A CHRONOLOGY OF THE QUR’AN

c.570	Birth of Muhammad (his father died before his birth)
576	Death of Muhammad’s mother when he is 6
578	Death of Muhammad’s grandfather
595	Muhammad’s marriage to Khadija
c.610	First revelation of Qur’an
615	First migration of Muslims to Abyssinia seeking refuge from persecution in Mecca
615	‘Umar ibn al-Khattab converts to Islam after reading a written Qur’anic passage his believing sister was trying to hide from him
619	Death of Khadija and Abu Talib (the Prophet’s uncle and support)
620	Muhammad’s ‘Night Journey to Jerusalem and Ascension to Heaven’
622	Migration to Medina (Hijra) and starting date of Muslim calendar
624	Battle of Badr: the Muslims defeat the much larger Meccan army
625	Battle of Uhud: Meccan army defeat Muslims
627	Battle of the Trench—Meccans fail to take Medina and retreat
628	Treaty of Hudaybiyya: truce with the Meccan alliance, allowing peaceful preaching of Islam and so many converts
630	Truce broken by a tribe allied to Mecca; Mecca’s surrender to the Muslims and acceptance of Islam
630	Battle of Hunayn
631	Expedition to Tabuk
631	The Year of Embassies—Islam accepted by all the Arabian tribes. Muhammad concludes treaties of peace with the Christian chief of al-Aqaba and the Jewish tribes in the oases of Maqna, Adhruh, and Jarba to the south
632	Muhammad’s farewell pilgrimage to Mecca 8 June Death of Muhammad in Medina
633	Qur’an collected into one volume by Abu Bakr
645	‘Uthman commissions copies of the Qur’an to be made and circulated
1153	First Latin translation of the Qur’an
1543	First printed edition (Basle) with a preface by Martin Luther
1649	Alexander Ross makes first translation of the Qur’an into English (from French)
1734	George Sale’s translation of the Qur’an
1861	J. M. Rodwell’s translation of the Qur’an
1880	E. H. Palmer’s translation of the Qur’an
1930	Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall’s translation of the Qur’an
1934	Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s translation of the Qur’an
1955	Arthur J. Arberry’s translation of the Qur’an
1956	N. J. Dawood’s translation of the Qur’an
1980	Muhammad Asad’s translation of the Qur’an