The Qur’an

INDEX

Aaron (Moses’ brother) 104

blessed 288

God’s guidance 86

grace 193

as messenger 134, 229

mission to the Egyptians 232

Moses requests his support from God 247

as Moses’ spokesman 197

receives the Scriptures 205

rejection by disbelievers 217

and the worship of the golden calf 200

Abdul Muttalib (Muhammad’s grandfather) x, xxxvii

Abdullah (Muhammad’s father) x, xxxvii

Abel (Adam’s son) 70

Abraha (Christian ruler of Yemen), threatens Mecca 437, 438

Abraham xvii, 122, 348

as an example 368–9

builds the Ka‘ba x, 17 n. a, 18 n. c;

ceases to pray on behalf of his disbelieving father 126

condemns idolatry 205–6, 234, 253, 317,

and is blessed with the birth of Isaac 287

devotion to God 14–15, 16, 292

dialogue with God xx

as encouragement to believers to be mindful of God 359, 361

example 166, 209

faith 41

forbidden to plead for Lot’s people 141

grace 193

guests, and the destruction of Lot’s people 343–4

monotheism 85–6

prayers for the prosperity of Mecca 158, 160–1

questioning of the prophecy of Isaac’s birth 163–4

receives the same message as that given to Muhammad 312

rite of pilgrimage 209, 211

standing before God 39

Abraham, people 212

chosen by God 37

Abraham, wife, and the prophecy of Isaac’s birth 141, 343–4

Abu Bakr: father of ‘A’isha 120, 221 n. c,

flees from Mecca and hides in a cave xxx

Rightly Guided Caliph xiii

preservation of the Qur’an xvi, xxxvii

Abu Hanifa, women permitted to be judges xxv

Abu Lahab (uncle and opponent of Muhammad), condemnation 443

Abu Talib (Muhammad’s uncle) x, xi, xxxvii

‘Ad (Hud’s people) 159, 212

arrogance 290

condemnation 254

wronged themselves 122

destruction 229, 327, 329, 348

disbelief 99, 139–40,

as example to those who disbelieved 340, 344

disbelief 159

punishment 303, 308, 351

punishment denied 387

rejection of Hud 235–6

corruption condemned 420

Adam: angels submit to 94–5

chosen by God 37

creation and favoured over the angels 4, 7

disobedience 95, 201

without a father as was Jesus 34, 38–9

‘adhab 5 n. c

adna al-jilbab 271 n. b

adoption 266

adultery 220–1, 221–2

forbidden 177

marriage rather than adultery 53

punishments for 71 n. b

advocacy, forbidden in the event of the betrayal of trust 61

afterlife 67, 82, 87, 285–7

contrast with temporal life 256

Ahmad (name of Muhammad) 370

‘A’isha (Muhammad’s wife), accused of adultery falsely 220, 221

‘alaq 428 n. a

Alexander the Great, identification with Dhu ‘l-Qarnayn 188 n. a

Ali, Abdullah Ysuf, translation of the Qur’an xxviii, xxxviii

‘Ali (Rightly Guided Caliph) xiii

al-‘alamin 3 n. e

allies, disbelieving relatives not to be allies [against Muslims] 118

almsgiving xix, 30–2, 120, 177, 259, 422, 424, 425

charitable spending (yunfiquna) 5 n. b

commanded before it is too late 374–5

commendation 61

before conversations between believers and Muhammad 363

continuation 221

during pilgrimages 24

as marks of belief 19

rewards for 377

standing of blood-relatives in calls upon believers 266

am 346 n. a

Amina (Muhammad’s mother) x, xxxvii

amr xxxi

angels 380

ascent to God 389

blessing 239 n. b

as bringers of justice 162

creation 277

dealing out of punishment to disbelievers 333

deny being worshipped 275

disbelievers’ claims about refuted 347–8

encourage believers 309

as gatekeepers of Hell 397–8

gender xxxiii

as the daughters of God 169 n. b, 177, 183 n. a, 195, 204 n. a,

denial of the pagan belief 346 n. b

refutation 191, 285, 288–9, 347 n. g, 348

seen as God’s servants 316–17, 318 n. b, 319

guardian angels 154

lack of arrogance 169

as messengers of God 166

prayers for the salvation of believers 301–2

as receptors of men at the Day of Judgement 341

record people’s deeds in writing 384 n. a;

