Chapter 1
1. Walter B. Cannon, Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement (D. Appleton and Company: New York and London, 1927); Hans Selye, “The General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 6, no. 2 (1946): 117–230.
2. “Any Mood Disorder Among Adults,” National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ANYMOODDIS_ADULT.shtml.
3. Hans-Ulrich Wittchen et al., “DSM-III-R Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey,” Archives of General Psychiatry 51, no. 5 (May 1994): 355–364.
4. Kendra Cherry, “10 Common Phobias,” About.com: http://psychology.about.com/od/phobias/p/commonphobias.htm.
5. Lisa Fritscher, “What Is the Fear of Phobias?,” About.com, updated September 3, 2013: http://phobias.about.com/od/phobiaslist/f/What-Is-The-Fear-OfPhobias.htm.
Chapter 2
1. George L. Engel, “Sudden and Rapid Death During Psychological Stress: Folklore or Folk Wisdom?,” Annals of Internal Medicine 74, no. 5 (May 1971): 771–782.
2. Jeremy D. Kark, Sylvie Goldman, and Leon Epstein, “Iraqi Missile Attacks on Israel: The Association of Mortality with a Life-Threatening Stressor,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 273, 15 (April 1995): 1208–1210.
3. Ibid.
4. S. R. Meisel et al., “Effect of Iraqi Missile War on Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death in Israeli Civilians,” The Lancet 338, no. 8768 (September 1991): 660–661.
5. Klea Katsouyanni, Manolis Kogevinas, and Mitrios Trichopoulos, “Earthquake-Related Stress and Cardiac Mortality,” International Journal of Epidemiology 15, no. 3 (December 1985): 326–330.
6. I. Kawachi et al., “Symptoms of Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. The Normative Aging Study,” Circulation 90 (1994): 2225–2229.
7. A. P. Haines, J. D. Imeson, and T. W. Meade, “Phobic Anxiety and Ischaemic Heart Disease,” British Medical Journal 295 (August 1987): 297–299.
8. “Can You Be Scared to Death?,” USA Today Magazine, October 1994.
9. Lana L. Watkins et al., “Phobic Anxiety, Depression, and Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,” Psychosomatic Medicine 68, no. 5 (September/October 2006): 651–656.
10. James L. Januzzi, Jr., et al., “The Influence of Anxiety and Depression on Outcomes of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease,” Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 13 (July 2000): 1913–1921.
11. I. Kawachi et al., “Prospective Study of Phobic Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men,” Circulation 89 (1994): 1992–1997; I. Kawachi et al., “Symptoms of Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. The Normative Aging Study,” Circulation 90 (1994): 2225–2229; William Coryell, Russell Noyes, and John Clancy, “Excess Mortality in Panic Disorder: A Comparison with Primary Unipolar Depression,” Archives of General Psychiatry 39, no. 6 (June 1982): 701–703; Coryell, Noyes, and J. D. House, “Mortality among Outpatients with Anxiety Disorders,” American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 4 (April 1986): 508–510.
12. Walter B. Cannon, “‘Voodoo’ death,” American Anthropologist 44, no. 2 (April–June 1942):169–181.
13. Curt Richter, “On the Phenomenon of Sudden Death in Animals and Man,” Psychosomatic Medicine 19, no. 3 (May 1957): 191–198.
14. Murray Esler, et al., “The Peripheral Kinetics of Norepinephrine in Depressive Illness,” Archives of General Psychiatry 39, no. 3 (March 1982): 295–300.
15. S. B. Manuck et al., “Does Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress Have Prognostic Value in Postinfarction Patients? A Pilot Study,” Psychosomatic Medicine 54, no. 1 (January–February 1992): 102–108; D. S. Krantz et al., “Cardiovascular Reactivity and Mental Stress–Induced Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease,” Psychosomatic Medicine 53, no. 1 (January–February 1991): 1–12.
16. Kawachi et al., “Symptoms of Anxiety,” 2225–2229.
17. Raj Persaud, “Worriers More Prone to Cancer,” New Scientist, May 28, 2003: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3767-worriers-more-prone-tocancer.html.
18. Alf Forsén, “Psychological Stress as a Risk for Breast Cancer,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 55, nos. 2–4 (1991): 176–185.
19. Joanna Kruk and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein, “Psychological Stress and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study,” Cancer Detection and Prevention 28, no. 6 (July 2004): 339–408.
20. Kirsi Lillberg et al., “Stressful Life Events and Risk of Breast Cancer in 10,808 Women: A Cohort Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 157, no. 5 (2003): 415–423.
21. Felicia D. Roberts et al., “Self-Reported Stress and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer 77, no. 6 (March 1996): 1089–1093.
22. D. L. Felten et al., “Noradrenergic and Peptidergic Innervation of Lymphoid Tissue,” Journal of Immunology 135, no. 2 (1985):755s–765s; Y. Shavit et al., “Opioid Peptides Mediate the Suppressive Effect of Stress on Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity,” Science 223, no. 4632 (January 1984): 188–190; Bruce S. Rabin et al., “Bidirectional Interaction Between the Central Nervous System and the Immune System,” Critical Reviews in Immunology 9, no. 4 (1989): 279–312.
