CHAPTER 1
1 The most important source for this section is the Book of Genesis, chapters 16–21:21 and 25:1–18. I used the The New Oxford Annotated Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), supplemented by the following articles that clarify, illuminate and hypothesize about the relevant section in the Book of Genesis: John Otwell, And Sarah Laughed: The Status of Women in the Old Testament (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1977); Savina J. Teubal, Hagar the Egyptian: The Lost Tradition of the Matriarchs (San Francisco/New York/Grand Rapids: Harper & Row, 1990); Phyllis Trible, Texts of Terror (Philadelphia, USA: Fortress Press, 1984); John W. Waters, “Who Was Hagar?” in Stony the Road We Trod: African American Biblical Interpretation. The Book of Genesis, 16:1–16, 21:8–21, narrates the dramatic story of Hagar in a very few verses that remain tremendously contentious, as scholars continue to debate their true meaning. This includes rereading of the biblical texts and of legal documents and codes then operative, and rigorous analysis, comparison and deconstruction of the texts. I have read, reflected and—with some trepidation—arrived at my own understanding of this shadowy figure who has cast such a long shadow over the centuries. (Phyllis Ocean Berman’s article “Creative Hidrash: Why Hagar Left,” Tikkun 12, [March–April 1997], 21–25, notes that she and her fellow students in Hebrew school heard “the story of the competition between Sarah and Hagar not just once but twice a year in the Torah reading cycle.” No wonder Hagar continues to fascinate and attract such concentrated and sometimes bitter attention.)
2 The main sources for the following section are http://langmuir.physics.uoguelph.ca/~aelius/hetairai.html; Shannon Bell, Reading, Writing & Rewriting the Prostitute Body (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994); Eva Cantarella, tr. by Maureen B. Fant, Pandora’s Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); James N. Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens (London: HarperCollins, 1997); Nancy Demand, Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical Greece (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Robert Flacelieve, Love in Ancient Greece (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1960); Roger Just, Women in Athenian Law and Life (London, New York: Routledge, 1989); Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Greece (New York: Harper & Row, 1985); Jill Kleinman, “The Representation of Prostitutes Versus Respectable Women on Ancient Greek Vases.” Available online at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/classes/JKp.html (1998, Aug. 6); Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece (London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932); Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (New York: Schocken Books, 1975).
3 Bell, 32–38, analyses the meaning of Menexenus’s many references to Aspasia as a teacher responsible for numerous political speeches attributed to her pupils, including Pericles.
4 Madeleine Mary Henry Prisoner of History: Aspasia of Miletus and Her Bibliographical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 44, citing Cicero and Quintilian, who both preserved this fragment.
5 The main sources for the following section are Richard A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (New York: Routledge, 1992); Eva Cantarella, tr. by Maureen B. Fant, Pandora’s Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); Jane F. Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Ellen Greene, The Erotics of Domination: Male Desire and the Mistress in Latin Love Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation (2nd ed.) (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Sara Mack, Ovid (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988); Ovid, tr. and ed. by Peter Green, The Erotic Poems (New York: Penguin Books, 1982); Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (New York: Schocken Books, 1976); Ronald Syme, History in Ovid (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978); John C. Thibault, The Mystery of Ovid’s Exile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964); L. P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955).
6 Ovid, tr. and ed. by Peter Green, “The Amores: Book 1,” in The Erotic Poems, 89.
7 Ibid., 89.
8 Ibid., 97.
9 Ovid, “The Amores,” III, 7, in Diane J. Rayor and William W. Batshaw (eds.), Latin Lyric and Elegiac Poetry: An Anthology of New Translations (New York: Garland Publishing, 1995).
10 The main sources for this section are Antti Arjava, Women and Law in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); St. Augustine, Confessions (London: Penguin Books, 1961); Gerald Bonner, St Augustine of Hippo: Life and Controversies (London: SCM Press Ltd., 1963); William Mallard, Language and Love: Introducing Augustine’s Religious Thought Through the Confessions Story (University Park: Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University State Press, 1994); Margaret R. Miles, Desire and Delight: A New Reading of Augustine’s Confessions (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1992); Kim Power, Veiled Desire: Augustine on Women (New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1996).
11 Like Pericles and Ovid for Aspasia and Corinna, Augustine is our primary source for Dolorosa. Hence the importance of his Confessions.
12 Bonner, 54.
13 Power, 98.
CHAPTER 2
1 The main sources for the following section are Jung Chang, Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Kang-i Sun Chang, The Late Ming Poet: Ch’en Tzu-lung, (New Haven: Yale university Press, 1991); Gail Hershatter, “Courtesans and Streetwalkers: The Changing Discourses on Shanghai Prostitution, 1890–1949,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, (Oct. 1992), 3, no. 2, 245–269; Inside Stories of the Forbidden City, tr. by Zhao Shuhan (Beijing: New World Press, 1986); Maria Jaschok and Suzanne Miers (eds.), Women in the Chinese Patriarchal System: Submission, Servitude, Escape and Collusion (London: Zed Books Ltd., 1994); Maria Jaschok, Concubines and Bondservants (N.J.: Zed Books, 1989); Keith McMahon, Misers, Shrews, and Polygamists: Sexuality and Male-Female Relations in 18th Century Chinese Fiction (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995); Marinus Johan Meijer, Murder and Adultery in Late Imperial China (The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1991); James A. Millward, “A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong’s Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine,” Journal of Asian Studies, 53, no. 2 (May 1994), 427–458; Albert Richard O’Hara, The Position of Women in Early China (Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1971); Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China (New York: Knopf, 1992); Marina Warner, The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz’u-hsi: 1835–1908, Empress Dowager of China (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972).
2 Fu Xuan, third century, cited by Seagrave, 29.
3 Denise Chong, The Concubine’s Children (Toronto: Viking, 1994), 8.
4 The Female Domestic Ordinance of 1923 abolished the mooi-jai institution, but traces survived much longer.
5 The source for May-ying is Chong, The Concubine’s Children.
6 The main sources for the following sections on Japanese concubines and geisha are Liza Crihfield Dalby, “Courtesans and Geisha: The Real Women of the Pleasure Quarter,” in Elizabeth de Sabato Swinton (ed.) Women of the Pleasure Quarter: Japanese Paintings and Prints of the Floating World (New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1995); Liza Crihfield Dalby, Geisha (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Liza Dalby, “Tempest in a Teahouse,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 July 1989, 36–37; Sheldon Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Joy Henry, Understanding Japanese Society (New York: Routledge, 1987); Laura Jackson, “Bar Hostess,” in Joyce Lebra, Loy Paulson and Elizabeth Powers (eds.), Women in Changing Japan (Boulder: Westview Press, 1976); Sumiko Iwano, The Japanese Woman: Traditional Image and Changing Reality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Yamakawa Kikue, Women of the Mito Domain: Recollections of Samurai Family Life (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1992); Takie Sugiyama Lebra, Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Lisa Louis, Butterflies of the Night: Mama-Sans, Geisha, Strippers, and the Japanese Men They Serve (New York: Tengu Books, 1992); Lady Nijo, tr. by Wilfrid Whitehouse and Eizo Yanagisawa, Lady Nijo’s Own Story (Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1974); Bill Powell, “The End of the Affair?” Newsweek, July 10, 1989, 22–23; Albrecht Rothacher, The Japanese Power Elite (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993); Sharon L. Sievers, Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1983); and Elizabeth de Sabato Swinton (ed.), Women of the Pleasure Quarter: Japanese Paintings and Prints of the Floating World (New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1995). Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of a Geisha (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999) is a fictionalized account of a geisha’s life, all the more intriguing because Mineko Iwaskai, a leading geisha in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, has launched a lawsuit against the author. Golden has gratefully acknowledged his debt to Mineko, whom he interviewed extensively. Mineko charges that the book is actually based on a distorted version of her own life’s story, a charge Golden denies.
7 For centuries Shintoism was a popular religion promulgated by oral tradition. In the 14th century, its Five Books were composed, giving it a philosophical basis as well.
8 Benedict, 504.
9 All references to this section are from Karen Brazell, ed., The Confessions of Lady Nijo (London: Arrow Books Ltd., 1975).
10 In Geisha, American geisha-in-training Liza Crihfield Dalby describes this procedure.
11 The main sources for the following section are Andre Clot, Suleiman the Magnificent: The Man, His Life, His Epoch (London: Al Saqi Books, 1989); Carla Coco, The Secrets of the Harem (New York: The Vendome Press, 1997); Zeynep M. Durukan, The Harem of The Topkapi Palace (Istanbul: Hilal Matbaacilik Koll, 1973); Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998); Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966); Barnette Miller, Beyond the Sublime Portal: The Grand Seraglio of Stambul (New York: AMS Press, 1931); N. M. Penzer, The Harem: An Account of the Institution as It Existed in the Palace of the Turkish Sultans with a History of the Grand Seraglio from Its Foundation to Modern Times (London: Spring Books, 1936); Yasar Yucel and M. Mehdi Ilhan, Sultain Suleyman: The Grand Turk (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1991).