role on the Day of Judgement 228, 387

subordination to Adam 4, 7, 94–5, 163, 179, 186, 201, 293

worshipped as gods x

anger, attribution 3 n. f

animals: garlanding 77

see also creation; livestock

ansar xii

anxiety 389

apostasy 24, 63, 173

Arabian peninsula, spread of Islam xiii

Arabic: structures and idioms, effects on translation xxxi–xxxii

use in the Qur’an for clarity 311, 316, 323, 328

use in Scripture 307, 310

Arabs: desert Arabs 124, 125, 127

condemned for disbelief 335,

presumptuousness 339

idolatry 169 n. a, 169 n. b

Meccan Arabs, reactions to the Qur’an 393–4

refusal to believe revelation of the Qur’an through Muhammad 237

pagan Arabs, divorce practices disallowed 362 n. a

Arafat 22, 22 n. f

Arberry, Arthur J., translation of the Qur’an xxviii, xxxviii

Ark [of the Covenant] 28

arrogant, condemnation 245

‘arsh 136 n. b

Asad, Muhammad (Leopold Weiss), translation of the Qur’an xxviii–xxix, xxxviii

asbab al-nuzul xxii, xxii n. 16

Ascension to Heaven, and Night Journey xi, xxxvii, 175, 179, 347

ashfaqtum 363 n. a

‘Ashura, Day xiii

‘associate’ xvii

ata 166 n. a

awe, given to God alone 365, 367

awliya xxxi

ayas xvii

contents and construction xxii

introductory 3 n. c

ayat (signs) of God xvii

Azar (father of Abraham) 85

Badr (battle) xii, xxxvii, 34, 35, 43, 257 n. a;

distribution of battle gains 110, 112–13, 115

pagans 366 n. a

bahira 78

bahr 190 n. a

Banu Nadir (Jewish clan) 365, 366–7

Banu Qaynuqa (Jewish clan) 366 n. a

Al-Baqara (sura) 4–33

battle, conduct 111, 113, 114

battle gains, distribution 110, 112–13, 115

bayan 353 n. b

Baydawi xxxv

beliefs

corruption 39

impossibility of forcing belief 128, 131–2, 135

Muhammad to recognize that he cannot compel belief but deliver God’s message only 311, 314

refutation of false beliefs of the polytheists

believers 225, 261, 262

acceptance of the Qur’an 239, 248–9, 430

afterlife 176

angels pray on their behalf 301–2

blessings 416, 430

description 389

and disbelievers 305

alliances with disbelievers sometimes permitted 36

encouraged by angels 309

exhortations to worship of God 214

fate 94, 96, 97–8, 122,

on the Day of Resurrection 405

forgiveness to relatives who oppose their faith 376, 377

and God 43–8

as God’s allies 364

God’s guidance of 195, 325,

God’s providence for 158–61, 217

and God’s revelation 42–3

response to God 4–6, 18–19, 111–12

solidarity in defence of God’s cause 370

submission to God and defence against Hellfire 380–1

urged to spend in God’s cause and uphold justice 359–61

worship of God 264, 265

and hypocrites, divisions between on the Day of Judgement 360

judgement 64, 138

justification 243–4

lack of action criticized 372

mutual respect 338–9

nature 73

known by God 277, 279, 280

and polytheists 295–9

praised 337

prosperity 224

qualities 227, 230–1

reactions to the Day of Judgement contrasted with those of disbelievers 419

record held in their right hands at the Day of Judgement 387

religious practices in daily life 269

respect towards Muhammad 338

rewards 35, 45, 155, 210, 212, 213, 251, 265, 269, 271, 272, 277, 279, 313, 326, 370–1, 401–2, 404,

