The vast majority of the quotations in this book come from oral histories, written memoirs, letters, action reports and individual and group interviews with the men of D-Day, ranging in rank from the supreme commander to seaman and private, in the Eisenhower Center (EC) at the University of New Orleans. Other depositories that provided similar material include the United States Army Military Institute (AMI) at Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; the Imperial War Museum (IWM), London; the Documentary Center, Battle of Normandy Museum, Caen; the Eisenhower Library (EL), Abilene, Kans.; and the Parachute Museum, Ste.-Mère-Église.
1. THE DEFENDERS
1. It was the looniest of all his crazy decisions. He was not required by the terms of the “Pact of Steel” to come to Japan’s aid, as the treaty was for defensive purposes—if one of the partners (Italy, Germany, and Japan) were attacked, the others were pledged to come to her aid. But Japan had not been attacked on December 7, and Japan had not come to Germany’s aid in June 1941 when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union.
It was also the loneliest of his lonely decisions. Amazingly, he consulted no one. He threw away his long-range plan for world conquest, in which the final struggle against the United States was left to the next generation, utilizing the resources of the Soviet Union and the rest of Europe. One would have thought he would have at least asked his military leaders what the implications of a declaration of war against the United States were, that he would have at least talked to Goering, Himmler, Goebbels, and his other henchmen about it. But he discussed it with no other person; on December 11, he simply announced it to the Reichstag. See Sebastian Haffner, The Meaning of Hitler, tr. Ewald Osers (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 120.
2. Directive No. 51 is printed in a translated version in Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), pp. 464–67.
3. Erwin Rommel, The Rommel Papers, ed. B. H. Liddell Hart (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1953), p. 466.
4. Reported in Samuel Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle: The Desert Fox and the Normandy Campaign (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), pp. 44–45.
5. Ralph Williams, “The Short, Unhappy Life of the Messerschmitt ME-262,” April 6, 1960, in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
6. Quoted in John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 332.
7. Robert Brewer interview, EC.
8. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 145–47; U.S. War Department, Handbook on German Military Forces (Baton Rouge, La.: L.S.U. Press, 1990), p. 57.
9. U.S. War Department, Handbook on German Military Forces, p. 2.
10. Quoted in Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, p. 26.
11. Directive No. 40 is reprinted in translation in Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 459–63.
12. Ibid., p. 136.
13. Ibid., pp. 136–37.
14. Heckler interview with Warlimont, July 19–20, 1945, in American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
2. THE ATTACKERS
1. Quoted in Carlo D’Este, Decision in Normandy (London: Collins, 1983), p. 21.
2. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), pp. 152–53.
3. For a discussion of landing craft, see Gordon Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), pp. 59–63.
4. Geoffrey Perret, There’s a War to Be Won: The United States Army in World War II (New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 110–12.
5. Quoted in Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 64.
6. Jerry Strahan interview, EC.
7. Perret, There’s a War to Be Won, p. 124.
8. Carl Weast interview, EC.
9. Carwood Lipton interview, EC.
10. Paul Fussell, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 282.
11. Charles East interview, EC.
12. Quoted in Max Hastings, Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 317.
13. John Howard interview, EC.
14. Quoted in Hastings, Overlord, p. 25.
15. Ibid., p. 24.
16. Sidey to Ambrose, 7/9/92, EC.
17. See J. C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972) and Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War (London: Hutchinson, 1978).
18. Gordon Carson interview, EC.
1. For Rommel’s early life, see David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977); for Eisenhower’s, see S. E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983).
2. Irving, Trail of the Fox, pp. 14–15.
3. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 63.
4. Ed Thayer to his mother, 1/11/18, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas (hereinafter cited as EL).
5. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 25.
6. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 93.
7. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck (New York: Praeger, 1989), pp. 103–4.
8. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 88.
9. From the first draft of Eisenhower’s memoirs, in EL. Eisenhower chose not to publish this section.
10. Martin Blumenson, “Rommel,” in Thomas Parrish, ed., The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 532.
11. For Eisenhower’s letters, see Letters to Mamie, ed. John S. D. Eisenhower (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978). For Rommel’s, see Irving, Trail of the Fox, which quotes from many of them.
12. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 313.
13. Quoted in Samuel Mitcham, Jr., Rommel’s Last Battle: The Desert Fox and the Normandy Campaign (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), pp. 18–21.
14. FDR to Stalin, 12/5/43, EL.
15. Bernard Law Montgomery, Memoirs (Cleveland: World, 1958), p. 484.
16. Cunningham to Eisenhower, 10/21/43, EL.
17. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), pp. 206–7.
18. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 317.
19. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 220.
20. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 324.
21. Eisenhower to CCS, 1/23/44, EL.
22. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, pp. 187–88.
4. WHERE AND WHEN?
1. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), pp. 48–49.
2. Scott-Bowden interview, Imperial War Museum, London.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 106.
6. Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), p. 465.
7. Earl Ziemke, “Operation Kreml: Deception, Strategy, and the Fortunes of War,” Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College 9 (March 1979): 72–81.
8. The Fortitude story is best told in James Bowman, “Operation Fortitude,” a 1,000-page manuscript in EC.
9. Bowman, “Operation Fortitude.”
10. Eisenhower to Chiefs of the Belgian, Norwegian, and Dutch Military Missions, 2/23/44, EL.
11. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981), p. 90.
12. Eisenhower to Chiefs of Staff Committee, 3/6/44, EL.
13. Eisenhower to Brooke, 4/9/44, EL.
14. Quoted in Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, p. 91.
15. Forrest Pogue, The Supreme Command (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1954), pp. 163–64.
16. Eisenhower to Marshall, 5/21/44, EL.
17. Quoted in Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 336.
18. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 259.
19. Quoted in Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 347.
20. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 259.
21. These weekly summaries are in EL.
22. Quoted in Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 347.
23. Ibid., p. 351.
24. Ibid., p. 354.
25. Ibid., p. 342.
26. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letters to Mamie, ed. John S. D. Eisenhower (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 165, 183.
5. UTILIZING ASSETS
1. Marshall to Eisenhower, 2/10/44, EL.
2. Eisenhower to Marshall, 2/19/44, EL.
3. Whiteley to John Kennedy, 9/23/43, EL.
4. Arnold to Eisenhower, 1/21/44, EL.
5. Forrest Pogue, The Supreme Command (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1954), p. 127.
6. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 287.
7. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 124; Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), pp. 219–20; Sir Arthur Tedder, With Prejudice (London: Cassell, 1966), pp. 510–12.
8. Eisenhower diary, 3/22/44, EL.
9. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 524.
10. Eisenhower to Churchill, 4/5/44, EL.
11. Tedder, With Prejudice, pp. 528–33.
12. Ibid., 531–33.
13. Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), pp. 529–30.
14. The weekly summaries are in EL.
15. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., Europe: Argument to V-E Day (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), p. 73.
16. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 132.
17. Hechler interview of Jodl, American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
18. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 224, 230.
19. Clement Marie interview, EC.
20. Quoted in Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 336.
21. André Rougeyron, “Agents for Escape,” translated by Marie-Antoinette Verchère-McConnell, manuscript copy in EC.
22. André Heintz interview, EC.
23. Thérèse Gondrée and John Howard interviews, EC.
24. Richard Winters interview, EC.
25. Guillaume Mercader interview, EC.
26. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 204.
27. Ibid., p. 202.
28. Guillaume Mercader interview, EC.
29. Anthony Brooks interview, EC.
30. Ibid. See also M. R. D. Foot, SOE: The Special Operations Executive 1940–46 (London: BBC, 1984), pp. 226–27.
6. PLANNING AND PREPARING
1. Eisenhower interview, EC.
2. Eisenhower to Walter Cronkite on CBS-TV’s “D-Day Plus Twenty Years,” a documentary shown on June 6, 1964, transcript copy in EC.
3. Smith interview, American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
4. G. Harrison interview with De Guingand, ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Friedrich Ruge interview, EC.
7. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 323.
8. Samuel Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), p. 36.
9. Ibid., p. 42.
10. Ruge interview, EC.
11. Irving, Trail of the Fox, pp. 344–45.
12. Ibid., p. 345.
13. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 133.
14. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 254.
15. Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, p. 37.
16. Heydte interview, EC.
17. Hechler interview with Bayerlein, July 12, 1949, American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
18. Detlef Vogel, “Morale and Fighting Power of the Wehrmacht in the West on the Eve of the Invasion,” paper delivered at the 1992 Military History Institute conference, copy in EC.
19. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming!, tr. E. Osers (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 26–27.
20. Carlo D’Este, Decision in Normandy (London: Collins, 1983), pp. 74–76.
21. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), pp. 142–43.
22. John Barnes oral history, EC.
23. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
24. Lord’s typewritten account is in American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
25. Russell Miller interview with George Lane, EC.
26. Van Fleet memoir, copy in EC.
27. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 70.
28. D’Este, Decision in Normandy, pp. 83–86.
29. Stephen Ambrose, The Supreme Commander (Garden City: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 399–400.
7. TRAINING
1. Eisenhower to Marshall, 2/24/43, EL.
2. Van Fleet memoir, copy in EC.
3. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
4. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
5. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
6. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 2.
7. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
8. Weldon Kratzer letter, EC.
9. Thor Smith interview, EC.
10. Tom Plumb oral history, EC.
11. I am indebted to Billy Arthur’s paper, “Pre-Invasion Training: Key to D-Day Success,” delivered to the American Historical Institute in Washington, June 1992, for information on Thompson and the Assault Training Center.
12. Ibid.
13. Quoted in Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 83.
14. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
15. R. Younger interview, Imperial War Museum (IWM), copy in EC.
16. David Thomas oral history, EC.
17. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
18. Geoffrey Perret, There’s a War to Be Won (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 311.
19. Robert Rader oral history, EC.
20. Currahee! scrapbook published in Germany in 1945, unpaged.
21. Russell Miller interview with D. Zane Schlemmer, copy in EC.
22. Jim Wallwork interview, EC.
23. James Eikner oral history, EC.
24. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
25. Henry Glassman, “Lead the Way, Rangers”: A History of the Fifth Ranger Battalion (printed in Germany, 1945), pp. 12–13.
26. Walter Sidlowski oral history, EC.
27. James Eikner oral history, EC.
28. Script of Paul Thompson talk, EC.
29. Barnett Hoffner oral history, EC.
30. Robert Piauge interview, EC.
31. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
32. Harry Nomburg oral history, EC.
33. Fred Patheiger oral history, EC.
34. Stephen E. Ambrose and James A. Barber, editors, The Military and American Society: Essays and Readings (New York: The Free Press, 1972), p. 177.
35. Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), pp. 623–24.
36. Ibid., 627.
37. Ibid., 630.
38. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 134.
39. Detlef Vogel, “Morale and Fighting Power of the Wehrmacht in the West on the Eve of the Invasion,” paper delivered at the 1992 Military History Institute conference, copy in EC.
40. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
8. MARSHALING AND BRIEFING
1. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
2. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC.
3. Ralph Eastridge memoir, EC.
4. John Howard oral history, EC.
5. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
6. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
7. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC.
8. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
9. John Barnes oral history, EC.
10. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
11. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
12. Paul Fussell, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 240–41.
13. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC. Schultz went on to say “I am one of the characters in Connie Ryan’s The Longest Day. He had this crap game taking place at the airfield, which is not actually true. It took place at camp. He felt I was a good Catholic boy who shouldn’t be betting, so he had me losing the money because of my religious convictions, which was not the case at all. It was because I was trying to humiliate the guy I disliked.” For Ryan’s version, see The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New York: Popular Library, 1959), pp. 63–64.
14. David Thomas oral history, EC.
15. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
16. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
17. Gerden Johnson, History of the Twelfth Infantry Regiment in World War II (Boston: 4th Division Association, 1991), p. 53.
18. Ralph Eastridge letter to his parents, July 27, 1946, EC.
19. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
20. Robert Healey oral history, EC.
21. Merical Dillon oral history, EC.
22. William Dillon oral history, EC.
23. Leroy Jennings oral history, EC.
24. Charles Skidmore oral history, EC.
25. Alan Anderson oral history, EC.
26. Russell Miller interview with Cyril Hendry, copy in EC.
27. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
28. David Thomas oral history, EC.
29. John Barnes oral history, EC.
30. Joseph Dragotto oral history, EC.
31. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
32. Alan Anderson oral history, EC.
33. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
34. Bannerman carried the unfinished letter with him into Normandy. It was captured by the Germans and read by Rommel (David Irving, Trail of the Fox [New York: Dutton, 1977], pp. 356–58).