12 Miller, 87.
13 Through Ibrahim’s marriage to Hatice sultan, Suleiman’s royal sister.
14 The main sources for this section are Princess Der Ling, Two Years in the Forbidden City (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1929); Charlotte Haldane, The Last Great Empress of China (London: Constable, 1965); Sterling Seagrave with Peggy Seagrave, Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992); and Marina Warner, The Dragon Empress: Life & Times of Tz’u-hsi 1835–1908 Empress Dowager of China (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984 [first ed., 1972]). Seagrave’s biography corrects many factual errors on which previous biographies have been based.
15 Warner, 7.
16 Der Ling, 251.
17 Ibid., 252.
18 Seagrave, 92.
19 Ibid., 126.
20 Ibid., 134.
21 Ibid., 140.
22 Ibid., 146.
23 Ibid., 159.
24 Ibid., 175.
CHAPTER 3
1 King James I, Works, Chapter 20. Cited in http://www.Norton.com/college/history/Ralph/workbook/ralprs20.htm
2 The main sources for Nell Gwynne are Clifford Bax, Pretty, Witty Nell: An Account of Nell Gwyn and her Environment (New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1969); Nigel Cawthorne, The Sex Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (London: Prion, 1994); Arthur I. Dasent, The Private Life of Charles the Second (London: Cassell & Company, Ltd., 1927); Christopher Falkus, The Life and Times of Charles II (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972); Antonia Fraser, King Charles II (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979); Alan Hardy, The King’s Mistresses (London: Evans Brothers, 1980); Jane Hoare, “The Death of Nell Gwynne,” History Today, 1977, 27 no. 6, 396–399; Ronald Hutton, Charles the Second: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1989); H. M. Imbert-Terry, A Misjudged Monarch (London: William Heinemann, 1917); Roy MacGregor-Hastie, Nell Gwyn (London: Robert Hale, 1987); Tony Palmer, Charles II: Portrait of an Age (London: Cassell Ltd., 1979).
3 Palmer, 75.
4 Cited by Michael Kesterton, “Life Studies: The Strumpet Who Stole a King’s Heart,” Globe and Mail, Nov. 18, 2000.
5 Ibid.
6 Toward the end of his life, Charles began the process of making Nell a countess but died before any new status for her was confirmed.
7 Bax, 161–162.
8 Palmer, 2.
9 The main sources for the section on Madame de Pompadour are Jeremy Black, “Fit for a King,” History Today, 37 (April 1987), 3; Susan Conner, “Sexual Politics and Citizenship: Women in Eighteenth-Century France,” Western Society for French History, 10 (1982), 264–273; Lucienne Ercole, tr. by Gleb Struve and Hamish Miles, Gay Court Life: France in the Eighteenth Century (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1932); Mme du Hausset, Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois Queen of France, Wife of Henri IV of Madame de Pompadour of the Court of Louis XV and of Catherine de Medici Queen of France, Wife of Henri II (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1914); Thomas E. Kaiser, “Madame de Pompadour and the Theaters of Power,” French Historical Studies, 19, no. 4 (1996), 1025–1044; Jacques Levron, tr. by Claire Eliane Engel, Pompadour (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1963); J. J. Mangan, The King’s Favour (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991).
The main sources for the discussion of the origins of the position maîtresse en titre, or official mistress, are Olivier Bernier, Louis XIV: A Royal Life (New York: Doubleday, 1987); Vincent Cronin, Louis XIV (London: Collins, 1964); Robert B. Douglas, The Life and Times of Madame Du Barry (London: Leonard Smithers, 1881); James L. Ford, The Story of Du Barry (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1902); Ragnhild Hatton, Louis XIV and his World (London: Thams and Hudson, 1972); W. H. Lewis, The Splendid Century: Some Aspects of French Life in the Reign of Louis XIV (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1953); Louis XIV, tr. by Paul Sonnino, Mémoires for the Instruction of the Dauphin (New York and London: The Free Press and Collier-Macmillan Ltd., 1970).
10 Cronin, 176–177.
11 Levron, 121.
12 Ibid., 90.
13 Mangan, 178.
14 The main sources for this section are Olivier Bernier, Louis the Beloved: The Life of Louis XV (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984); G. P. Gooch, Louis XV: The Monarchy in Decline (London: Longman’s, Green and Co., 1956); Joan Haslip, Madame Du Barry: The Wages of Beauty (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991); Philip M. Laskin, The Trial and Execution of Madame Du Barry (London: Constable & Co. Ltd., 1969); J. J. Mangan, The King’s Favour (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991).
15 Bernier, Louis the Beloved, 248.
16 Laskin, 125.
17 Ibid., 203.
18 The sources for the following section are Lola Montez, Lectures of Lola Montez (New York: Rudd & Carleton, 1858) and Bruce Seymour, Lola Montez: A Life (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1996).
19 Seymour, 105.
20 Ibid., 50.
21 Ibid., 108.
22 Ibid., 115.
23 Ibid., 157.
24 Montez, 176–177, 190–191.
25 The main sources for Katharina Schratt are Jean de Bourgoign (ed.), The Incredible Friendship: The Letters of Emperor Franz Josef to Frau Katharina Schratt (New York: State University of New York, 1966); Francis Gribble, The Life and Times of Francis Joseph (London: Eveleigh Nasz, 1914); Joan Haslip, The Emperor and the Actress: The Love Story of Emperor Joseph and Katharina Schratt (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982); Joan Haslip, The Lonely Empress: A Biography of Elizabeth of Austria (New York: The World Publishing Co., 1965); George K. Marek, The Eagles Die: Franz Josef, Elizabeth, and Their Austria (New York: Harper & Row, 1974); Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Hapsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994); Joseph Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria (Hamden: Archon Books, 1965); Henri Weindel and Philip W. Sargeant, Behind the Scenes at the Court of Vienna (Toronto: The Musson Book Co. Ltd., 1979).
26 The main sources for the section on Alice Keppel are Theo Aronson, The King in Love: Edward VII’s Mistresses (London: John Murray Publishers Ltd., 1988); C. Carlton, Royal Mistresses (London: Routledge, 1990); Graham Fisher and Heather Fisher, Bertie and Alix: Anatomy of a Royal Marriage (London: Robert Hale & Company, 1974); Christopher Hibbert, Edward VII: A Portrait (Thetford: Lowe and Brydome, 1976); Richard Hough, Edward and Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives (London; Hodder and Stoughton, 1992); Philippe Jullian, Edward and the Edwardians (New York: Viking Press, 1967); John Phillips, Peter quennell, Lorna Sage, The Last of the Edwardians: An Illustrated History of Violet Trefusis and Alice Keppel (Boston: Boston Athenaeum, 1985); George Plumptre, Edward VII (London: Pavilion Books Ltd., 1995); Diana Souhami, Mrs. Keppel and Her Daughter (London: HarperCollins, 1996).
27 Plumptre, 165.
28 Souhami, 91.
29 Ibid., 12, citing Virginia Woolf’s diary, March 1932.
30 Caroline Graham, Camilla: The King’s Mistress (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1994), 152.
31 The sources for this section are Alice-Leone Moats, Lupescu (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1955); Prince Paul of Hohenzollern-Roumania, King Carol II: A Life of My Grandfather (London: Methuen, 1988); Paul D. Quinlan, The Playboy King: Carol II of Roumania (Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1995); D. Quinlan, “Lupescu: Romania’s Gray Eminence,” East European Quarterly, 28, no. 1 (1994), 95–104; M. J. Rooke, “Élena Lupescu and the Court of Carol II,” Contemporary Review, 232, no. 1345 (1978), 84–89. The following Web site was also used: http://www.heritagefilms.com/ROMANIA.html#Increasing%20Anti-Semitism
32 Prince Paul of Hohenzollern-Roumania, 94.
33 Quinlan, The Playboy King, 68.
34 Ibid., 116.
35 Ibid., 119.
36 Ibid., 98.
37 Ibid., 114.
38 Ibid., 123, citing Countess Waldeck.
39 Ibid., 124.
40 Prince Paul of Hohenzollern-Roumania, 160.
41 Quinlan, “Lupescu,” 95.
42 Moats, 21.
43 Prince Paul of Hohenzollern-Roumania, 161.
44 Ibid., 192.
45 Ibid., 223.
46 “Jewish History of Romania,” http://jewishstudents.net/jewish146/romania.html
47 The main sources for this section are: Jonathan Dinbleby, The Prince of Wales: A Biography (London: Warner Books, 1995); Caroline Graham, Camilla The King’s Mistress (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1994); Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997); Sally Bedell Smith, Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess (New York: Signet, 2000); and Christopher Wilson, A Greater Love: Prince Charles’s twenty-year affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (New York : Morrow, 1994); and scores of newspaper and magazine files. An outpouring of (mostly mediocre) books about Charles, Camilla and Diana exists, but on the whole, Morton, Bedell Smith, Dimbleby and Wilson stand out as the most credible and informed.
