights Act (1870; United States), 212
Civil Rights Act (1964; United States), 142
civil rights movement, 91, 136
civil war
- American (1861–1865), 166–167
- class and ideological provocations for, 33–34
- democratization and, 10–11, 14, 15–19
- economic factors and, 199
- international influences on, 216–217
- potential second American, 161–166, 168–169
- repetition of, 198–199
- triggers for, 96–101
- in twenty-first century, 167–168
Civil War 2: Electric Boogaloo, 179
civilians
- government attacks on, 97–98
- targeting of, xvii, xviii
classification, 172–173
climate change, 76–77, 225
Clinton, Hillary, 131–132, 153, 189
Cole, Benjamin, 35
Collier, Paul, 34
conflict trap, 198–199
Congress Party (India), 71, 72
Conservative Party (UK), 152–153
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), 147
conspiracy theories, 215–216
Contra rebels, 186
Cotton, Tom, 193
COVID-19 pandemic, xi–xii, 179–180
Craig, James, 79
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 41, 47
Croatian News Agency, 47
Crusius, Patrick, 170, 183
Cruz, Ted, 146, 147–148
Czech Republic, 26

D

Daines, Steve, 148
de Klerk, F. W., 195, 196–197
Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places (bin Laden), 169
dehumanization, 173, 174
democratic decay, 106–108, 140
democratic governance, benefits of, 9–10
democratization. See also polity index scores
- civil war and, 10–11, 14, 15–19
- destabilizing effect of, 5–6
- waves of, 10
Demter, Mike, xii
denial (stage of genocide), 187–188
Denmark, 107
Derry, Northern Ireland, march, 80–82
DiResta, Renée, 127
discrimination, 173–174
disinformation
- Putin and, 217
- social media and, 109, 116–117, 121–122, 127–128
Dizdarević, Zlatko, 43
domestic terrorism, 206–209
Donald, Beulah Mae, 212
Donald, Michael, 212
Donbas region, Ukraine, 23, 69, 75, 186
downgrading, 63–64, 69, 93
drought, 76–77, 85
Duterte, Rodrigo, 114–115, 117, 118

E

Earnest, John Timothy, 170
East Timor, 17, 99–100
economic factors, 74–77, 199
Egypt, 85
El Paso Walmart shooting, 170, 183
elections. See also voting rights; individual candidates
- Citizens United decision and, 203
- as dangerous moments, 92–96
- downgrading and, 93
- factionalism/factionalization and, 95–96
- free, 200
- management systems for, 200–201
- Trump’s election fraud claims and, 139, 147, 154–155
- in United States, 136–137, 200–203
Elections Modernization Act (2018; Canada), 202
electoral college system, 202–203
Electoral Integrity Project, 200–201
EmbraceRace, 220
Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, 217
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 13, 106, 115
Esper, Mark, 139
ETA (separatist group in Spain), 98
Ethiopia, 18–19, 63, 108
ethnic cleansing, 44, 105–106, 113, 171–172, 187–188, 191–192. See also Yugoslavia
ethnic entrepreneurs, 44–51, 55–57, 121–124, 144, 150, 152
ethnic factionalism. See also factionalism/factionalization; Yugoslavia
- in Ivory Coast, 92–93
- majoritarian systems and, 95
- power and, 35, 37
- protests and, 91
- study of, 34–35
Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Horowitz), 34
ethnic nationalism, 44–47
Etter, Lauren, 114
Euromaidan protests, 23–24
executive constraints, erosion of, 137
extermination, 187–188, 191
extremism. See terrorism/violent extremism

F

face mask, politicization of, xix
Facebook
- in Africa, 108
- algorithms of, 110–111
- Boogaloo Bois and, 178–179, 180
- in Brazil, 117
- Capitol insurrection and, 131
- growth of, 108–109
- liked posts on, 110
- militias and, 124–126
- Myanmar and, 104–106, 112–113
- in Philippines, 114–115
- on right-wing populism, 123
- in Sweden, 120
- United States and, 144
factionalism/factionalization. See also ethnic factionalism; religious factionalism
- American founders on, 141
- elections and, 95–96
- ethnic nationalism and, 44–47
- gradual nature of, 56
- levels of, 36
- in Myanmar, 103–105
- in Philippines, 63
- political parties and, 35–39
- protests and, 91
- religious and ethnic provocations for, 34
- rise of, 28–57
- social media and, 119–124, 214–215, 217–218
- superfactions, 39–44
- Trump’s encouragement of, 145–146
- in United States, 141–148
- in Yugoslavia, 28–33
Falwell, Jerry, Sr., 143
Fatah, 184
fear, as motivating force, 188–189
Fearon, James, 34, 65, 74–75, 199–200
Fleming, Gary, 79
4chan, 178
Fox, Adam, xi–xiv, 179
France, 123, 127
Franco, Francisco, 68, 98
Free Papua Movement, 68
Free Syrian Army (FSA), 89, 97
Freedom House, 20n, 92, 116, 202
Freedom Party (Austria), 152
Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, 118
Front National, 118
fund-raising, social media and, 126–127