35. Paul Thompson memoir, EC.
36. Richard Freed oral history, EC.
37. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 331.
38. Copy No. 42 of this “strictly limited” document is in EL.
39. A copy of the document is in EL.
40. Franz Gockel memoir, EC, translated by Derek Zumbro.
9. LOADING
1. Ronald Lewin interview, EC.
2. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
3. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
4. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
5. Gen. James Van Fleet memoir, EC.
6. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
7. Robert Patterson oral history, EC.
8. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
9. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 83.
10. All Eisenhower’s Orders of the Day are in EL.
11. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
12. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
13. Anthony Duke oral history, EC.
14. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
15. Oscar Rich oral history, EC.
16. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
17. Walter Sidlowski oral history, EC.
18. Frank Beetle interview, EC.
19. Clyde Kerchner oral history, EC.
20. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
21. Charles Ryan oral history, EC.
22. Michael Foot interview, EC.
23. Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), p. 275.
24. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 354; Samuel Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), p. 62.
25. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 351.
26. Ibid., pp. 354–55.
10. DECISION TO GO
1. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), p. 246; Walter Cronkite interview with Eisenhower for CBS-TV, transcript in EC.
3. Eisenhower interview, EC; Eisenhower to Leigh-Mallory, 5/30/44, EL.
4. Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
5. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC; the draft of Eisenhower’s speech is in EL.
6. Eisenhower diary, 6/3/44, EL.
7. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
8. Edwin Gale oral history, EC.
9. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
10. Homer Carey oral history, EC.
11. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
12. George Roach oral history, EC.
13. Joe Pilck oral history, EC.
14. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
15. Henry Gerald oral history, EC.
16. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
17. Eisenhower diary entry, 6/3/44, EL.
18. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 354.
19. Benjamin Frans letter, EC.
20. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
21. Samuel Grundfast oral history, EC.
22. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
23. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
24. John Howard diary, EC.
25. David Wood interview, EC.
26. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
27. Jerry Eades oral history, EC.
28. James Edward oral history, EC.
29. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
30. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 276.
31. Kerchner oral history, EC.
32. Kenneth Strong interview, EC.
33. Interviews with Eisenhower, Kenneth Strong, Arthur Tedder, EC; Harry Butcher diary, 6/4–6/44, EL.
34. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–45 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 83.
35. Walter Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
36. Kenneth Strong interview, EC.
37. Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
38. Harry Butcher diary, 6/4–6/44, EL
39. This undated note is in EL. Eisenhower put it into his wallet and forgot about it. A couple of weeks later, he pulled it out, laughed, and commented that thank goodness he had not had to issue it. He threw it into a wastebasket; Butcher retrieved it. Butcher Diary, 6/20/44, EL.
40. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 364.
41. Heydte interview, EC.
42. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 135.
43. Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1939–1945 (New York: Praeger, 1964), p. 422.
44. Nat Hoskot interview, EC.
45. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC. Gibbons went on to represent the 7th District of Florida in the House of Representatives for many decades.
46. J. Frank Brumbaugh oral history, EC.
47. Edward Jeziorski and Donald Bosworth oral histories, EC.
48. John Delury oral history, EC.
49. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
50. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
51. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
52. L. Johnson oral history, EC.
53. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
54. Sherman Oyler letter to Mack Teasley, 12/6/83, EL.
55. Wallace Strobble letter, EC.
56. John Richards oral history, EC.
57. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
58. Ibid.
59. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
60. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), p. 216.
61. Professor Robert Love of the Naval Academy history department provided the transcript of Ramsay’s entry; Dr. Love is preparing the diary for publication.
11. CRACKING THE ATLANTIC WALL
1. James Elmo Jones oral history, EC.
2. For a description of the action, see Stephen E. Ambrose, Pegasus Bridge: June 6, 1944 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).
3. Matthew Ridgway, Soldier (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 4.
4. Eugene Brierre oral history, EC.
5. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
6. Ken Russell interview, EC.
7. Clayton Storeby oral history, EC.
8. Harry Reisenleiter oral history, EC.
9. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 82.
10. Sidney Ulan oral history, EC.
11. Earl Peters oral history, EC.
12. Charles Ratliff oral history, EC.
13. John Fitzgerald and Carl Cartledge oral histories, EC.
14. William True and Parker Alford oral histories, EC.
15. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
16. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
17. Dan Furlong interview by Russell Miller, EC.
18. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, p. 85.
19. Arthur DeFilippo oral history, EC.
20. John Taylor oral history, EC.
21. Sherman Oyler letter to Martin Teasley, EL.
22. Len Griffing oral history, EC.
23. Ibid.
24. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
25. Ray Aeibischer oral history, EC.
26. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
27. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC.
28. Parker Alford oral history, EC.
29. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
30. Len Griffing oral history, EC.
31. Clayton Storeby oral history, EC.
32. “Debriefing Conference,” 82nd Airborne, held on August 13, 1944 in Leicester, England. Copy in EC.
33. Parker Alford oral history, EC.
34. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
35. Michel de Vallavieille, D-Day at Utah Beach (Coutances, Normandy, 1982), p. 22.
36. Ken Russell interview by Ron Drez, EC.
37. Allen Langdon, “Ready”: A World War II History of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (Indianapolis: 82nd Airborne Division Association, 1986), pp. 49–51. This is an indispensable account, highly detailed and accurate.
38. Ken Russell interview by Ron Drez, EC.
39. James Eads oral history, EC.
40. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
41. David Jones oral history, EC.
42. There is a copy of the report in EC.
43. Beaudin was liberated on July 16 by the 9th Division. Briand Beaudin oral history, EC.
44. Utah Beach to Cherbourg (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Center of Military History, 1948), p. 15.
45. Michael Foot interview, EC.
46. Frederick von der Heydte interview, EC.
47. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
48. Frederick von der Heydte interview, EC.
49. Vallavieille, D-Day at Utah Beach, pp. 25–26.
50. S. L.A. Marshall, Night Drop: The American Airborne Invasion of Normandy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), p. 269.