23. Lisa Hurt Kozarovich, “Stress: A Cause of Cancer?,” Psych Central: http://psychcentral.com/lib/stress-a-cause-of-cancer/000754.
24. “Stress Weakens the Immune System,” American Psychological Association, February 23, 2006: http://www.apa.org/research/action/immune.aspx.
25. Robert Ader, David L. Felten, and Nicholas Cohen, eds., Psychoneuroimmunology (San Diego: Academic Press, 1991); J. R. Calabrese, M. A. Kling, and P. W. Gold, “Alterations in Immunocompetence During Stress, Bereavement, and Depression: Focus on Neuroendocrine Regulation,” American Journal of Psychiatry 144, no. 9 (September 1987): 1123–1134; Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser and Ronald Glaser, “Psychosocial Factors, Stress, Disease, and Immunity,” in Psychoneuroimmunology, eds. Ader et al. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1991), 849–867.
26. Sheldon Cohen and Gail M. Williamson, “Stress and Infectious Disease in Humans,” Psychological Bulletin 109, no. 1 (January 1991): 5–24; Mark L. Laudenslager, “Psychosocial Stress and Susceptibility to Infectious Disease,” in Viruses, Immunity, and Mental Disorders, eds. Edouard Kurstak, Z. J. Lipowski, and P. V. Morozov (New York: Springer, 1987), 391–402.
27. Sheldon Cohen and Tracy B. Herbert, “Health Psychology: Psychological Factors and Physical Disease from the Perspective of Human Psychoneuroimmunology,” Annual Review of Psychology 47 (February 1996): 113–142; M. Irwin et al., “Life Events, Depressive Symptoms, and Immune Function,” American Journal of Psychiatry 144, no. 4 (April 1987): 437–441; Steven J. Schleifer et al., “Suppression of Lymphocyte Stimulation Following Bereavement,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 250, no. 3 (July 1983): 374–377.
28. Martin P. Gallagher et al., “Long-Term Cancer Risk of Immunosuppressive Regimens after Kidney Transplantation,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 21, no. 5 (May 2010): 852–858.
29. J. F. Buell, T. G. Gross, and E. S. Woodle, “Malignancy after Transplantation,” Transplantation 80, no. 2S (October 2005): S254–S264; Jeremy Chapman and Angela Webster, “Cancer Report,” in ANZDATA Registry 2004 Report (2004): 99–103; Chapman and Webster, “Cancer after Renal Transplantation: The Next Challenge,” American Journal of Transplantation 4, no. 6 (June 2004): 841–842.
30. Jørgen H. Olsen et al., “Cancer in the Parents of Children with Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 333 (December 1995): 1594–1599.
31. Jiong Li et al., “Cancer Incidence in Parents Who Lost a Child: A Nationwide Study in Denmark,” Cancer 95, no. 10 (November 2002): 2237–2242.
32. Anil K. Sood et al., “Adrenergic Modulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase Protects Human Ovarian Cancer Cells from Anoikis,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 120, no. 5 (May 2010): 1515–1523.
33. Neil M. H. Graham, Robert M. Douglas, and Philip Ryan, “Stress and Acute Respiratory Infection,” American Journal of Epidemiology 124, no. 3 (1986): 389–401; W. Thomas Boyce et al., “Influence of Life Events and Family Routines on Childhood Respiratory Tract Illness,” Pediatrics 60, no. 4 (October 1977): 609–615; Roger J. Meyer and Robert J. Haggerty, “Streptococcal Infections in Families: Factors Altering Individual Susceptibility,” Pediatrics 29, no. 4 (April 1962): 539–549.
34. Sheldon Cohen, David A. J. Tyrell, and Andrew P. Smith, “Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold,” New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 9 (August 1991): 606–612.
35. T. G. Pickering, “Blood Platelets, Stress, and Cardiovascular Disease,” Psychosomatic Medicine 55, no. 6 (November–December 1993): 483–484; Esther M. Sternberg, “Does Stress Make You Sick and Belief Make You Well? The Science Connecting Body and Mind,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 917 (January 2000): 1–3.
36. Bert Garssen, “Psychological Factors and Cancer Development: Evidence after 30 Years of Research,” Clinical Psychology Review 24, no. 3 (July 2004): 315–338; Eric Raible and Allan S. Jaffee, “Work Stress May Be a Determinant of Coronary Heart Disease,” Cardiology Today 11, no. 3 (March 2008): 33; S. O. Dalton et al., “Mind and Cancer: Do Psychological Factors Cause Cancer?,” European Journal of Cancer 38, no. 10 (July 2002): 1313–1323; Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche, Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes, and Helena Kaminami Morimoto, “Stress, Depression, the Immune System, and Cancer,” The Lancet Oncology 5, no. 10 (October 2004): 617–625; Ljudmila Stojanovich and Dragomir Marisavljevich, “Stress as a Trigger of Autoimmune Disease,” Autoimmunity Reviews 7, no. 3 (January 2008): 209–213; Eva M. Selhub, M.D., “Stress and Distress in Clinical Practice: A Mind-Body Approach,” Nutrition in Clinical Care 5, no. 4 (August 2002): 182–190.