G

Gab, 180
Gabunada, Nic, 114
Gaddafi, Muammar, 169
Gambia, 107
gambling for resurrection, 45
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 16
Garland, Merrick B., 209
Gbagbo, Laurent, 92–93, 135
General Security Directorate (Syria), 87
Genocide Watch, 172
Georgia, 16, 37, 66–67
gerrymandering, 202
Gest, Justin, 153
Gilbert, Gustave, 188
globalization, 75–76
Goldwater, Barry, 142
Google, 110–111
GOP. See Republican Party (GOP)
Göring, Hermann, 188
Gorman, Tommy, 98
Goswami, Arnab, 122
governance
- benefits of democratic, 9–10
- improvements in, 199–200, 209–213
government
- distrust of, 203–204
- education on, 204–205
- effectiveness of, 200
Greek Civil War, 33–34
Green Book (Gaddafi), 169
Greene, Marjorie Taylor, 175
Guatemala, 96
guerrilla warfare, reliance on, xvii–xviii
gun sales, increase in, 189
Gurr, Ted Robert, 11, 12

H

Habibie, B. J., 17
Hagerty, Bill, 148
Hailemariam Desalegn, 18
Hamas, xviii, 98, 151, 168, 184, 211
Hamilton (Miranda), 149
Hamilton, Alexander, 141, 222
Hannity, Sean, 144
Harris, Kamala, 140
Harris, Tristan, 111
Hawley, Josh, 193
Hezbollah, 186
Hitler, Adolf, 169, 205
Hoeffler, Anke, 34
homegrown extremism, 156
hope, loss of, 83–85, 87–89, 94, 96, 155
Horowitz, Donald, 34, 64, 69
Horton, Willie, 143
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 92–93
Htin Kyaw, 113
Hughes, Brendan, 90
Human Rights Watch, 189
Hume, Time, 187
Hungary, 11, 20, 27, 118
Hussein, Saddam, 3, 4–6, 14–15
Hutus, 11, 12, 38, 45, 145, 173, 174, 188–189

I

identity politics, rise in, 53
illiberal democracies, 13
immigration. See migration
incipient conflict stage, 158
income inequality, 74–75
India, 52–54, 69–74, 121–122, 146
indoctrination, 187–188
Indonesia, 17, 63, 68, 99–100
Inspire (online magazine), 178
Instagram, 178
internet access. See also social media
- in Africa, 108
- in Myanmar, 104
intimidation, 182–183, 212–213
IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army)
- civilians and, 98, 168
- financial support for, 186
- formation of, 82
- grievance and, 151
- inept government response to, 100
- loss of hope and, 85, 90
- war of attrition and, 210
- war started by, 97
Iranian hostage crisis, 185–186
Iraq
- American invasion of, 3–6
- civil war in, 7–9
- downgrading and, 64–65
- factionalism in, 27
- political transition in, 12, 14–15, 16–17
Irish Free State, 78, 79
Iron March, 176
ISIS, xviii
Islamic State, 126, 178, 184
Israel, 89–90, 98, 192, 211
Ivory Coast, 92–94, 107, 135, 145–146

J

Jabhat al-Nusra, 184
Jabouri, Najm al-, 5
Jackson, Andrew, 136
James II, 81
January 6 insurrection. See Capitol insurrection
Jay, John, 222
Jefferson, Thomas, 136
Johnson, Daryl, 207
Johnson, Lyndon, 142
Johnson, Robert A., 210
Johnson, Ron, 148
Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs), 208–209
Jones, Alex, 145, 215
Justice and Development Party (Turkey), 147