51. Hans von Luck interview, EC.
52. Zane Schlemmer oral history, EC.
53. James Elmo Jones oral history, EC.
54. Robert Butler oral history, EC.
55. Leonard Lebenson oral history, EC.
56. Charles Skidmore oral history, EC.
57. Harry Reisenleiter oral history, EC.
58. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
59. Zane Schlemmer oral history, EC.
60. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
61. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
12. “LET’S GET THOSE BASTARDS”
1. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
2. Francis Palys oral history, EC.
3. Quoted in Clay Blair, Ridgway’s Paratroopers: The American Airborne in World War II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985), p. 233.
4. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
5. Lynn Tomlinson oral history, EC.
6. Dan Furlong interview by Russell Miller, EC.
7. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
8. David Howarth, Dawn of D-Day (London: Collins, 1959), p. 55.
9. Ibid., pp. 56–60; Napier Crookenden, Drop Zone Normandy (New York: Scribners, 1976), pp. 205–9.
10. Major Roseveare and Bill Irving interviews, Imperial War Museum, London.
11. John Kemp interview, EC.
12. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
13. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
14. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC.
15. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
16. 505th regimental history, pp. 53–54
17. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 288.
13. “THE GREATEST SHOW EVER STAGED”
1. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
2. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
3. Russell Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: The Campaigns of France and Germany, 1944–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), p. 70.
4. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
5. Carl Carden oral history, EC.
6. John Robinson oral history, EC.
7. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
8. John Robinson oral history, EC.
9. J. K. Havener oral history, EC.
10. James Delong oral history, EC.
11. John Meyer oral history, EC.
12. J. K. Havener oral history, EC.
13. A. H. Corry oral history, EC.
14. Charles Harris oral history, EC.
15. Allen Stephens oral history, EC.
16. William Moriarity oral history, EC.
17. A. H. Corry oral history, EC.
18. Carl Carden oral history, EC.
19. John Meyer oral history, EC.
20. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
21. J. K. Havener oral history, EC.
22. Ray Sanders oral history, EC.
23. A. H. Corry oral history, EC.
24. Ray Sanders oral history, EC.
25. John Robinson oral history, EC.
26. Arthur Jahnke oral history, copy in EC. Jahnke’s story is told in detail in Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! The German Account of the Allied Landings and the 80 Days’ Battle for France (New York: Dutton, 1963).
27. James Delong oral history, EC.
28. Charles Middleton oral history, EC.
29. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, p. 94.
30. James Taylor oral history, EC.
31. Jack Barensfeld oral history, EC.
32. James Taylor oral history, EC.
33. Charles Mohrle memoir, EC.
34. Edward Giller oral history, EC.
35. Jack Barensfeld oral history, EC.
36. Peter Moody memoir, EC.
37. William Satterwhite oral history, EC.
38. Donald Porter oral history, EC.
39. Harry Crosby, A Wing and a Prayer. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 227–28.
40. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
14. A LONG, ENDLESS COLUMN OF SHIPS
1. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), pp. 46–47.
2. Ibid., 79.
3. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
4. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 57.
5. John Robert Lewis oral history, EC.
6. Joseph Donlan oral history, EC.
7. Anthony Duke oral history, EC.
8. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 87.
9. Ross Olsen oral history, EC.
10. B. T. Whinney interview, EC.
11. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 11.
12. Ronald Seaborne memoir, EC.
13. Ronald Seaborne memoir, EC.
14. Howard Vander Beek memoir, EC.
15. Martin Sommers, “The Longest Hour in History,” Saturday Evening Post, July 8, 1944.
16. Ross Olsen oral history, EC.
17. James O’Neal oral history, EC.
18. Holdbrook Bradley oral history, EC.
19. Cyrus Aydlett diary entry, June 6, 1944, EC.
20. John Howard interview, EC.
21. Piprel’s “Recollection of Events,” EC, translated (and given to EC by) M. Michael Clemençon.
22. USS Harding Action Report, copy in EC.
23. William Gentry memoir, EC.
24. Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski memoir, EC.
25. Kenneth Wright to his parents, 6/11/44, copy in EC.
26. Grant Guillickson oral history, EC. Guillickson stayed in the Navy thirty years. In 1954 he took a competitive exam and earned a commission as an ensign. Eventually he became chief engineer of the USS Forrestal. He retired in 1969 as a commander.
27. Joseph Dolan oral history, EC.
28. A. R. Beyer memoir, EC.
29. Doug Birch oral history, EC.
30. Howard Vander Beek memoir, EC.
31. Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 188.
32. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 121.
33. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 188.
34. Ibid., p. 167.
35. Ibid., p. 180.
36. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, pp. 122, 125.
37. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
38. W. N. Solkin oral history, EC.
39. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, p. 16.
40. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
41. Samuel Grundfast oral history, EC.
42. Martin Waarvick oral history, EC.
43. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
44. Franz Gockel memoir, EC, translated by Derek Zumbro.
15. “WE’LL START THE WAR FROM RIGHT HERE”
1. Howard Vander Beek and Sims Gauthier oral histories, EC.
2. Arthur Jahnke oral history, copy in EC; Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 50–56.
3. Malvin Pike oral history, EC.
4. Ibid.
5. Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 182.
6. There is a copy of Van Fleet’s unpublished memoir in EC.
7. Group interview with the 237th ECB by Ron Drez, EC.
8. Orval Wakefield oral history, EC.
9. Ibid.
10. Martin Gutekunst oral history, EC.
11. Drez group interview with the 237th ECB, EC.
12. John Ahearn oral history, EC.
13. Elliot Richardson interview, EC.
14. Van Fleet unpublished memoir, copy in EC.
15. Malvin Pike oral history, EC.
16. Van Fleet unpublished memoir, copy in EC.
17. Malvin Pike oral history, EC.
18. Malvin Pike and Eugene Brierre oral histories, EC.
19. Ralph Della-Volpe oral history, EC.
20. Marvin Perrett oral history, EC.
21. John Beck oral history, EC.
22. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 120.