37. Olivia I. Okereke et al., “High Phobic Anxiety Is Related to Lower Leukocyte Telomere Length in Women,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 7 (July 2012): e40516.
38. Masahiro Ochi et al., “Effect of Chronic Stress on Gastric Emptying and Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Rats,” Life Sciences 82, nos. 15–16 (April 2008): 862–868.
39. Jack Sparacino, “Blood Pressure, Stress, and Mental Health,” Nursing Research 31, no. 2 (March–April 1982): 89–94.
40. Ashley E. Nixon et al., “Can Work Make You Sick? A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships Between Job Stressors and Physical Symptoms,” Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organizations 25, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–22.
41. Ricard Farré et al., “Critical Role of Stress in Increased Oesophageal Mucosa Permeability and Dilated Intercellular Spaces,” Gut 56, no. 9 (February 2007): 1191–1197.
42. “Kelly McGonigal: How to Make Stress Your Friend,” TED Talk video, 14:28, recorded June 11, 2013, https://www.ted.com/talks/kelly_mcgonigal_how_to_make_stress_your_friend.
43. Lisa M. Schwartz and Steven Woloshin, “Changing Disease Definitions: Implications for Disease Prevalence. Analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994,” Effective Clinical Practice 2, no. 2 (March–April 1999): 76–85.
44. Bart Windrum, “It’s Time to Account for Medical Error in ‘Top Ten Causes of Death Charts,’” Journal of Participatory Medicine 5 (April 2013): http://www.jopm.org/opinion/commentary/2013/04/24/it%E2%80%99s-time-to-account-for-medical-error-in-%E2%80%9Ctop-ten-causes-of-death-charts/.
45. Janet M. Corrigan et al., “To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System,” Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (November 1, 1999): http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/1999/To-Err-is-Human/To%20Err%20is%20Human%201999%20%20report%20brief.pdf.
46. John T. James, “A New, Evidence-Based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care,” Journal of Patient Safety 9, no. 3 (September 2013): 122–128.
47. Bill Hendrick, “Americans Worry about Getting Alzheimer’s: Survey Reveals Fears About Alzheimer’s, Stroke, Heart Disease, and Other Diseases,” WebMD Health News (February 2011): http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20110223/americans-worry-about-getting-alzheimers.
48. H. Gilbert Welch and William C. Black, “Overdiagnosis in Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102, no. 9 (April 2010): 605–613.
49. Heidi D. Nelson et al., “Screening for Breast Cancer: An Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,” Annals of Internal Medicine 151, no. 10 (November 2009): 727–W242.
50. H. Gilbert Welch, Lisa M. Schwartz, and Steven Woloshin, Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health (Boston: Beacon Press, 2011), 88.
51. Per-Henrik Zahl, Jan Maehlen, and H. Gilbert Welch, “The Natural History of Invasive Breast Cancers Detected by Screening Mammography,” Archives of Internal Medicine 168, no. 21 (November 2008): 2311–2316.
52. Ned Calonge et al., “Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement,” Annals of Internal Medicine 151, no. 10 (November 2009): 716–726.
53. W. A. Sakr et al., “Age and Racial Distribution of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia,” European Urology 30, no. 2 (1996): 138–144.
54. H. Gilbert Welch and Peter C. Albertsen, “Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment after the Introduction of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening: 1986–2005,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101, no. 19 (August 2009): 1325–1329.
55. Richard J. Albin, “The Great Prostate Mistake,” The New York Times, March 9, 2010.
Chapter 3
1. Brian G. Dias and Kerry J. Ressler, “Parental Olfactory Experience Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations,” Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (January 2014): 89–96.
Chapter 6
1. Daniel Gardner, The Science of Fear (New York: Plume, 2008), 3.
2. Marc Siegel, “The Irony of Fear,” The Washington Post, August 30, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/29/AR2005082901391.html.
3. Gardner, The Science of Fear, 8–10.
4. Psychic Powers, Mysteries of the Unknown series (Time-Life Books, 1987), 50–53.
Chapter 7
1. “Jill Bolte Taylor: My Stroke of Insight,” TED Talk video, 18:19, recorded February 2008, https://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.
2. Sigmund Freud, “Dreams and the Occult,” in New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1933), 24.
3. Dean Radin, The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 68–73.
4. Daryl J. Bem and Charles Honorton, “Does Psi Exist? Replicable Evidence for an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer,” Psychological Bulletin 115, no. 1 (January 1994): 4–18.
5. Ray Hyman, “The Ganzfeld Psi Experiment: A Critical Appraisal,” The Journal of Parapsychology 49, no. 1 (March 1985): 3–49.
6. Ray Hyman and Charles Honorton, “A Joint Communiqué: The Psi Ganzfeld Controversy,” The Journal of Parapsychology 50 (December 1986): 351–364.
7. Bem and Honorton, “Does Psi Exist?,” 4–18.
8. Julie Milton and Richard Wiseman, “Does Psi Exist? Lack of Replication of an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer,” Psychological Bulletin 125, no. 4 (July 1999): 387–391.