at the Day of Judgement 352,

contrasted with the punishments of disbelievers 387,

in Paradise 185, 190, 286, 321, 322–3, 328, 341,

compared to the disbelievers’ life in Hell 345–6,

in war for their faithfulness 335–6

salvation 83 n. b, 207, 221

success 215

supported by God 304

sustenance by God 256

testing and constancy 252

to be attended to in preference to attempts to convert disbelievers 409

triumph on the Day of Judgement 418

true believers 339

see also disbelievers

Benjamin (Joseph’s brother) 150 n. a

bequests 20, 78

payment 51

bi ‘l-ghaybi 361 n. a

birth 302 n. a

bribes, forbidden 21

bride-gift 27, 50, 52, 53, 68, 369

broadcasting, use of the Qur’an ix–x

brothers: inheritances 66

property shares 51

burning bush 239–40, 247

revelation to Moses 196–7

Byzantines 257

Cain (Adam’s son) 70

calendar xi–xii, xxxvii

camel: hamstrung by the people of Thamud 351, 423

sign invoked by Salih 236

camels, dedication and use 211–12

captives, treatment 115

charity,

see almsgiving chastity 389

children: fathers’ responsibilities for 379

property shares 51

respect for adults’ privacy 225

weaning when parents divorce 26–7

see also orphans

parents

relatives

Children of Israel: as disbelievers 7–14, 23, 103–6

during the desert wanderings 199–200

of the Scriptures 143

exodus 134–5, 181, 322

God’s guidance 265

and kingship 28–9

oppression in Egypt 245, 303

rebelliousness 175

religious differences among 325

response to God 4, 16

worship of calf 104

see also Jews and Judaism; People of the Book

Christianity x

Christians 9

belief in Muhammad 255 n. a

claims disowned by Jesus on the Day of Judgement 78–9

factions among 29

as People of the Book xviii,

and Islamic relations with xxiv–xxv, xxxvii

relations with Muslims 34, 39–42,

and pledges from God 67, 68, 69–76;

see also People of the Book

chronology, lack of xvi, xix

combatants, and non-combatants 60

commerce,

see trade

common kindnesses, neglect, the result of denial of Judgement 439

consecration (ihram) 22 n. d

consultation (shura) 311, 314

contexts: effects on understanding xxx–xxxi

importance for interpretation of the Qur’an xxi–xxii, xxiv

contrasts xx

the corrupt, identification 333

corruption spreaders condemned 245

covetousness 53–4

Crashing Blow 433

creation 203, 204, 209

benefits for man 166–7, 169, 170, 171

days 307

and God, as the activity of God 223–4, 229–30, 253, 257, 258–9, 295, 296, 357,

basis in God alone 277, 278, as evidence of God’s ability to resurrect the dead 340, 341–2, as illustrative of God’s power 215, 261, 262–3, 281, 282

as manifestation of the power of God 264, not to be worshipped in place of God 309, under God’s providence 313

levels 305

obedience on the Day of Judgement contrasted with the disobedience of disbelievers 415

as promptings to belief 344

purposeful nature 322

wonders 257, 258–9, 353

see also animals

insects

nature

dana 118 n. d

daughters: denigration of the birth of daughters by pagans condemned 346 n. b

property shares 51

regarded as a disgrace by the pagan Arabs 317, attributed to God 288 n. c, 347 n. g, 348

David: cited as encouragement to Muhammad 272, 273

given knowledge by God 240

given sovereignty and wisdom by God 29

God’s guidance 86

prophetic status 178, 206

and the Psalms 65

repentance when tested 291

Dawood, N. J. xxii n. 17, xxiv, xxxviii

translation of the Qur’an xxviii, xxx

day, and night, as evidence of God’s creative power 282

Day of Gathering, see Day of Judgement

Day of Judgement 78–9, 78 n. b, 80, 90, 137, 143, 179–80, 181, 186, 187, 200–1, 201–2, 207–8, 209, 213, 213–14, 239, 243–4, 258, 340, 354, 411, 412, 431, 432, 433