23. Russell Reeder, Born at Reveille (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1966), pp. 247–48.
24. Ibid., p. 248; Charles Jackson memoir, EC.
25. Clifford Sorenson oral history, EC.
26. Charles Jackson memoir, EC.
27. Ross Olsen oral history, EC.
28. Vincent del Giudice oral history, EC. Del Giudice went on to medical school after the war and became an M.D.
29. Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming!, pp. 60–61.
30. Orval Wakefield oral history, EC.
31. For an excellent account of one of the 4th’s regiments, see Gerden Johnson, History of the Twelfth Infantry Regiment in World War II (Boston: Fourth Division Association, 1947).
16. “NOUS RESTONS ICI”
1. Leonard Lebenson oral history, EC.
2. John Delury memoir, EC.
3. D. Zane Schlemmer oral history, EC.
4. Sidney McCallum oral history, EC.
5. L. Johnson oral history, EC.
6. Leland Baker oral history, EC.
7. Summers’s story is told in detail in S. L. A. Marshall, Night Drop: The American Airborne Invasion of Normandy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), pp. 216–22.
8. Leland Baker oral history, EC.
9. Marshall, Night Drop, p. 271.
10. Eugene Brierre oral history, EC.
11. Marshall, Night Drop, pp. 273–74.
12. Michel de Vallavieille, D-Day at Utah Beach (Coutances, 1982), p. 56.
13. Frederick von der Heydte interview, EC.
14. This paragraph is based on interviews by Ken Hechler with Bayerlein, Speidel, Jodl, and other German generals, copies in EC, and on Max Hastings, Overlord (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 77.
15. Hastings, Overlord, p. 76.
16. Carwood Lipton oral history, EC.
17. Richard Winters and Harry Welsh interviews, EC.
18. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC.
19. Heydte memoir, EC.
20. Parker Alford oral history, EC.
21. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
22. Herbert James oral history, EC.
23. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
24. William Sawyer oral history, EC.
25. Jack Issacs oral history, EC.
26. David Thomas oral history, EC.
27. Donald Bosworth memoir, EC.
28. Roy Creek oral history, EC.
29. David Jones oral history, EC.
30. O. B. Hill oral history, EC.
31. Marshall, Night Drop, pp. 76–77.
32. Roy Creek oral history, EC. Creek went on: “I would pay particular tribute to Lt. Charlie Ames of E Company 507, Sgt. Asa Ricks, A Company 507, Sgt. Glenn Lapne, A Company 507. They all did everything I asked of them, and much more.” Creek went on to become a battalion commander in the 507th.
33. James Coyle memoir, EC.
34. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
35. Allen Langdon, “Ready” (Indianapolis: 82nd Airborne Division Association, 1986), p. 56.
36. Charles Miller oral history, EC.
37. Langdon, “Ready,” pp. 56–57.
38. Otis Sampson oral history, EC. Sampson comes in for high praise in Langdon, “Ready,” p. 57. Langdon also points out that the members of the group “have always been more than a little bit indignant that [S.L.A.] Marshall wrote in Night Drop, ‘Turnbull’s men ran all the way to Ste.-Mère-Église.’ As several have commented, it wasn’t necessary to do so and they didn’t. It was practically a physical impossibility besides.”
39. Langdon, “Ready,” p. 57; Stephen E. Ambrose, Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 103.
40. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
41. Ibid.
42. James Coyle memoir, EC.
43. Otis Sampson oral history, EC.
44. Historical Section European Theater of Operations Staff, Utah Beach to Cherbourg, p. 31.
17. VISITORS TO HELL
1. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! (New York: Dutton, 1963), p. 76.
2. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
3. A. J. Liebling, “Reporter at Large,” New Yorker, July 15, 1944, p. 40.
4. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
5. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, pp. 28–34.
6. Ibid., pp. 35–41.
7. Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming!, p. 76.
8. Francis Fane, Naked Warriors (New York: Prentice Hall, 1956), pp. 61–62.
9. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 145.
10. Joe Smith oral history, EC.
11. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
12. John Barnes oral history, EC.
13. Thomas Valance oral history, EC.
14. S. L. A. Marshall, “First Wave at Omaha Beach,” Atlantic Monthly, November 1960, p. 68.
15. George Roach oral history, EC.
16. Lee Polek oral history, EC.
17. Harry Bare oral history, EC.
18. John Robertson oral history, EC.
19. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
20. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, p. 147.
21. Ibid., p. 149; Marshall, “First Wave at Omaha,” p. 69.
22. Benjamin McKinney oral history, EC.
23. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
24. J.T. Shea to Colonel Mason, 6/16/44, copy in EC.
25. Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead, pp. 55–56; Debs Peters oral history, EC.
26. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
27. Sidney Bingham oral history, EC.
28. Quoted in Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, p. 152.
29. George Kobe oral history, EC.
30. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC. Slaughter wrote an extended memoir of D-Day for the Twenty-Niner Newsletter, November 1990, copy in EC.
31. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC; Ray Moon memoir, EC.
32. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
33. William Lewis oral history, in an unpublished manuscript put together by John Robert Slaughter, copy in EC.
34. Raymond Howell oral history, EC.
18. UTTER CHAOS REIGNED
1. John MacPhee oral history, EC.
2. Clayton Hanks oral history, EC.
3. Warren Rulien oral history, EC.
4. Charles Thomas oral history, EC.
5. Fred Hall oral history, EC.
6. Forrest Pogue interview with John Spaulding, copy in EC.
7. Kenneth Romanski oral history, EC; U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, 49.
8. H. W. Shroeder oral history, EC.
9. Albert Mominee oral history, EC.
10. Andy Rooney interview with Joe Dawson, copy in EC.
11. Joe Pilck oral history, EC.
12. Paul Radzom and Warren Rulien oral histories, EC.
13. Andy Rooney interview with Al Smith, copy in EC.
14. Buddy Mazzara oral history, EC.
15. H. W. Shroeder oral history, EC.
16. William Dillon memoir, EC.
17. Ernie Pyle, Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches, ed. David Nichols (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. 278–80.
18. John Ellery oral history, EC.
19. TRAFFIC JAM
1. Eisenhower to Lloyd Fredendall, 2/4/43, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
2. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
3. F. S. White’s handwritten after-action report, supplied to the EC by Dean Rockwell.
4. J. C. Friedman oral history, EC.
5. Move Out, Verify: The Combat Story of the 743rd Tank Battallion (Dallas, 1981) p. 27.
6. Paul Radzom and Edward Kelly oral histories, EC.
7. George Ryan oral history, EC.
8. Jerry Eades oral history, EC. He concluded, “Roughly, that’s about what I remember of D-Day, June 6, 1944. ‘Course, our real trouble didn’t start till the next day, and the next and the next.”