K

Kahneman, Daniel, 65
Karadžić, Radovan, 49–51, 55, 174
Kennedy, John, 148
Kennedy, John F., 91
Kennedy, Robert F., 91, 136
Kenya, 116
Kilcullen, David, 209–210
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 136
Kovac, Berina, xx–xxi, 48–52, 55–56
Kovac, Daris, 48–50, 55–56, 135
Ku Klux Klan, 154, 177, 183, 209, 212

L

Laitin, David, 34, 65
language, cultural dominance and, 68–70
Lankford, James, 148
Law and Justice Party (Poland), 19–20, 147
law enforcement, white supremacist infiltration of, 207–208
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 123
Le Pen, Marine, 123
leaderless resistance, 177–179
leadership decapitation, 211–212
Lebanon, 96
left-wing extremism, 190–191
Lega Nord, 118
legal remedies, 211–212
Lesch, David W., 88
Lewis, Janet, 207
Liberia, 199
Lincoln, Abraham, 93, 142, 211
Lithuania, 26
Little Red Book (Mao), 169
Liu, Eric, 204, 205, 218–219
Living Room Conversations, 220
Locke, Greg, 131
loss aversion, 65–66
Lost Cause narrative, 154–155
Lührmann, Anna, 140
Lukić, Milan, 192
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 54–55

M

Mac Stíofáin, Seán, 97
MacNab, JJ, 157–158, 175–176
Madison, James, 141, 222
Maduro, Nicolás, 26, 135
Mahgerin al-Allah, 126–127
majoritarian systems, 94–95
Maliki, Nouri al-, 6, 8, 15, 196
Mallie, Eamonn, 82
Mandela, Nelson, 195, 196–197
Manson, Charles, 170
Mao Tse-tung, 33, 169
Marcos, Ferdinand, 60, 62–63, 84
Marighella, Carlos, 98
Marshall, Monty, 12, 35–36, 140
Marshall, William P., 137
martial law, 61, 84, 90
Mason, James, 170–171, 176–177
Matalam, Datu Udtog, 58–61, 64
Mathewson, Kevin, 184
Matikainen, Lennart, 121
Mattis, James, 139
Mayer, Milton, 205
McCain, John, 143
McVeigh, Timothy, 157, 158, 169–170, 209
media. See also social media
- control of, 45, 46, 47
- opposition to, 54
Meijer, Peter, 175, 183
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 169
Melnyk, Anton, 24
Menicucci, Eleonora, 117
Merkel, Angela, 217
Mexican Revolution, 33
Mexico, 19
Michigan Militia, 158
migration
- California and, 224–225
- changing demographics due to, 69–74
- climate change and, 76–77, 225
- as flashpoint for conflict, 76
- internal, 171–172
- in Myanmar, 103
- in Northern Ireland, 78
- social media and, 121
- in United States, 150
military
- refusal of to interfere in elections, 139
- Trump’s threat to use, 138
- white supremacism and, 207–208
militias
- Black, 190–191
- as defining feature of conflicts, xvii
- increase in, 156–158
- increasing organization of, 174–175
- legality of, 184
- social media and, 124–126
Milley, Mark, 139
Milošević, Slobodan
- as ethnic entrepreneur, 44, 46–47
- ethnic factionalism and, 31–33, 37, 40–42, 49–50, 55–56, 57, 99
- social media and, 122
Minakov, Mikhail, 25–26
Minute Men militias, 97
Miranda, Lin-Manuel, 149
Mironova, Vera, 126
misinformation, social media and, 109
modernization, 75–76
Modi, Narendra, 52–54, 115, 121–122, 146
Mondale, Walter, 29
Moral Majority, 143
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 62
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 62
Moro people, 59–62, 63–65, 75, 76, 84, 115
Morrison, Danny, 85
Morrison, Joseph, xii–xiii, 179
Moura, Nando, 122
Moyers, Bill, 142
Mozambique, 199
Mubarak, Hosni, 85
Mugabe, Robert, 13
Mugesera, Léon, 45
Mukhitdinov, Aliser, 176
Muslim Independence Movement (MIM; Philippines), 60–62
Muslims
- in India, 52–53, 172
- in Indonesia, 17
- in Myanmar, 103–106, 112
- in Philippines, 58–62, 64, 96
- Srebrenica genocide and, 56
- Sweden Democrats and, 121
- Trump’s travel ban and, 145
- in Yugoslavia, 29, 47, 48–52
Myanmar, 102–106, 112–114