48 In his official biography of Prince Charles, Jonathan Dimbleby writes that Charles’ good friend Lucia Santa Cruz arranged for their meeting, saying Camilla was “just the girl” for Charles. P. 182. Smith, p. 82, writes that Andrew Parker Bowles confirmed this story as “dashed accurate.” Smith, p. 82.
49 Graham, pp. 9, 8.
50 Ibid., p. 12.
51 Ibid., p. 21.
52 In a footnote on p. 288, Jonathan Dimbleby implies that this is untrue, because the source of the information had died.
53 Dimbleby, p. 286.
54 Dimbleby, p. 383.
55 Ibid., p. 330.
56 Graham, p. 93.
57 Smith, p. 243.
58 “The Diana Tapes,” cited by People Magazine, 10/20/1997, p. 107.
59 Graham, p. 106.
60 Graham, p. 159.
61 Ibid., p. 155.
62 Ibid., p. 131.
63 Ibid., p. 165.
64 Ibid., p. 170–.
65 Ibid., p. 203.
66 Cited in People, 03/20/1998, http://bigmouth/pathfinder/com/people/970804/features/camilla.html
67 Smith, p. 19.
68 Ibid., p. 350.
69 A.P., Sept. 5, 1997, quoted in the Los Angeles Times.
70 Anne-Marie O’Neil, “Charles & Camilla: Finally, Husband & Wife”, People Magazine, April 25, 2005, Vol. 63, No. 16.
CHAPTER 4
1 The main sources for this section are Arthur Calder-Marshall, The Two Duchesses (London: Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., 1978); Phyllis Deutsch, “The Vortex of Dissipation,” in Valerie Frith (ed.), Women & History: Voices of Early Modern England (Toronto: Coach House Press, 1995); Amanda Foreman, Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire (London: HarperCollins, 1999); Vere Foster (ed.), The Two Duchesses: Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, Elizabeth Duchess of Devonshire (Correspondence) (Bath: Cedric Chivers, Ltd., 1978); Iris L. Gower, The Face Without a Frown: Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London: Frederick Moller Ltd., 1944); James Lees-Milne, The Bachelor Duke: A Life of William Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, 1790–1858 (London: John Murray Publishers Ltd., 1991); Brian Masters, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981); and E. A. Smith, Lord Grey, 1764–1845 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
2 Foreman, 102.
3 Masters, 135.
4 Ibid., 107.
5 Foreman, 267.
6 The main sources for this section are Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron: The Flawed Angel (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1997); Elizabeth Jenkins, Lady Caroline Lamb (London: Sphere Books, 1972); Sean Manchester, Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know: The Life of Caroline Lamb (Highgate, London: Gothic Press, 1992); Peter Quennell, Byron: The Years of Fame (London: The Reprint Society, 1943); Margot Strickland, The Byron Women (London: Peter Owen, 1974).
7 Manchester, 32.
8 Ibid., 42.
9 Ibid., 80.
10 Ibid., 89.
11 Ibid., 92.
12 Grosskurth, 474.
13 The main sources for this section are Robert Gittings and Jo Manton, Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys 1798–1879 (New York: Oxford, 1992); Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron: The Flawed Angel (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1997); R. Glynn Grylls, Claire Clairmont: Mother of Byron’s Allegra (London: John Murray, 1939); N. John Hall, Salmagundi: Byron and the Trollope Family (no place of publication: Beta Phi Mu, 1975); Marion K. Stocking (ed.) The Journals of Claire Clairmont (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); Marion K. Stocking (ed.), The Clairmont Correspondence: Letters of Claire Clairmont, Charles Clairmont and Fanny Imlay Godwin, Vol. 1, 1808–1834 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
14 Gittings and Manton, 27.
15 Ibid., 28–29.
16 Ibid., 29.
17 Hall, 7.
18 Ibid., 12.
19 Grylls, 218–219.
20 Ibid., 17.
21 Stocking (ed.), Journals, 228.
22 Ibid., 241.
23 Gittings and Manton, 242.
24 Ibid., 244.
25 Ibid., 245.
26 The main sources for this section are Austin K. Gray, Teresa: The Story of Byron’s Last Mistress (London: George G. Harrap and Company Ltd., 1948); Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron: The Flawed Angel (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1997); Iris Origo, The Last Attachment: The Story of Byron and Teresa Guiccioli as Told in Their Unpublished Letters and Other Family Papers (London: Jonathan Cape & John Murray, 1949).
27 Origo, 45.
28 Ibid., 49.
29 Ibid., 81.
30 Grosskurth, 353.
31 Ibid., 355.
32 Authors overcame these same obstacles through the improbable device of marrying off their fictional heroines to their employers—Samuel Richardson’s servant Pamela, Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. Claire Clairmont, however, was much truer to life.
CHAPTER 5
1 The main sources for this section are Anne Llewellyn Barston, Married Priests and the Reforming Papacy: The Eleventh Century Debates (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1982); James Brundage, “Concubinage and Marriage in Medieval Canon Law,” Journal of Medieval History 1, no. 1 (April 1975), 1–17; Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Otto Feldbauer and David Lederer, The Concubine: Women, Priests and the Council of Trent (unpublished manuscript, August 2002); Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (London: Viking, Penguin Inc., 1986); Hency C. Lea, The History of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church (New York: Russell and Russell, 1957); and Edward Peters, Torture (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1985).
2 Lederer and Otto, draft Introduction, 11–12.
3 Ibid, 64.
4 Feldbauer and Lederer, draft introduction.
5 Peters, 55.
6 Lea, 115.
7 The main sources for this section are E. R. Chamberlin, The Bad Popes (New York: The Dial Press, 1969); F. L. Glaser (ed.), Pope Alexander and His Court (New York: Nicholas L. Brown, 1921); Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co., 1910); Arnold H. Mathew, The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia (London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1912); Peter Stanford, The She-Pope: A Quest for the Truth Behind the Mystery of Pope Joan (London: Heineman, 1998).
8 Chamberlin, 29.
9 Ibid., 37.
10 The main sources for this section are Nicolas L. Brown (ed.), Pope Alexander and His Court (New York: Nicholas L. Brown, 1921); E. R. Chamberlin, The Bad Popes (New York: The Dial Press, 1969); E. R. Chamberlin, The Fall of the House of Borgia (New York: Dial Press, 1974); Orestes Ferrara, The Borgia Pope: Alexander the VI (London: Sheed and Ward, 1942); Clemente Fusero, The Borgias (London: Pall Mall Press, 1979); Michael Mallett, The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Dynasty (London: The Bodley Head, 1969); and Arnold H. Mathew, The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia (London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1912).
11 Chamberlin, The Fall of the House of Borgia, 42.
12 The main sources for this section are James F. Colaianni, Married Priests & Married Nuns (New York: McGraw Hill, 1968); “Good Tidings: Ministry for Women and Priests in Relationships,” available at http://www.recovering-catholic.com/goodtide.html; Annie Murphy with Peter de Rosa, Forbidden Fruit: The True Story of My Secret Love Affair with Ireland’s Most Powerful Bishop (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993); David Rice, Shattered Vows: Priests Who Leave (New York: Wm. Morrow and Co., Inc., 1990); A. W. Richard Sipe, A Secret World (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1990); A. W. Richard Sipe, Sex, Priests, and Power: Anatomy of a Crisis (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1995); Terrance A. Sweeney and Pamela Shoop Sweeney, What God Hath Joined (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993); as well as newspaper articles about Annie Murphy’s affair with Irish bishop Eamonn Casey.
13 Sipe, A Secret World, 75.
14 Sipe, Sex, Priests, and Power, 124.
15 Rice, 129.
16 Ibid., 118.
17 Ibid., 119.
18 Sipe, A Secret World, 233.
19 Murphy, 46.
20 Ibid., 60.
21 Ibid., 135.
22 John Burns, “Casey Calls for Peaceful Retirement,” Sunday Times (London), Jan. 31, 1999.
23 Bill Wigmore, “The Sins of the Fathers,” New Statesman (London), Oct. 4, 1996.
24 All information about Louise Iusewicz’s relationship with Michael is from e-mail correspondence and personal telephone interviews on Jan. 1, 2001, and in late Jan. 2001.