arrival 319

barriers between righteous and the damned 94, 97–8

condemnation of disbelievers for arrogance 328

condemnation for those who give short measure 413–14

creation’s obedience contrasted with the disobedience of disbelievers 415

as the Day of Decision 403–4

denial, by the disbelievers 272, and its consequences 439

description 389, 390

disbelievers’ rejections denounced 227–8

divisions between believers and disbelievers 259, 260

divisions between believers and hypocrites 360

divisions of mankind 356–8

imminence 347, 349

inevitability 203, 274, 311, 312, 314, 325–6, 345, 346, 387

length 264

men’s behaviour 409–10

punishment of the Meccan disbelievers 351–2

reactions of believers and disbelievers 234–5, 419

reality 285–6

receptors witness against men 341

signs 350

timing 343

timing not known to any save God 271

tyranny condemned 421

see also Day of Resurrection

Final Judgement

Day of Resurrection 58, 172, 178, 230, 399–400, 405–6

description 299–300, as being smoke-filled 321

disbelievers’ regrets 382

fate of disbelievers 296

fate of the idolaters and the righteous 167–8

judgement and rewards 176

man’s powerlessness 341

punishment for the Meccan disbelievers 272

see also Day of Judgement

Resurrection

days, declining days, and the need for repentance 435

Days of God 158

dead: disgorged from graves on the Day of Judgement 431, 432

resurrection 30

see also Resurrection

death 58

determination by God 80, 84

inevitability 204

debts: conduct regarding 32

payment 51

written records, and women’s status xxv–xxvi

destiny, God’s control 267

Devil, see Satan

devils, rebellious devils, restraint and punishment 285–6

devotional practices, relaxation by God as preparation for the full weight of the Qur’an 395

dhahara 222 n. a

dhakara 27 n. b

dhalama 271 n. b

dhikr 318 n. a

dhira’ 388 n. a

dhu al-dhikr 290 n. a

dhu ‘1-awtad 290 n. d, 420 n. f

Dhu ‘1-Hijjah, month 420 n. a

Dhu ‘1-Kifl: goodness 292

prophetic status 207

Dhu ‘1-Qarnayn 183, 188–9

dialogue xx

dietary laws 19, 41, 67–8, 76, 76–8, 89, 90–1, 173

disbelievers: activities known to God 136

alliances with believers, condemnation 363–4

sometimes permitted 36

amazement at the Resurrection 340

arguments rejected 227–30

arrogance contrasted with God’s pride in creation 324, 326

arrogance linked with those of previous generations and of Satan 290–1

attempts to oppose God and Muhammad futile 331

and believers 305

belittling of the Qur’an 232

challenged as to their questioning of God’s power over them 382–3

claim that a true prophet would be wealthy denied 316, 317–18

claims about goddesses and angels refuted 347–8

classification 353, 354–5

condemnation 239, 243–4, 410

abandonment by God 158–61

those who lead others astray 261

consignment to Hell 341

denial of the Day of Judgement 272

destruction 228–9, 231,

because of their rejection of the truth of the Qur’an and the Resurrection 327–8, 329–30

disobedience, contrasted with the obedience of creation 415,

ordained by God 187

disputes between the oppressors and the oppressed at the Day of Judgement 274–5

disputes in Hell 293

eternal torment 418

eventual punishment 202

as evildoers, fate delayed by God until the Final Judgement 128–9, 130

as examples to those who disbelieve currently 340, 341

exhorted to believe 257

failure to see the significance of God’s signs 264

fate 94, 95–108, 111, 112, 113–14, 122–3, 155–7

on the Day of Resurrection 405–6

foolishness in denying the Resurrection 389, 390

and God’s revelation 42–3

good actions outweighed by bad faith 331–2

hearts hardened by God 133–4, 185

judgement 63–4, 66, 136–43, 203, 205, 207, 207–8

lack of belief in God as creator 256

lack of success in war dictated by God 336

life in Hell compared to the believers’ bliss in Paradise 345–6

misconceptions regarding revelation and Muhammad’s nature 252, 255, 256

nature known by God 277, 280

not to be helped by believers 251

obduracy 307–9, 310

prayers ineffective 154

punishment 35, 36, 41, 45, 48, 153, 194–5, 210, 212, 215, 216–19, 265, 301, 324, 325–6, 377, 395, 397–8, 402, 403–4