N

National Action Party (PAN; Mexico), 19
National Alliance (United States), 169
National Party (South Africa), 195
National Rally (formerly French National Front Party), 123
National Socialist Order (NSO), 177
nationalism, ethnic, 44–47
natural disasters, 77
Nellie (India) massacre, 74
Newman, Omarosa Manigault, 174
Nicaragua, 186
Nichols, Terry, 158
9/11 attacks, 192
Nixon, Richard, 136, 142
Norris, Pippa, 200
North Korea, 108
Northern Ireland, 78–85, 90, 96–97, 98, 100, 196, 197, 214
Not Fucking Around Coalition (NFAC), 190

O

Oath Keepers, 140, 157, 159, 175, 181, 186
Obama, Barack
- domestic terrorism and, 208
- far-right organization and, 157
- impact of election of, 148–149
- political division and, 144
- rants regarding, xi
- Trump and, 145
- Trump voters and, 153
- Twitter and, 122
Odobasic, Vedad, 121
Oklahoma City bombing, 157, 158, 169–170, 208
Olbermann, Keith, 145
open insurgency stage, 159–160
Operation Spring Break, 125
Orbán, Viktor, 11, 20, 27, 118
organization (stage of genocide), 174
Oromos, 18
outbidding, 184–185, 213

P

Palestinians, 89–90
Papuans, 68
Parler, 131
Pavelić, Ante, 30
Peace Research Institute in Oslo, Norway (PRIO), xv
Pelosi, Nancy, xi, 131, 133
Pence, Mike, 130, 131, 133
persecution, 187–188
Petersen, Roger, 64
Pew Research Center, 110
Philippines, 58–62, 96, 114–115, 117
Pierce, William, 169–171
Pizzagate, 152
Poland, 19–20
polarization, 174, 175, 214
Political Instability Task Force (PITF), xvi, 14, 35
political parties. See also individual parties
- factionalism and, 35–39
- predatory, 53
political violence, Trump’s encouragement for, 132
Politika publishing house (Yugoslavia), 46
polity index scores
- description of, 13
- factionalism and, 36
- peak risk correlated to, 21–22, 22fig
- rapid changes in, 18
- for South Africa, 194
- for United States, 135–140, 200
Polity V, 20n
Polity Project, Center for Systemic Peace, 12–13, 136
Poroshenko, Petro, 24, 93
Powell, Jonathan, 100
predatory political parties, 53
pre-insurgency phase, 156–157
preparation (stage of genocide), 187–188
presidential systems, 94–95
Proposition 187 (California), 224–225
Protestants, 78–85, 196
protests
- anocracies and, 90–91
- factionalism and, 91
- government responses to, 99–101
- hope and, 89–90
- violent conflict entrepreneurs and, 98–99
- as warning sign, 91–92
Proud Boys, 157, 170, 181, 186, 198
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)
- civilians and, 98, 168
- financial support for, 186
- formation of, 82
- grievance and, 151
- inept government response to, 100
- loss of hope and, 85, 90
- war of attrition and, 210
- war started by, 97
Putin, Vladimir, 27, 217

Q

QAnon, 215–216
Quattrociocchi, Walter, 111
Quran, Fadi, 117

R

racial divisions
- in Brazil, 55
- right-wing terrorism and, 171
- in South Africa, 194–195
- in United States, 141–144, 148–154
racial resentment scale, 153–154
radicalization, social media and, 111, 126–127
Rajoy, Mariano, 115
Ramdev, Baba, 122
Reagan, Ronald, 143
recommendation engines, 111
Reddit, 178
Redneck Revolt, 190
Reed, John, 29–30
religious factionalism. See also factionalism/factionalization
- increase in civil war due to, 34
- in India, 52–54
- in Myanmar, 103–105, 113
- in Northern Ireland, 78–85, 196
- in Philippines, 58–62, 64
- political parties and, 36–38
- power and, 35
- in United States, 143
Republican Party (GOP). See also Trump, Donald
- Capitol insurrection and, 147–148, 155
- demographics of, 141–142
- election fraud claims from, 139
- erosion of executive constraints and, 137
- extremism and, 175
- misinformation shared by, 152–153
- polarization and, 142–144, 175
- rating of, 147
- Southern Strategy and, 142
- support for Trump from, 146, 147
- 2020 election and, 155–156
- white working-class grievance and, 151–153
Ressa, Maria, 114–115
Rhodes, Stewart, 174–175
Rhodesia, 37, 195
Rice, Tom, 175
right-wing terrorism, 158, 159–160, 169–170, 171, 207, 208
Rise Above Movement (RAM), 187
Rittenhouse, Kyle, 175, 184
Roadmap to Educating for American Democracy, 205
Rogan, Joe, 111
Rohingya, 103, 104–106, 112–113
Romano, Aja, 169
Rousseff, Dilma, 117
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 81
RSS (Indian paramilitary organization), 52
Ruby Ridge standoff, 156
rule of law, 200
Rumsfeld, Donald, 139
Russia, 27, 217
Russian Revolution, 33
Rwanda, 12, 45, 172–173, 174, 188–189