25 Sweeney and Shoop, 63.
26 Ibid., 223.
27 Ibid., 284.
28 Ibid., 307.
29 All quotations in this section are from the Good Tidings Web site, http://www.recovering-catholic.com/goodtide.html
30 Emphasis added.
CHAPTER 6
1 The main sources for this section are Jerome R. Adams, Liberators and Patriots of Latin America: Biographies of 23 Leaders from Dona Marina (1505–1530) to Bishop Romero (1917–1980) (Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1991); Abel A. Alves, Brutality and Benevolence: Human Ethnology, Culture, and the Birth of Mexico (Wesport: Greenwood Press, 1996); Joanne D. Chaison, “Mysterious Malinche: A Case of Mistaken Identity,” Americas, 32, no. 4 (1976), 514–523; Sandra Cypress Messenger, La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991); James D. Henderson and Linda Henderson, Ten Notable Women of Latin America (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978); Clara S. Kidwell, “Indian Women as Cultural Mediators,” Ethno History, 39, no. 2 (1992), 97–104; Salvador de Madariaga, Hernan Cortes, Conqueror of Mexico (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941); James Olson (ed.), Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402–1975 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992); Rachel Philips, “Marina/Malinche: Masks and Shadows,” in Beth Miller (ed.), Women in Hispanic Literature: Icons and Fallen Idols (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); and Carl Waldman and Alan Wexler, Who’s Who in World Exploration (New York: Facts on File Inc., 1992).
2 Adams, 8, citing Bernal Diaz.
3 The main sources for this section are Somer Brodribb, “The Traditional Roles of Native Women in Canada and the Impact of Colonization” The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 41, 85–103; Jennifer S. H. Brown, “Changing Views of Fur Trade Marriage and Domesticity: James Hargreave, His Colleagues, and ‘the Sex,’” The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology, 6, no. 3 (1976), 92–105; James Thomas Flexner, Lord of the Mohawks: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (Toronto: Little, Brown and Co., 1979); Barbara Graymont, “Konwatsi’tsiaienni (Mary Brant),” in Myra Rutherdale, “Revisiting Colonization Through Gender: Anglican Missionary Women in the Pacific Northwest and the Arctic, 1860–1945,” BC Studies, no. 104 (Winter 1994), 416–419; Valerie Shirer, “A New Look at the Role of Women in Indian Society.” American Indian Quarterly, 2, no. 2 (1978), 131–139; Coll-Peter Thrush and Robert J. Keller, Jr. “ ‘I See What I Have Done’: The Life and Murder Trial of Xwelas, A S’K-lallam Woman,” Western Historical Quarterly, 16 (1995), 169–188; Sylvia Van Kirk, “Many Tender Ties”: Women in Fur-Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670–1870 (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer Publishing Ltd., 1980); Sylvia Van Kirk, “Women and the Fur Trade,” The Beaver (Winter 1972), 4–22; Christine Welch, “Voices of the Grandmothers: Reclaiming a Metis Heritage,” Canadian Literature, no. 131 (1991), 15–24.
4 Of course, the position of women varied widely among various tribes.
5 Van Kirk, 40.
6 Ibid., 161–163.
7 Ibid., 163.
8 Welch, 22.
9 Van Kirk, 205.
10 The main sources for this section are Thomas A. Bass, Vietnamerica: The War Comes Home (New York: Soho Press Inc., 1996); Le Ly Hayslip with Jay Wurts, When Heaven and Earth Changed Places: A Vietnamese Woman’s Journey from War to Peace (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Steven DeBonis, Children of the Enemy: Oral Histories of Vietnamese Amerasians and Their Mothers (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1995); Gwen Kirk, “Speaking Out About Militarized Prostitution in South Korea,” Peace and Freedom, no. 55 (Sept. 1995), 12–14.
11 Hayslip, 199.
12 Ibid., 135.
13 Ibid., 284.
CHAPTER 7
1 The main sources for this section are T. Baker & Julie P. Baker, The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996); John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Josephine Boyd Bradley and Kent Anderson Leslie, “White Pain Pollen: An Elite Biracial Daughter’s Quandary,” in Martha Hodes (ed.), Sex Love Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History (New York, London: New York University Press, 1999); Victoria E. Bynum, The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982); E. Cunningham, In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987); Paul D. Escott, Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives (Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press, 1979); Laura T. Fishman, Slave Women, Resistance and Criminality: A Prelude to Future Accommodation, Women & Criminal Justice, 7, no. 1 (1995) 35–65; David P. Geggus, “Slave and Free Colored Women in Saint Domingue,” in D.B. Gaspar and D.C. Hine, More than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996); Elizabeth Fox Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Eugene Genovese, Roll Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974); Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976); Minrose C. Gwin, “Green-eyed Monsters of the Slavocracy: Jealous Mistresses in Two Slave Narratives,” in D. Clark Hine (ed.), Black Women in United States History (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–86 (Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1989); Darlene Clark Hine, “Female Slave Resistance: The Economics of Sex,” in D. Clark Hine (ed.), Black Women in United States History (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Martha Hodes, “Illicit Sex Across the Color Line: White Women and Black Men in the Civil War South,” Critical Matrix 15 (fall/winter, 1989) 29–64; Thomas N. Ingersoll, Mammon and Manon in early New Orleans (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1999); Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987); Thelma Jennings, “‘Us Colored Women Had To Go Through A Plenty’: Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women,” Journal of Women’s History 1, no. 3 (winter 1990): 45–68; James Hugo Johnston, Miscengenation in the Ante-Bellum South (New York: AMS Press Inc., 1972), first written in 1937 for a University of Chicago thesis; James Hugo Johnston, Race Relations in Virginia and Miscegenation in the South, 1776–1860 (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970); Winthrope D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro, 1550–1812 (New York: Norton & Com., 1977); James Joy, “Searching for a Tradition: African-American Women Writers, Activists, and Interracial Rape Cases,” in K.M. Vaz (ed.), Black Women in America (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1995); Wilma King, “Suffer with them till Death”: Slave Women and Their Children in Nineteenth Century America, in D.B. Gaspar and D.C. Hine, More than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996); Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967); Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993); Hélène Lecaudey, “Behind the Mask: Ex-Slave Women and Interracial Relations,” in P. Morton (ed.), Discovering the Women in Slavery (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996); John G. Mencke, Mulattoes and Race Mixture: American Attitudes and Images 1865–1918 (no place given: UMI Research Press, 1979); Marietta Morrissey, Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1989); Michael Mullin (ed.), American Negro Slavery: A Documentary History (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1976); Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); C.L. Perdue, T.E. Barden and R.K. Phillips (ed.), Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1976); Edward Byron Reuter, The Mulatto in the United States (Boston: The Gorham Press, 1918); C.C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein (ed.), Women and Slavery in Africa (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Willie L. Rose, A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Judith Schafter, “‘Open and Notorious Concubinage’: The Emancipation of Slave Mistresses by Will and the Supreme Court in Antebellum Louisiana,” in D. Clark Hine, Black Women in United States History (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Ann A. Shockley, Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide (New York: Meridian Book Printing, 1989); Six Women’s Slave Narratives (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Julia F. Smith, Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1860 (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1973); Kim M. Vaz, “Organization of the Anthology,” in K.M. Vaz (ed.) Black Women in America (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1995); Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities: the South 1820–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Deborah G. White, Ain’t I A Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1985); and Norman R. Yetman (ed.), Voices from Slavery (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970). In addition, to assist in my understanding of slave narratives, I read the following critical sources: David Thomas Bailey, “A Divided Prism: Two Sources of Black Testimony on Slavery, The Journal of Southern History, 46, no. 3 (August 1980) 381–404; John W. Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimonies: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1977); Catherine Clinton, The Other Civil War: American Women in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984); Jill K. Conway, The Female Experience in 18th and 19th Century America: A Guide to the History of American Women (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); Hazel V. Corby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Alice A. Deck, “Whose Book Is This? Authorial Versus Editorial Control of Harriet Brent Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written By Herself,” Women’s Studies International Forum, 10, no. 1 (1987) 33–40; Thomas Doherty, “Harriet Jacobs; Narrative Strategies: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,” Southern Literary Journal, 19, no. 1 (1986) 79–91; Francis Smith Foster, Witnessing Slavery: The Development of Ante-Bellum Slave Narratives 2nd ed. (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1994); Deborah M. Garfield and Rafia Zafar (ed.), Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: New Critical Essays (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Raymond Hedin, “The American Slave Narrative: The Justification of the Picaro,” American Literature 53, no. 1 (January 1982) 630–645; Raymond Hedin, “Muffled Voices: The American Slave Narrative,” Clio, 10, no. 2 (1981): 129–142; Carolyn L. Karcher, “Lydia Maria Child’s A Romance of the Republic: An Abolitionist Vision of America’s Racial Destiny,” in Deborah E. McDowell and Arnold Rampersad (eds.), Slavery and the Literary Imagination (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); Carolyn L. Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994); Joycelyn K. Moody, “Ripping Away the Veil of Slavery: Literacy, Communal Love, and Self-Esteem in Three Slave Women’s Narratives,” Black American Literature Forum, 24, no. 4 (winter, 1990) 633–648; Winifred Morgan, “Gender-Related Difference in the Slave Narratives of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass,” American Studies, 35, no. 2 (1994) 73–94; Charles H. Nichols, “Who Read the Slave Narratives?”, Phylon, 20, no. 2 (1959) 149–162; Robert F. Sayre, “The Proper Study—Autobiographies in American Studies,” American Quarterly, 29, no. 3 (1977): 241–262; Laura E. Tanner, “Self-Conscious Representation in the Slave Narrative,” Black American Literature Forum, 21, no. 4 (winter, 1987) 415–424; Deborah Gray White, Ain’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York, London: W.W. Norton & Co., 1987); Cynthia Griffin Wolff, “Passing Beyond the Middle Passage: Henry ‘Box’ Brown’s Translations of Slavery,” Massachusetts Review, 37, no. 1 (1996) 23–44; Jean Fagan Yellin, Women & Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in American Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); and Jean Fagan Yellin, “Text and Contexts of Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself,” in C.T. Davis and H.L. Gates (ed.), The Slave’s Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
2 Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities: The South 1820–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 124.