9. R. J. Lindo oral history, EC.
10. William Otlowski oral history, EC.
11. Charles Sullivan oral history, EC.
12. Warren Tate, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 131.
13. Ibid., 132–33.
14. Devon Larson oral history, EC.
15. Exum Pike memoir, EC.
16. Don Irwin memoir, EC.
17. James Fudge oral history, EC.
18. Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day (New York: Popular Library, 1959), pp. 271–72. Ryan wrote that this was the only appearance of the Luftwaffe on D-Day, but in fact there was a bombing run by JU-88s. None did any damage.
19. Robert Schober, Ray Howell, and Cecil Powers combined memoir, copy in EC.
20. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
21. Debbs Peters oral history, EC.
22. John Zmudzinski oral history, EC.
23. Allen McMath memoir, EC.
24. Al Littke oral history, EC.
25. John Mather oral history, EC.
26. Barnett Hoffner oral history, EC.
27. Frank Walk interview, EC.
28. Paul Thompson speech, copy in EC.
29. Franz Gockel memoir, EC, translated by Derek Zumbro.
20. “I AM A DESTROYER MAN”
1. Joe Smith oral history, EC.
2. Robert Giguere oral history, EC.
3. William O’Neill oral history, EC.
4. Samuel Eliot Morison, Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 148.
5. Owen Keeler, “From the Seaward Side,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1989, p. 126.
6. William Sentry memoir, EC.
7. Ken Shiffer memoir, EC.
8. Harding action report, copy in EC.
9. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 144.
10. Ernest Hillberg oral history, EC.
11. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 142.
12. William Sentry memoir, EC.
13. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 143.
14. Ibid., p. 145.
15. Edward Duffy memoir, EC.
16. Keeler, “From the Seaward Side,” 126.
17. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 144; Keeler, “From the Seaward Side,” p. 126.
18. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 147.
19. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
20. Robert Giguere oral history, EC.
21. William O’Neill oral history, EC.
22. Joe Smith oral history, EC.
23. James Knight, “The DD That Saved the Day,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1989, pp. 124–26.
24. Morison, Invasion of France and Germany, p. 149.
25. Ibid., p. 152.
26. William Bacon oral history, EC.
27. Ibid.
28. Pete Martin, “We Shot D-Day on Omaha Beach,” American Legion Magazine, June 1964, p. 19.
29. William O’Neill oral history, EC.
30. Stanley Borkowski oral history, EC.
31. A. J. Liebling, “Reporter at Large,” New Yorker, July 8, 1944, p. 40.
32. Ferris Burke oral history, EC.
33. Frank Fedvik oral history, EC.
34. William Sentry oral history, EC; William Carter memoir, EC; Harding action report, copy in EC.
35. Charles Jarreau oral history, EC.
36. Capa’s account of D-Day, first published in his book Slightly Out of Focus, is reprinted in Robert Capa (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1974), pp. 68–71; Charles Jarreau oral history, EC.
37. Martin, “We Shot D-Day on Omaha Beach.”
21. “WILL YOU TELL ME HOW WE DID THIS?”
1. Ronald Lane, Rudder’s Rangers (Manassas, Va.: Ranger Associates, 1979), p. 108.
2. W. C. Heinz, “I Took My Son to Omaha Beach,” Collier’s, June 11, 1954, p. 25.
3. Donald Scribner oral history, EC.
4. Gerald Heaney oral history, EC.
5. Edwin Sorvisto, Roughing It with Charlie: 2nd Ranger Bn. (Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, 1945), p. 32.
6. Lane, Rudder’s Rangers, p. 111.
7. Donald Scribner oral history, EC.
8. Sidney Salomon memoir, EC.
9. Robert Black, Rangers in World War II (New York: Ivy Books, 1992), p. 197.
10. Donald Scribner oral history, EC.
11. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 75.
12. Sorvisto, Roughing It with Charlie, p. 28.
13. Gerald Heaney oral history, EC.
14. Sidney Salomon memoir, EC.
15. Sorvisto, Roughing It with Charlie, p. 34.
16. Donald Scribner oral history, EC.
17. Sorvisto, Roughing It with Charlie, pp. 35–36. Sorvisto wrote this pamphlet in the summer of 1945. Lieutenant Salomon told him, “Hell, yes, I will take another boat ride, preferably to the coast of Japan!”
18. Heinz, “I Took My Son to Omaha Beach,” p. 25.
19. Lane, Rudder’s Rangers, p. 78.
20. Frank South oral history, EC.
21. James Eikner oral history, EC.
22. George Kerchner oral history, EC.
23. Elmer Vermeer oral history, EC.
24. Heinz, “I Took My Son to Omaha Beach,” p. 25; Elmer Vermeer oral history, EC.
25. George Kerchner oral history, EC.
26. Gene Elder oral history, EC.
27. Sigurd Sundby oral history, EC.
28. Frank South oral history, EC.
29. James Eikner oral history, EC.
30. Frank South oral history, EC.
31. George Kerchner oral history, EC.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. James Eikner oral history, EC.
35. Frank South oral history, EC.
36. Elmer Vermeer oral history, EC.
37. James Eikner and Elmer Vermeer oral histories, EC.
38. Elmer Vermeer oral history, EC.
39. Heinz, “I Took My Son to Omaha Beach,” p. 26.
40. Black, Rangers in World War II, p. 218.
41. Lane, Rudder’s Rangers, p. 124.
42. Ibid., p. 130.
43. Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead, p. 91.
44. Lane, Rudder’s Rangers, p. 140.
45. Gene Elder oral history, EC.
46. Salva Maimone oral history, EC.
47. Elmer Vermeer oral history, EC.
48. James Eikner oral history, EC.
22. UP THE BLUFF AT VIERVILLE
1. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), pp. 153–54.
2. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
3. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
4. 741st action report, Aug. 4, 1944, copy in EC.
5. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 81.
6. Cecil Breeden memoir, EC.
7. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, p. 156.