S

Sadr, Muqtada al-, 6, 7–8
Saltskog, Mollie, 187
Sarajevo, 48–49, 50–51, 56
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 137
Schrage, Elliot, 105
Schumer, Chuck, 133
Scottish Protestants, 78–85
second intifada, 90, 192
security services, far-right infiltration of, 206–207
self-determination movements, 99–100
September 11 attacks, 192
Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia), 49
Serbian Pale TV company, 49
Serbs/Serbia. See also Milošević, Slobodan; Yugoslavia
- Bosnia and, 49–51
- description of, 29, 40
- downgrading and, 64–65
- economic factors and, 76
- as instigator, 57
- nationalism and, 31–33, 36
- power of, 30
- radicalization of, 99
- superfactions and, 40–44
- Ustashe and, 30, 39
Shaya, Kareem, 189
Shia, 5–8, 16–17, 27
Siege (Mason), 170–171, 176
Siege of Derry, 80–81
Sierra Leone, 107
Singapore, 26
Sinhalese, 39, 65, 150
Sinn Féin, 83–84
Small Arms Analytics, 189
social media
- algorithms of, 115–116, 127
- in Brazil, 117–118
- business model of, 110–112
- Capitol insurrection and, 131
- disinformation and, 109, 116–117, 121–122, 127–128
- ethnic entrepreneurs and, 121–124
- factionalism/factionalization and, 119–124, 214–215, 217–218
- foreign interference and, 217–218
- fund-raising and, 126–127
- growth of, 108–109
- leaderless resistance and, 178
- militias and, 124–126
- misinformation and, 109
- Myanmar and, 104–106, 112–113
- in Philippines, 114
- political campaigns and, 114–118
- QAnon and, 216
- radicalization and, 111, 126–127
- United States and, 144–145, 152–153
- as weapon, 101
Socialist Rifle Association, 190
Soe Naing Win, 114
sons of the soil, 67–69, 75–76, 150, 151, 195–196
South Africa, 194–197
Southern Democrats (United States), 93
Southern Poverty Law Center, 212
Southern Strategy, 142
sovereign citizen movement, 157
Soviet Union, Abkhazia and, 66
Spain, 12, 98, 107, 115
spoiling, 185–186
Sri Lanka, 39, 65
Stalin, Joseph, 66
Stanton, Gregory, 172
Starbird, Kate, 109
status, loss of, 58–77
Sudan, 45, 116
Suharto, President, 17
suicide bombings, xviii
Sunnis
- downgrading and, 64–65
- in Iraq, 5–8, 16–17, 27, 196
- in Syria, 76–77, 85–89, 196
superfactions
- description of, 39
- ethnic nationalism and, 44–47
- in India, 52–54
- in Northern Ireland, 80
- in Sri Lanka, 39–40
- in Yugoslavia, 40–44, 46–51
Swebbtv, 121
Sweden, 107, 119–121, 123–124
Sweden Democrats, 119–121, 152
symbolization, 172–173
Syria, 76–77, 85–89, 97–98, 196, 197