3 Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 426.
4 All references to Phibbah are taken from Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–1786.
5 Ibid., 80.
6 Clinton, The Plantation Mistress, 216.
7 Ibid., 217.
8 I am indebted to Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1974); and Annette Gordon-Reed Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997). Both argue forcefully that Sally Hemings was Jefferson’s mistress, though to date, DNA tests confirm only a Jefferson blood relationship to Sally’s son Eston. I have also read much of the growing literature about this issue. Much of it stems from its authors’ collective revulsion at the notion that Jefferson could have fathered mixed-race children. Unfortunately, so little evidence directly documents Sally Hemings’s life that it is impossible to be certain who fathered her children, including the Jefferson–related Eston.
9 Brodie, 167.
10 Ibid., 349.
11 Ibid., 350.
12 David N. Mayer, in “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” available at http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayerhemings.html#V
13 Brodie, 352.
14 Ibid., 354.
15 In 1853, the first black novelist, runaway slave William Wells Brown, published Clotel, or the President’s Daughter, a potboiler melodramatic novel about one of Jefferson’s disowned black mistresses and her illegitimate and “tragic” mulatto daughters.
16 Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.
17 Kent Anderson Leslie, Woman of Color, Daughter of Privilege (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999) is the source for this section.
18 Ibid., 57.
19 Ibid., 50.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., 138.
22 Ibid., 96.
23 Ibid., 59.
24 Ibid., 64.
25 Ibid., 142.
26 Ibid., 72.
27 Ibid., 144–145.
28 The main source for this section is Harriet A. (Harriet Ann) Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, ed. by L. Maria Child, with an introduction by Jean Fagan Yellin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987). All citations in this section are from this book. Whenever possible, references are to the characters’ real names, not the pseudonyms Jacobs employed throughout her book.
CHAPTER 8
1 The main sources for this section are Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987); Eugene Aroneanu, tr. by Thomas Whissen, Inside Concentration Camps (Westport: Praeger Pub., 1996); Elie A. Cohen, tr. by M. H. Braaksma, Human Behaviour in the Concentration Camp (London: Free Association Books, 1988); Erica Fischer, Aimee & Jaguar: A Love Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1995); Fania Fénélon, tr. by Judith Landry, Playing For Time (New York: Atheneum, 1977); Ida Fink, A Scrap of Time and Other Stories (New York: Random House, 1987); Ida Fink, Traces (New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt, 1997); Erich Goldhagen, “Nazi Sexual Demonology,” Midstream (May 1981), 7–15; Kitty Hart, Return to Auschwitz (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981); Felicja Karay, tr. by Sara Kitai, Death Comes in Yellow (Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996); Höss Broad Kremer, KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS (New York: Howard Fertig, 1984); Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weitzman (eds.), Women in the Shoah (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1998); Anna Pawelczynska, tr. by Catherine S. Lech, Values and Violence in Auschwitz (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979); Gisella Perl, I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz (New York: Arno Press, 1979); Carol Rittner and John K. Roth, Different Voices: Women and the Shoah (New York: Paragon House, 1993); Roger A. Ritvo and Diane M. Plotkin, Sisters in Sorrow (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998); Lore Shelley, tr. and ed., Auschwitz: The Nazi Civilization (Maryland: University Press of America, 1992); Sherri Szeman, The Kommandant’s Mistress (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Nechama Tec, “Women in the Forest,” Contemporary Jewry, 17 (1996), http://www.interlog.com/~mighty/forest.htm; Nechama Tec, “Women Among the Forest Partisans,” in Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weitzman (eds.), Women in the Shoah (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1998); Germaine Tillion, tr. by Gerald Satterwhite, Ravensbruck (Garden City: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975); Ka Tzetnik, tr. by Moshe M. Kohn, House of Dolls (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1956); found on internet sites: Johanna Micaela Jacobsen, “Women’s Sexuality in WWII Concentration Camps,” http://www.itp.berkley.edu/~hzaid/jojanna/paper2.simpletext.htr; “The Nizkor Project, Operation Reinhard: Command Staff—Sobibor,” http://wwwi.us.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-18.html; and “Return to Survivor/Witnesses,” available at http://remember.org/wit.sur.luctr.html
2 “Vera Laska” in Rittner and Roth, 263.
3 Even German women who succumbed to the charms of non-Jewish French and Polish POW agricultural laborers were first shorn, tarred and feathered, then paraded through their villages to be publicly ridiculed before they were sent off to Ravensbruek.
4 Höss, cited in Ofer and Weitzman, 306–307.
5 Excepting relatively rare instances where secretly gay or bisexual SS men abused men.
6 Sometimes the SS men tortured them first, beating and kicking them, and siccing Doberman attack dogs onto them before tossing them, still living, into the crematoria.
7 Jacobsen, “Women’s Sexuality,” 2.
8 Ibid., 5.
9 Reminiscences of Ruth Bondy, in Ofer and Weitzman, 320.
10 Reminiscences of Felicja Karay, in Ofer and Weitzman, 296.
11 Perl, 58.
12 Ada Lichtman, cited by Arad, 195.
13 Lucille E., “Return to Survivors/Witnesses” [online].
14 Tillion, 174.
15 Perl, 89.
16 Ibid., 90.
17 Rittner and Roth, 157.
18 Tec, “Women Among the Forest Partisans,” 228–229; also Fruma Gulkowitz-Berger’s memoir in “Women of Valor” www.interlog.com/~mighty/valor/partisan.htm © Judy Cohen, 2001.
19 The main sources for this section are Hans Peter Bleuel, Sex and Society in Nazi Germany (New York: Dorset Press, 1973, 1996); Linda Grant, “My cousin, Eva Braun.” The Guardian, April 27, 2002, found in http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/history/story/0,6000,690595,00.html; Nerin E. Gun, Eva Braun: Hitler’s Mistress (New York: Meredith Press, 1968); Glen Infield, Eva and Adolph (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1974); and Wulf Schwarzwaller, The Unknown Hitler: His Private Life and Fortune (Maryland: National Press Books, 1989).
20 Infield, 211.
21 Timothy W. Ryback, “Hitler’s Lost Family,” The New Yorker, July 17, 2000, 48, quotes a US Army intelligence officer, George Allen, who interviewed Paula in late May 1945. Allen judged her “a lower-middle-class woman of great religion but no intelligence whose misfortune it was to be related to a famous person with whom she had nothing in common.”
22 Gun, 69.
23 Ibid., 53.
24 Ibid., 66.
25 Infield, 90.
26 Bleuel, 47.
27 Grant.
28 Gun, 179.
29 Ibid., 7.
30 Infield, 221.
31 Ibid., 234.
32 Ibid., 237.
33 Ibid., 245.
34 Michael R. Marrus in his review of Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis (London: Allen Lane, 2000), in The Globe and Mail, Dec. 9, 2000.
35 The following are the main sources for this section: Elzbieta Ettinger, Hannah Arendt–Martin Heidegger (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Bonnie Honig, Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Derwent May, Hannah Arendt (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1986); John McGowan, Hannah Arendt: An Introduction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998); Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); David Watson, Arendt (London: Fontana Press, 1992).
36 Rudiger Safranski, (tr. Ewald Osers), Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univeristy Press, 1998), 137.
37 Ibid.
38 Honig, 67.
39 Ibid.
40 Ettinger, 30.
41 Ibid., 35.
42 Ibid., 48. Emphasis added.
43 Honig, 70.
44 Safranski, 255.
45 Ibid., 373.
46 Ettinger, 98.
47 Safranski, 377.
48 Ettinger, 72.
49 Ibid., 116.
50 Ibid., 101.
51 Ibid., 114.
52 In a 1971 essay on “Heidegger at Eighty,” she painted a picture of a scholarly fumbler who, in a rare sortie from the ivory tower, made unwise and wrong choices and swiftly retreated to the tower when “human affairs” shocked and disappointed him.