8. Ibid., p. 157.
9. Shea to chief of staff, 1st Infantry Division, June 16, 1944, copy in EC.
10. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, p. 158.
11. Robert Miller, Division Commander: A Biography of Major General Norman D. Cota (Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Company, 1989), p. 8.
12. Henry Seitzler oral history, EC.
13. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
14. Memoir to HQ Company, 116th Infantry, copy in EC.
15. Warner Hamlett oral history, EC.
16. John Raaen oral history, EC.
17. Jack Keating oral history, EC.
18. John Raaen oral history, EC.
19. Victor Fast oral history, EC.
20. Francis Dawson oral history, EC.
21. John Raaen oral history, EC.
22. George Kerchner oral history, EC.
23. Jay Mehaffey memoir, EC.
24. John Raaen oral history, EC.
25. Victor Fast oral history, EC.
26. Gale Beccue oral history, EC.
27. John Raaen oral history, EC.
28. John Raaen oral history, EC.
29. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
30. Victor Fast oral history, EC.
31. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
32. Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead, p. 92.
23. CATASTROPHE CONTAINED
1. Omar Bradley and Clay Blair, A General’s Life: An Autobiography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 249.
2. Max Hastings, Overlord (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 92.
3. Bradley and Blair, A General’s Life, p. 251.
4. Eisenhower interview, EC.
5. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 320.
6. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 87.
7. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (London: Collins, 1952), p. 259.
8. Chester Hansen diary, June 6, 1944, American Military Institute archives, Carlisle, Pa.
9. Graham Cosmas and Albert Cowdrey, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1992), p. 211.
10. Ibid., pp. 211–12.
11. Ibid., p. 214.
12. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 82.
13. Harding Action Report, June 6, 1944, copy in EC.
14. Charles Cooke diary, June 4–8, 1944, copy in EC.
15. Hyman Haas oral history, EC.
16. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 83.
17. Al Smith lecture transcript on Operation Overlord, copy in EC.
18. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 82.
19. Ibid., p. 87.
20. Ibid.
21. Forrest Pogue interview with John Spaulding, copy in EC.
22. Andy Rooney interview with Joe Dawson, copy in EC.
23. Forrest Pogue interview with John Spaulding, copy in EC.
24. Al Smith lecture, copy in EC.
25. Fred Hall oral history, EC.
26. Information provided by Maj. Gen. Al Smith in letter to author, EC.
27. John Ellery oral history, EC.
28. Samuel Eliot Morison, Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 150.
29. Eldon Wiehe oral history, EC.
30. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 87.
31. Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, pp. 251–52.
32. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 168.
24. STRUGGLE FOR THE HIGH GROUND
1. John Raaen oral history, EC.
2. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 83–84.
3. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
4. Donald Nelson oral history, EC.
5. William Lewis memoir, in John Robert Slaughter’s collection of D-Day stories, copy in EC.
6. Pierre Piprel oral history, EC.
7. Gale Beccue oral history, EC.
8. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
9. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
10. Jay Mehaffey oral history, EC.
11. Harding action report, copy in EC.
12. Michel Hardelay oral history, EC.
13. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
14. Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead, p. 95.
15. Francis Dawson oral history, EC.
16. Jay Mehaffey oral history, EC.
17. Paul Calvert memoir, EC.
18. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 164.
19. John Hooper oral history, EC.
20. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, pp. 165–66.
21. Andy Rooney interview with Joe Dawson, copy in EC.
22. Harding action report, copy in EC.
23. Charles Ryan oral history, EC.
24. Graham Cosmas and Albert Cowdrey, The Medical Department (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1992), p. 202.
25. Franz Gockel memoir, EC, translated by Derek Zumbro.
26. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, pp. 113–14; Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, pp. 171–74.
27. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 110.
28. Carl Weast oral history, EC.
25. “IT WAS JUST FANTASTIC”
1. Oscar Rich oral history, EC.
2. Charles Cooke oral history, copy in EC.
3. Vince Schlotterbeck letter to “Dear Friends,” May 22, 1945, copy in EC.
4. M. C. Marquis oral history, EC.
5. Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead, p. 102.
6. Ibid., p. 104.
7. Ibid.; The “B” Battery Story: The 116th AAA Gun Battalion (Mobile) with the First U.S. Army (Passaic, N.J.: The B Battery Association, 1990).
8. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
9. Ernest Hemingway, “Voyage to Victory,” Collier’s, July 22, 1944.
10. James Roberts oral history, EC.
11. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 333.
12. David Irving, Hitler’s War (New York: Viking, 1977), p. 639.
13. U.S. Army, Historical Section Staff, Omaha Beachhead, p. 115.
14. Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948) p. 620.
15. Irving, Hitler’s War, p. 640.
16. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 6, 1944, EL.
17. Harry Butcher diary, June 6, 1944, EL.
18. Newsweek, June 19, 1944.
19. Henry Seitzler oral history, EC.
20. Robert Healey oral history, EC.
26. THE WORLD HOLDS ITS BREATH
1. Unsigned piece in the Helena Independent-Record, June 6, 1944.
2. New Orleans Times Picayune, June 7, 1944.
3. Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith, Since You Went Away: World War II Letters from American Women on the Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 149.
4. Ibid., p. 140.
5. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
6. New Yorker, June 10, 1944.
7. From a CBS advertisement quoting letters received on the network’s D-Day coverage, in the July 15, 1944, New Yorker.
8. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
9. New Yorker, June 10, 1944.
10. Ibid.
11. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
12. Ibid.
13. Time, June 12, 1944.
14. Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1944.
15. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
16. New Yorker, June 14, 1944.
17. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
18. Ibid.
19. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letters to Mamie (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 184–85.
20. Ibid., p. 189; Time, June 14, 1944.
21. Washington Post, June 7, 1944.
22. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
23. Ibid.
24. Time, June 14, 1944.
25. Bedford Bulletin, June 8, July 6, July 20, 1944.
26. New Orleans Times Picayune, June 7, 1944.
27. Ibid.
28. New York Times, June 7, 1944.
29. Ohio State Journal (Columbus), June 7, 1944.
30. Columbus Evening Dispatch, June 6, 1944; Columbus Star, June 7, 1944.
31. Milwaukee Journal, June 7, 1944.
32. Atlanta Constitution, June 7, 1944.
33. Missoulian, June 7, 1944.
34. Helena Independent Record, June 7, 1944.
35. Atlanta Constitution, June 7, 1944.
36. Helena Independent Record, June 7, 1944.
37. Newsweek, June 19, 1944.
38. Mollie Panter-Downes, “Letter from London,” New Yorker, June 10, 1944.
39. “Letter from London,” New Yorker, June 17, 1944.