T

Tamil Tigers, 168
Tamils, 39, 65
Taylor, Breonna, 190
Telegram, 180
Telenor, 105
“Ten Stages of Genocide, The” (Stanton), 172, 187
terrorism/violent extremism
- accelerationism and, 175–176
- anti-abortion, 183
- civil war conducted through, 168
- domestic, 206–209
- far-right, xix–xx
- homegrown, 156
- inspiration for, 169
- leaderless resistance and, 177–179
- left-wing, 190–191
- peaceful protests and, 98–99
- reliance on organized, xvii–xviii
- right-wing, 158, 159–160, 169–170, 171, 207, 208
- strategies of, 181–186
- support for, 186–187
Tha’ir, Abu, 97–98
Thatcher, Margaret, 29
Thompson, A. C., 177
Three Percent United Patriots, 125
Three Percenters, 157, 181, 186
Tiananmen Square, 90, 100
Tito, Josip, 28–30
Trump, Donald
- Capitol insurrection and, 129–135, 138, 147–148
- dehumanization and, 174
- democratic decay and, 137–138
- deplatforming of, 215
- domestic terrorism and, 208
- election fraud claims from, 139, 147, 154–155
- encouraging political violence, 132
- erosion of executive constraints under, 137
- as ethnic entrepreneur, 145–146, 150
- impeachment of, 137
- left-wing extremism and, 191
- Republican support for, 147
- right-wing terrorism and, 158
- Twitter followers of, 122
- white working-class grievance and, 150–153
- on Whitmer kidnapping plot, xiv
Tucker, Kate, 220
Tudjman, Franjo, 41, 44, 47, 50, 99, 145
Tunisia, 85
Turkey, 13, 188
Turner Diaries, The (Pierce), 169–171, 176
Tutsis, 11, 12, 38, 45, 145, 173, 189
Tversky, Amos, 65
Twitter, 110, 112–113, 118, 144, 215
Twomey, Seamus, 97

U

Uganda, 15–16
Ukraine, 23–26, 69, 75, 93, 186, 187
Ulster-Scots, 78–85, 196
Unite the Right rally, 132, 177, 211–212
United Confederate Veterans Association, 154
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 154
United Klans of America, 212
United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA; India), 72
United States
- as anocracy, 138–139, 140
- changing demographics in, 148–149, 223–225
- Civil War of, 93, 97
- elections in, 136–137, 200–203
- factionalism in, 141–148
- founding myth of, 148
- future direction for, 197–198
- incipient conflict stage and, 158
- in Iraq, 3–9
- military of, 138, 139
- militias in, 156–158
- open insurgency stage and, 159–160
- polity index scores for, 135–140, 200
- pre-insurgency phase of, 156–157
- racial divisions in, 141–144, 148–154
- religious factionalism in, 143
- social media’s effects on, 144–145, 152–153
- strength of military of, 167
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 9
Uppsala University, xv
urban-rural divide, 42–44, 54–55, 85, 144, 151, 202
Ustashe, 30, 47

V

Valentino, Benjamin, 191
V-Dem Institute, 20, 107, 108, 140, 200
Venezuela, 26, 116, 135
veterans, recruitment of by extremist groups, 207–208
violent conflict entrepreneurs, 98–99, 101
Vlaams Belang, 118
voice and accountability, 200
Voltaire, 215
voting rights. See also elections
- laws limiting, 173–174
- limits on as leading to violence, 63
- in Northern Ireland, 79
- politicization of, 201
- reaffirmation of, 202
- Republicans’ suppression of, 146
Voting Rights Act (United States), 201
Vukovar, attack on, 42–43

W

Waco, Texas, 156–157
War in Eastern Europe, The (Reed), 29–30
war of attrition, 181–182, 210
Wardle, Claire, 152–153
Watson, Paul Joseph, 122
weapons ban, in Philippines, 61, 84
Weaver, Randy, 156
Weiner, Myron, 71
white supremacism/white nationalism
- former military in, 207–208
- leaderless resistance and, 178
- militias and, 157–158
- social media and, 125–126
- training and, 187
- violence from, xix–xx
Whitmer, Gretchen, xi–xii, xiii–xiv, xvi–xvii, 179, 180
Wilson, Pete, 224
Wimmer, Andreas, 38–39
Wirathu, Ashin, 112
Wolverine Watchmen, xii, 179, 180
Women’s March (2017), 125
Wray, Christopher, 208

Y

Yanukovych, Viktor, 23–25, 93
Yeetalonian, 180
“yellow vest” protest movement, 127
Yglesias, Matthew, 215
YouTube, 110–111, 117, 121, 122, 127
Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), 42, 50
Yugoslavia
- CIA’s prediction of collapse of, 56
- democratization and, 12
- downgrading and, 64–65
- economic factors and, 76
- ethnic entrepreneurs in, 46–51, 55–57
- factionalism and, 28–33
- superfactions in, 40–44

Z

Zakaria, Fareed, 13
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, xviii
Zhao Ziyang, 100
Zimbabwe, 13–14
Zuckerberg, Mark, 112