53 Safranski, 140.
54 Hannah Arendt, “Understanding and Politics,” in Jerome Kohn (ed.), Essays in Understanding 1930–1954 (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994), 252. Cited by Bethania Assy, “Eichmann, the Banality of Evil, and Thinking in Arendt’s Thought,” http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cont/ContAssy.htm
CHAPTER 9
1 Rosemary Sullivan, Labyrinth of Desire: Women, Passion and Romantic Obsession (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001).
2 The main sources for this section are Joseph Barry, French Lovers (New York: Arbor House, 1987); M. T. Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997); Leif Grane, Peter Abelard: Philosophy and Christianity in the Middle Ages (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970); and Alexander Pope, Eloïsa to Abelard: With the Letters of Heloïse to Abelard in the Version by John Hughes (1713) (Miami: University of Miami Press, 1965). Héloise’s family name has not survived.
3 Grane, 48.
4 Pope, 7.
5 Ibid., 6.
6 Grane, 49.
7 Barry, 9. Emphasis added.
8 Ibid., 10.
9 Grane, 56.
10 Barry, 11.
11 Pope, 9.
12 Barry, 13.
13 Ibid.
14 Pope, 67.
15 Ibid., 73.
16 Barry, 21.
17 Clanchy, 151.
18 Pope, 97.
19 The main sources for this section are Joseph Barry, French Lovers (New York: Arbor House: 1987); Esther Ehrman, Mme Du Chatelet: Scientist, Philosopher and Feminist of the Enlightenment (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986); and Nancy Mitford, Voltaire in Love (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1957).
20 Ehrman, 22.
21 Barry, 110.
22 Ibid., 128.
23 Ibid., 133.
24 Ibid., 141.
25 Ehrman, 43.
26 The main sources for this section are Patrice Chaplin, Into the Darkness Laughing: The Story of Modigliani’s Last Mistress, Jeanne Hébuterne (London: Virago, 1990); Anette Kruszynski, Amedeo Modigliani: Portraits and Nudes (Munich: Prestel, 1996); and June Rose, Modigliani: The Pure Bohemian (London: Constable, 1990).
27 Kruszynski, 70.
28 Rose, 185.
29 Ibid., 204–205.
30 Ibid., 211.
31 The main sources for the following section are Rosemary Ashton, G. H. Lewes: A Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991); Rosemary Ashton, George Eliot: A Life (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1996); Rosemary Bodenheimer, The Real Life of Mary Ann Evans (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994); Roland A. Goodman, Plot Outlines of 100 Famous Novels (New York: Doubleday, 1962); Kathryn Hughes, George Eliot: The Last Victorian (London: Fourth Estate, 1998); Cynthia Ozick, The Puttermesser Papers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Thomas Pinney (ed.), Essays of George Eliot (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963); and Ina Taylor, George Eliot: Woman of Contradictions ( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989).
32 Ashton, George Eliot, 100.
33 Ibid., 92.
34 Ibid., 143.
35 Ibid., 153–154.
36 Bodenheimer, 91.
37 Ashton, G. H. Lewes, 122.
38 Ibid., 158.
39 Bodenheimer, 92.
40 Ibid., 97.
41 Ashton, George Eliot, 132.
42 Hughes, 176.
43 Ashton, G. H. Lewes, 198.
44 Hughes, 252.
45 Ibid., 248.
46 Ashton, G. H. Lewes, 282.
47 Ashton, George Eliot, 342.
48 The main sources for this section are Dashiell Hammett, The Big Knockover: Selected Stories and Short Novels of Dashiell Hammett, ed. Lillian Hellman (New York: Random House, 1966); Dashiell Hammett, The Dain Curse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1929); Dashiell Hammett, The Adventures of Sam Spade (Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, 1945); Lillian Hellman, Four Plays (New York: The Modern Library, 1942); Lillian Hellman, Maybe (Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1980); Lillian Hellman, Pentimento: A Book of Portraits (Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1973); Lillian Hellman, Scoundrel Time (Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1976); Lillian Hellman, An Unfinished Woman (Boston, Toronto: Little Brown & Company (Canada) Ltd., 1969); Diane Johnson, Dashiell Hammett (New York: Random House, 1983); Richard Layman (ed.) with Julie M. Rivett, Selected Letters of Dashiell Hammett 1921–1960 (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 2001); Joan Mellen, Hellman and Hammet: The Legendary Passion of Lillian Hellman and Dashiell Hammett (New York: HarperCollins, 1996); William F. Nolan, Hammett: A Life at the Edge (New York: Congdon & Weed., Inc., 1983); and William Wright, Lillian Hellman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986). To familiarize myself with both Hellman and Hammett, I read Hellman’s plays as well as her three memoirs, and much of Hammett’s fiction. I relied most heavily on Joan Mellen’s excellent and authoritative biography of Hellman for both fact and interpretation—Hellman was notoriously inventive about her life, and her memoirs are often suspect and must not be taken at face value, including as records of factual events.
49 Mellen, 7.
50 Ibid., 34.
51 Josephine Hammett Marshall in introduction to Layman (ed.), x.
52 Hellman, An Unfinished Woman, 260.
53 Hammett, “The Gutting of Couffignal,” in The Big Knockover, 29.
54 Mellen, 259.
55 All the quotations in this paragraph taken from Layman (ed.), 65, 80, 103, 119, 151, 533.
56 Mellen, 67.
57 Ibid., 133.
58 Johnson, 256.
59 Layman (ed.), 63.
60 Ibid., 288.
61 From Lillian Hellman’s introduction to Dashiell Hammett’s The Big Knockover, xi.
62 Layman 452.
63 In Scoundrel Time, Hellman wrote that he went to prison “sickish” and “came out sicker”; 49. In her introduction to Hammett’s The Big Knockover, she wrote, “Jail had made a thin man thinner, a sick man sicker”; xi.
64 At the same time, she was a courageous political commentator through her plays. Watch on the Rhine, for instance, in 1942, was a deeply moving story about the dangers of fascism, and about how far one must go to combat it.
65 Mellen, 301.
66 Hellman’s account is found in Scoundrel Time, 108–112.
67 Ibid., 134.
68 Mellen, 319.
69 Ibid., 340.
70 Ibid., 401.
71 Ibid., 411.
72 The main sources for this section are William Cash, The Third Woman: The Secret Passion That Inspired The End of the Affair (London: Little, Brown & Co., 2000); Bob Cullen, “Matter of the Heart,” Smithsonian Magazine, June 2002, available at http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/isues02/jun/02/presence.html; Graham Greene, Ways of Escape (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1980); Shirley Hazzard, Greene on Capri: A Memoir (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000); Robert McCrum, “Scrabble and Strife,” The Observer, Jan. 16, 2000, available at http://books.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,3951133,00.html. Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene. Volume Two: 1939–1955 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1994); and Paul Theroux, “An Edwardian on the Concorde: Graham Greene as I Knew Him,” New York Times, 21 April 1991, available at http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/20 specials/greene-theroux.html.
73 Sherry, 285.
74 Ibid., 226–227.
75 Cash, 4.
76 Ibid., 82.
77 Sherry, 228.
78 Cash, 103.
79 Cash, 287. Michael Meyer’s comment on a BBC Arena documentary on Graham Greene.
80 Ibid., 140. Greene to Catherine Walston.
81 Ibid., 303.
82 Ibid., 156.
83 Sherry, 325.
84 Ibid., 317.
85 Ibid., 279.
86 Ibid., 327.
87 Ibid., 329.
88 Ibid., 324.
89 Cash, 185.
90 Some of Catherine’s letters and diaries survive, but most information about her comes from letters Graham Greene and others wrote her, reminiscences of friends, again usually his, and those of a few of her family members.
91 Cash, 250.
92 Ibid., 361.
93 Ibid., 256.
94 Ibid., 268.
95 Harry was knighted in 1961.
96 McCrum, citing Catherine Walston to Graham Greene, 18 May 1978.
97 Ibid., citing Sir Harry Walston to Graham Greene, 18 Sept. 1978, written ten days after Catherine’s death. Greene did not attend her funeral.