40. The Times (London), June 7, 1944.
41. Ibid.
42. A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York: Freundlich Books, 1986), p. 241.
43. Warren Tute, John Costell, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 225.
44. Anthony Brooks oral history, EC.
45. Gertrude Stein, Wars I Have Seen (London: B. T. Batsford, 1945), p. 162.
46. Daniel Lang, “Letter from Rome,” New Yorker, June 17, 1944.
47. Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl, tr. B. M. Mooyaart (New York: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 266–68.
48. Time, June 17, 1944.
49. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York: Dutton, 1964), pp. 853–55.
50. The Times (London), June 7, 1944.
27. FAIRLY STUFFED WITH GADGETS
1. Imperial War Museum interview with Hammerton, copy in EC.
2. Imperial War Museum interview with Kenneth Ferguson, copy in EC.
3. Imperial War Museum interview with Cyril Hendry, copy in EC.
4. Imperial War Museum interview with George Honour, copy in EC.
5. Imperial War Museum interview with Kenneth Ferguson, copy in EC.
6. L. F. Ellis, Victory in the West (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1962), 1: 212–13.
7. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect 1880–1952 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 300.
8. F. H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 134–35.
9. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! (New York: Dutton, 1963), p. 89.
10. Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 197.
11. Ibid.
28. “EVERYTHING WAS WELL ORDERED”
1. Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 197.
2. Russell Miller interview with Pat Blamey, copy in EC.
3. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 174.
4. Ibid., p. 175.
5. Russell Miller interview with Pat Blamey, copy in EC.
6. Ronald Seaborne memoir, EC.
7. Brian T. Whinney oral history, EC.
8. Joseph Barrett memoir, EC.
9. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), pp. 330–31.
10. Ronald Seaborne memoir, EC.
11. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 202.
12. André Heintz interview, EC.
13. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 202.
14. Brian T. Whinney oral history, EC.
29. PAYBACK
1. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 130.
2. IWM interview with Josh Honan, EC.
3. Gerald Henry oral history, EC.
4. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, pp. 132–33.
5. Gerald Henry oral history, EC.
6. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, p. 138.
7. IWM interview with John Honan, EC.
8. Imperial War Museum interview with Roland Johnston, copy in EC.
9. Tom Plumb memoir, EC.
10. Russell Miller interview with Sigie Johnson, EC.
11. Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 207.
12. Reginald Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, 1984), p. 13.
13. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 209.
14. Robert Rogge oral history, EC.
15. G. W. Levers diary, copy in EC.
16. IWM interview with Roland Johnston, copy in EC.
17. Russell Miller interview with Cyril Hendry, EC. See also David Howart, Dawn of D-Day (London: Collins, 1959), pp. 218–21.
18. Gerald Henry oral history, EC.
19. Russell Miller interview with Sigie Johnson, EC.
20. Tute, Costello, and Hughes, D-Day, p. 209.
21. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, pp. 137–38.
22. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy, pp. 16–17.
23. Ibid., p. 15.
24. Stanley Dudka oral history, EC.
25. Robert Rogge oral history, EC.
26. Stanley Dudka oral history, EC.
27. Gerald Henry oral history, EC.
28. G. W. Levers diary, copy in EC.
29. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy, pp. 22–23.
30. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, p. 142.
30. “AN UNFORGETTABLE SIGHT”
1. Rupert Curtis memoir, copy in EC.
2. Russell Miller interview with Kenneth Ferguson, EC.
3. Slazak action report, 6/6/44, copy in EC.
4. Russell Miller interview with Etienne Robert Webb, EC.
5. M. R. D. Foot interview, EC.
6. Interview with Robert Piauge, EC.
7. Russell Miller interview with R. Porteous, EC.
8. Kenneth Wright to his parents, 6/11/44, copy in EC.
9. Rupert Curtis memoir, EC.
10. Harold Pickersgill interview, EC.
11. Jacqueline Thornton interview, EC.
12. Harry Nomburg oral history, EC.
13. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
14. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming! (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 98–101; John Brown oral history, EC.
15. Napier Crookenden, Drop Zone Normandy (New York: Scribners, 1976), p. 235.
16. Rupert Curtis memoir, EC.
31. “MY GOD, WE’VE DONE IT”
1. Jack Bailey oral history, EC.
2. John Howard interview, EC.
3. Richard Todd interview, EC.
4. Todd Sweeney interview, EC.
5. Wally Parr interview, EC.
6. Nigel Taylor interview, EC.
7. Wagger Thornton interview, EC.
8. John Howard interview, EC.
9. Hans von Luck interview, EC.
10. Werner Kortenhaus interview, EC.
11. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
12. By Air to Battle: The Official Account of the British First and Sixth Airborne Divisions (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1945), p. 87.
13. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
14. John Durnford-Slater, Commando: Memoirs of a Fighting Commando in World War Two (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991), pp. 192–93.
15. Nigel Taylor interview, EC.
16. Wally Parr interview, EC.
17. Huw Wheldon, Red Berets into Normandy (Norwich: Jarrold & Sons, 1982), p. 16.
18. Napier Crookenden, Drop Zone Normandy (New York: Scribners, 1976), p. 231.
19. Imperial War Museum interview with J. Tillett, EC.
20. Crookenden, Drop Zone Normandy, p. 228.
21. Nigel Taylor interview, EC.
32. “WHEN CAN THEIR GLORY FADE?”
1. IWM interview with Josh Honan, EC.
2. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
3. John Raaen oral history, EC.
4. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
5. Jack Bailey oral history, EC.
6. John Reville oral history, EC.
7. Robert Zafft oral history, EC.
8. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
9. John Ellery oral history, EC.
10. Ramsay diary entry provided by Bob Love.
11. Richard Winters oral history and diary, EC.
12. Walter Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, copy in EC.