98 The main sources for this section are Joyce Maynard, At Home in the World: A Memoir (New York: Picador, 1998); “Joyce Maynard Interviews Joyce Maynard,” available at http://www.joycemaynard.com/works/ahitw.html; Margaret A. Salinger, Dream Catcher: A Memoir (New York: Washington Square Press, 2000), as well as several Internet sites dealing with Maynard and her relationship with J. D. Salinger, including her former Yale classmate Alex Beam’s Slate magazine article “The Woman Who Mistook Herself for Something Interesting,” available at http://slate.msn.com/Features/Maynard/Maynard.asp
99 Maynard, 360–361.
100 Ibid., 54.
101 Ibid., 81.
102 Salinger, 360.
103 Maynard, 112.
104 Ibid., 116.
105 Maynard, 121.
106 Ibid., 122–123.
107 Ibid., 134.
108 Ibid., 139.
109 Ibid., 146.
110 Ibid., 155.
111 Ibid., 167.
112 Ibid., 190.
113 Ibid., 346.
114 Ibid., 206.
115 Salinger, 362.
116 Maynard, 211.
117 Ibid., 223, in which Maynard cites an Esquire magazine article quoting her.
118 Ibid., 258.
119 “Joyce Maynard Interviews Joyce Maynard”.
120 Alex Beam’s interview in Slate.
121 Ibid., 343–344.
CHAPTER 10
1 References to Virginia Hill are taken from Andy Edmonds, Bugsy’s Baby: The Secret Life of Mob Queen Virginia Hill (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1993); Mark Gribben, “Bugsy Siegel,” in The Crime Library, available at wysiwyg://18/http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters/bugsymain.htm.; Dean Jennings, We Only Kill Each Other: The Life and Bad Times of Bugsy Siegel (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Georgia Durante, The Company She Keeps (Nashville: Celebrity Books, 1998), provided some general information and analyses of a moll’s life.
2 Edmonds, 35.
3 Ibid., 42.
4 Ibid., 138.
5 Ibid., 145.
6 Ibid., 148.
7 Ibid., 242.
8 Jennings, 138.
9 The source for this section on Arlene Brickman is Teresa Carpenter, Mob Girl: A Woman’s Life in the Underworld (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
10 Carpenter, 13.
11 Ibid., 60.
12 Ibid., 85.
13 Ibid., 86.
14 The source for Sandy Sadowsky is Sandy Sadowsky with H. B. Gilmour, My Life in the Jewish Mafia (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1992). The source for Georgia Durante is Georgia Durante, The Company She Keeps (Nashville: Celebrity Books, 1998). The source for Shirley Ryce is James Dubro, Mob Mistress (Toronto: Macmillan, 1988).
15 Sandowsky, 33.
16 Ibid., 67.
17 Durante, 124.
18 Sandowsky, 79.
19 Dubro, 63.
20 Ibid., 58.
21 The sources for this section are Larissa Vasilieva, Kremlin Wives (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1992); and Thaddeus Wittlin, Commissar: The Life and Death of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria (New York: Macmillan, 1972).
22 Wittlin, 239–240.
23 The sources for this section on Fidel Castro’s mistresses are Sebastian Balfour, Castro (London: Longman, 1995); Alina Fernandez, Castro’s Daughter: An Exile’s Memoir of Cuba (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); Georgie Anne Geyer, Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro (Boston: Little Brown, 1991); Wendy Gimbel, Havana Dreams: A Story of Cuba (New York: Knopf, 1998); Robert E. Quirk, Fidel Castro (New York: Norton, 1993); and Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrait (New York: Avon Books, 1986).
24 Through a military coup in 1933, Fulgencio Batista became Cuba’s military chief of staff and ruled Cuba openly or from behind the scenes until 1944, when Cubans defeated his handpicked candidate in elections. In 1952 Batista again seized power again and held it until Castro’s revolutionaries ousted him in 1959. Batista’s rule was notorious for its widespread corruption and its intimate association with American gangsters.
25 The Second National Congress of the Federation of Cuban Women.
26 Educationally and professionally, Cuban women are infinitely better off now than they were in 1959.
27 Gimbel, 107.
28 Fernandez, 9–10.
29 Gimbel, 111.
30 Ibid., 47.
31 Ibid., 120.
32 Ibid., 124.
33 Ibid., 124–125.
34 This was how Naty and Fidel’s daughter Alina put it.
35 Gimbel, 140.
36 Szulc, 340.
37 Ibid., 340.
38 Gimbel, 148.
39 Fernandez, 15.
40 Geyer, 196.
41 Fernandez, 26.
42 Ibid., 33.
43 Ibid., 30.
44 Ibid., 47.
45 Ibid., 47.
46 Ibid., 73.
47 Ibid., 77.
48 Gimbel, 167.
49 Ibid., 136.
50 Szulc, 233.
51 Gimbel, 165.
52 Geyer gives her age as twenty-nine.
53 Adelaide Béquer, Célia: La Flor Mas Autóctone de la Revolutión (La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1999), which contains many photos of Celia from childhood to the last days of her life.
54 Szulc, 462–463, 467.
55 Geyer, 167.
56 Szulc, 58.
57 Geyer, 216.
CHAPTER 11
1 The sources for this section are Marion Davies, The Times We Had: Life with William Randolph Hearst (Indianapolis/New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1975); Fred Lawrence Guiles, Marion Davies (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972); William Randolph Hearst, Jr., with Jack Casserly, The Hearsts: Father and Son (Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, 1991); and David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000).
2 Marion, Rose, Ethel and Irene (Reine) had a brother, Charles, who drowned as a young teenager. “I saw my brother Charles only once—in his coffin,” Marion wrote in The Times We Had, 1.
3 However, she claimed that Marion’s first contract, when she was only thirteen, broke her heart.
4 Guiles, 43.
5 The pony girls performed their “toe dances” only during scene changes or in the background.
6 W. R.’s son Bill recalled, “He always was a stage-door Johnny, just always. He always used to take us backstage at the Ziegfeld Follies”; Nasaw, 253.
7 Davies, 10.
8 Ibid., 253.
9 Ibid., 112.
10 Ibid., 20.
11 Ibid., 21.
12 Hearst, 238.
13 Davies, 21.
14 Hearst, 238.
15 Guiles, 69.
16 Ibid., 89.
17 Davies, 253.
18 Ibid., 21.
19 Nasaw, 341.
20 Hearst, 176, 179.
21 Ibid., 180.
22 Ibid., 175–176, 180.
23 Ibid., 178.
24 Davies, 227.
25 Guiles, 325.
26 Davies, 227.
27 Ibid., 43, 133.
28 Guiles, 297.
29 Hearst, 179.
30 Guiles, 288.
31 Davies, 195.
32 Nasaw, 546.
33 Guiles, 304.
34 Davies, 251.
35 Hearst, 562.
36 Davies, 147, 149.
37 Davies, preface by Orson Welles.
38 Nasaw, 249.
39 Guiles, 9.
40 Nasaw, 600.
41 Guiles, 17.
42 Ibid., 336.
43 Hearst, 601.
44 The sources for the sections on Joe and John F. Kennedy are Christopher Anderson, Jack and Jackie: Portrait of an American Marriage (New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1996); Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman: The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (New York: Bantam Books, 1998); Seymour M. Hersch, The Dark Side of Camelot (Boston and New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1997); Ronald Kessler, The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded (New York: Warner Books, 1996); Axel Madsen, Gloria and Joe (Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1988); Richard D. Mahoney, Sons and Brothers (New York: Arcade Publishing, Inc., 1999); Ralph G. Martin, Seeds of Destruction: Joe Kennedy and his Sons (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995); Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character (New York: The Free Press, 1991); Carl E. Rollyson Jr., Marilyn Monroe: A Life of the Actress (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1986); Amanda Smith (ed.), Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy (New York: Viking, 2001); Daniel Spoto, Marilyn Monroe: The Biography (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); and Gloria Swanson, Swanson on Swanson (New York: Random House, 1980).
45 Her first was actor Wallace Beery, her second Herbert Stronborn, who used his settlement from their divorce to open the Brown Derby restaurant, which became wildly popular with the movie crowd, including Beery.
46 Kessler, 69.
47 Smith, 61. Kane became involved after Gloria told him she was selling some real estate to pay for Sadie Thompson.
48 The sequence of events leading up to Joe’s taking over Gloria’s affairs comes from Smith, who had access to all Joe’s letters and meticulously analyzed them. This quotation is from Swanson, 354.
49 Swanson, 341.
50 Madsen, 153.
51 Swanson, 355.
52 Ibid., 357.
53 Ibid., 355.
54 Ibid., 357.
55 Axel Madsen suggests that Rose initiated this sexual hiatus.
56 Swanson, 366.
57 Ibid., 383.
58 Ibid., 373.
59 Smith, 82. Joseph P. Kennedy to the Marquis de la Falaise, March 13, 1929.
60 Swanson, 385.
61 Madsen writes that Gloria and Joe traveled on different ships, one week apart, but Gloria Swanson is clear about having traveled together with Joe, Rose, Rose’s sister and her own friend Virginia Bowker.
62 Swanson, 387.
63 Ibid., 389.
64 Ibid., 399–400.
65 Ibid., 403.
66 Ibid., 404.
67 Smith, 62.
68 Nicholas Gage, Greek Fire: The Story of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 83.
69 Ibid., 9.
70 Ibid., 10, citing Time magazine.
71 Ibid., 39.
72 Ibid., 64.
73 Ibid., 145.
74 Ibid., 157.
75 Ibid., 14.
76 Ibid., 33.
77 Ibid., 70, 77.
78 Ibid., 98.
79 Ibid., 101.
80 Ibid., 145.
81 Ibid., 144–145.
82 Ibid., 166.
83 Ibid., 182.
84 Complicating this was the fact that Italy, where they had married, did not recognize divorce. She and Battista would have had to arrange to divorce elsewhere, for instance in Greece.
85 The circumstances of and evidence about Maria’s secret childbirth form the subject of Gage’s chapter 14, “The Secret Son,” 197–214.
86 Gage, 289.
87 Ibid., 360.
88 Ibid., 369.
89 Ibid., 376.
90 Philip Roth, The Human Stain (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 148.
91 Burleigh, 190.
92 Martin, 54.
93 Ibid., 101.
94 The sources for this section are Christopher Andersen: Portrait of an American Marriage (New York: William Morrow, 1996); Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman: The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (New York: Bantam, 1998); Seymour M. Hersh, The Dark Side of Camelot (Boston, New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997); Axel Madsen, Gloria and Joe: The Star-Crossed Love Affair of Gloria Swanson and Joe Kennedy (New York: William Morrow, 1988); Ralph G. Martin, Seeds of Destruction: Joe Kennedy and his Sons (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995); Gil Troy, Affairs of State: The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II (New York: The Free Press, 1997); Jane Ellen Wayne, Marilyn’s Men: The Private Life of Marilyn Monroe (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992); and Donald H. Wolfe, The Last Days of Marilyn Monroe (New York: William Morrow, 1998).
95 Wolfe, 117.
96 Ibid, 136.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid., 147.
99 Ibid., 146.
100 Wayne, 112.
101 Wolfe, 323.
102 Troy, 126.
103 Andersen, 305.
104 Wayne, 165.
105 JFK’s birthday was actually May 29.
106 Martin, 378.
107 Andersen, 308.
108 Wolfe, 415–416.
109 Martin, 382.
110 Ibid., 416.
111 Wolfe, 448.
112 Judith Exner, My Story: As Told to Ovid Demaris (New York: Grove Press, 1977), 87.
113 Ibid., 97.
114 Ibid., 118. This information is provided by Ovid Demaris.
115 Ibid., 143.
116 Ibid., 166.
117 Ibid., 194.
118 Ibid., 245.
119 Ibid., 249.
120 Associated Press, 11 Dec. 1996.
121 Exner, p. 272.
122 The main source for this section is Gordon Basichis, Beautiful Bad Girl: The Vicki Morgan Story (Lincoln: Backinprint.com, 2000). Originally published in 1985.
123 Basichis, 52.
124 Ibid., 72.
125 Ibid., 84.
126 Ibid., 86.
127 Ibid., 217.
128 Ibid., 236.
129 Ibid., 262.
130 Ibid., 289.
CHAPTER 12
1 All quotations taken from Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, found in Great Novels of the Brontë Sisters (London: Parragon Books, 2000).
2 All quotations taken from Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, ed. John Stephen Martin (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1998). Other sources are Harold Bloom (ed.), Hester Prynne (New York and Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1990); D. B. Kesteron (ed.), Critical Essays on Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (Boston: G.K. Hall Co., 1988).
3 Martin, ed., 381, citing the Boston Transcript.
4 Bloom, 5, citing Trollope in the North American Review no. 274 (September 1879), 209–211.
5 All quotations taken from Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary tr. by Francis Steegmuller (New York: Random House, 1957). Other sources are found in Harold Bloom, Emma Bovary (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1994).
6 Bloom, Emma Bovary, 1.
7 Ibid., 3, citing Flaubert to Colet, Dec. 23, 1853.
8 Ibid., 7, citing Baudelaire.
9 All quotations are taken from Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, tr. by Constance Garnett, with revisions by eds. Leonard J. Kent and Nina Berberova (New York: The Modern Library, 2000).
10 All quotations taken from Somerset Maugham, Of Human Bondage (London: Vintage Books, 1956).
11 All references to The Age of Innocence are taken from Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence (New York: Scribner, 1970).
12 All quotations taken from Boris Pasternak, Dr. Zhivago tr. by Max Hayward and Manya Harari, poetry tr. by Bernard Guilbert Guerney (New York: Pantheon Books, 1958).
13 All quotations taken from Graham Greene, The End of the Affair (New York: Penguin, 1999, originally published in 1951).
14 All quotations taken from Joanna Trollope, Marrying the Mistress (Toronto: McArthur & Co., 2002).
CHAPTER 13
1 Two books on modern mistresses are Victoria Griffin, The Mistress: Histories, Myths and Interpretations of the “Other Woman” (London, New York: Bloomsbury, 1999); and Wendy James and Susan Jane Kedgley, The Mistress (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1973).
2 The main sources for this section are Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986 (New York: William Morrow Co., 1992); Alan Friedman, Fiat and the Network of Italian Power (Markham: Nal Bodis, 1988); Anita Leslie, Cousin Randolph (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1985); Christopher Ogden, Life of the Party: The Biography of Pamela Digby Churchill Hayward Harriman (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1994); Sally Bedell Smith, Reflected Glory: The Life of Pam Churchill Harriman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); and dozens of online articles about Pam Harriman.
3 Smith, pp. 445, 451.
4 Ibid., p. 45.
5 Ibid., p. 124.
6 Ibid., p. 126.
7 Ibid., p. 125.
8 Ibid., pp. 156, 157.
9 Ibid., p. 210.
10 The main sources for this section are Brendan Gill, Here at The New Yorker (New York: Random House, 1975); E. J. Kahn Jr., Year of Change: More About The New Yorker and Me (New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1988); Thomas Kunkel, Genius in Disguise: Harold Ross of The New Yorker (New York: Random House, 1995); Lillian Ross, Here but Not Here: My Life with William Shawn and The New Yorker (New York: Random House, 1998); and “Remembering Mr. Shawn,” The New Yorker, Dec. 28, 1992, 134–145.
11 Ross, p. 110.
12 Ibid., p. 115.
13 Ibid., p. 121.
14 Ibid., p. 129.
15 Ibid., p. 126.
16 Ibid., p. 128.
17 Ibid., p. 146.
18 Ibid., p. 160.
19 Ibid., p. 181.
20 Ibid., p. 197.
21 Ibid., p. 238.
22 The main sources for this section are Lisa Appignanesi, Simone de Beauvoir (London: Penguin, 1988); Deirdre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography (New York: Summit Books, 1990); Hazel E. Barnes, “Beauvoir and Sartre: The Forms of Farewell,” in Philosophy and Literature, ed. by A. Phillips Griffiths (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Simone de Beauvoir, Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre, translated by Patrick O’Brian (London: Deutsch, 1984); Simone de Beauvoir, She Came to Stay (1943) tr. by Yvonne Moyse and Roger Senhouse (London: Fontana, 1984); Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1952) tr. and edited by H. M. Parshley (New York: Vintage Books, 1974); Kate Fullbrook and Edward Fullbrook, Simone de Beauvoir and Sartre: The Remaking of a Twentieth-Century Legend (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); John Gerassi, Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century, Vol. 1, Protestant or Protester? (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Vivian Gornick, “The Second Sex at Fifty,” in Dissent, Fall 1999, 69–72; Ronald Hayman, Sartre: A Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987); Barbara Klaw, “Desire, Ambiguity, and Contingent Love: Simone de Beauvoir, Sexuality, and Self-Creation, or What Good Is a Man Anyway?” in Symposium, Sept. 1997, 110–122; Toril Moi, Simone de Beauvoir: The Making of an Intellectual Woman (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); and Jean-Pierre Saccani, Nelson et Simone (Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1994).
23 Moi, p. 29.
24 Ibid., p. 223. Emphasis Sartre’s.
25 Fullbrook and Fullbrook, 57, citing Henriette Nizan, the wife of Sartre’s best friend during university.
26 Ibid., 76.
27 Ibid., 78.
28 Appignanesi, 55.
29 Bair, 211.
30 Ibid., 214–5.
31 De Beauvoir to Algren, 19 July 1948, “Letters from Simone De Beauvoir,” in http://www.BBC.co.uk/works/s4/beauvoir/lett.shtml
32 Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 796, 814.
33 Bair, 386.
34 Ibid., 386.
35 Appignanesi, 109.
36 Ibid., 111.
37 Bair, 477.
38 Ibid., p. 461.
39 Beauvoir, Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre, 127.