in the afterlife 185, 189–90

for barring believers from Mecca 209, 211,

contrasted with the rewards of believers 387,

on the Day of Judgement 271, 304, 305, 393, 394,

inevitability 289,

for opposition to God and Muhammad 362, 363, 364,

of previous generations, seen as a warning to disbelievers in the present 350–1

shown in the story of Moses 196

reactions to the Day of Judgement contrasted with those of believers 419

reactions to the giving of the Scriptures 24

record held in their left hands at the Day of Judgement 387–8

rejection of prophets and punishment 162

relations with God 42–8

reminded of the fate of previous generations of disbelievers 343–4, 376

repentance, see repentance

response to God 4, 5–6, 7–14, 18–19

rewards 279, 313,

scoffing met with punishment at the Day of Judgement 285–6, 286–7

guided by own desires 325

stubbornness and mocking of God’s revelations 281–3

terror at the Day of Judgement 276

as those who are not in God’s light 223

to be left to God’s judgement and not to Muhammad’s preaching 385–6

to be left to their own devices 409

torturers condemned 416

unjust nature 224

see also believers

Meccan disbelievers

polytheists

disbelieving communities, punishment 379

disputes, arbitration 56–7

divorce xix, 52

attempts at reconciliation 54

pagan divorce practices disallowed 362

regulations 278–9

and remarriage 25–8, 266 n. a

settlements 62–3, 270

and women’s status xxv

see also marriage

doubters, see disbelievers

drawing lots 76

dying 357–8

eating 225

education xiv n. 4

use of the Qur’an ix

Elijah, God’s guidance 86; 288

Elisha, goodness 292

elisions xxxi

Embassies, Year of xxxvii

emigrants 115

Eve (Adam’s wife), disobedience 95

evidence, suppression 33

evil ones, assigned as companions to disbelievers 318

evildoers, see disbelievers

exodus 8–9, 234

Moses’ people refuse to enter the holy land 70

Ezekiel 207 n. b

Ezra, ascribed divine sonship 119

fair dealings 177

faith: arguers against faith criticized 370

evidence for 430

freedom, but choice determines fate in the Hereafter 295

purity 444

unity 34, 39

faithful, the success 370

faithfulness, as marks of belief 19

fas’al 230 n. b

fasting 20

during pilgrimages 22

fath 442 n. a

fathers: responsibility for children 379

see also parents

relatives

al-Fatiha ix, 3, 164 n. b, 442 n. a

al-Fayruzabadi xxxiii

the Feast 67, 79

feeble-minded, provision for 51

Final Judgement xvii, xix, 36, 131–3

condemnation of the polytheists 130–1

Day of 161

and the delay of the condemnation of evil doers 128–9, 130

timing 107

see also Day of Judgement

finance xviii

fishing, during the pilgrimage 77

the fly 214

foetuses, development 428 n. a

food, hunting, during the pilgrimage 67

forceful chargers 407

Forest-Dwellers: arrogance 290

disbelief as example to those who disbelieve currently 340

rejection of Shu‘ayb 236–7

Friday prayer, observance 372–3

al-Furqan (Qur’an) xx, 227 n. b

Gabriel (angel) 12, 429

accompanies Muhammad on the Night Journey and Ascension to Heaven xi

as the Holy Spirit 173

revelation of the Qur’an ix, xiv, xv, 137 n. c, 201 n. b, 237, 347, 411,

in obedience to God 194

gambling 24, 76

Garden, see Paradise

gardens, parable of the luscious gardens 183, 185–6

generalizations xxi

God: all-pervasiveness 359

believers’ mindfulness of 4 n. c

beneficence in granting night and day 250

bounty 166–71, 179, 182

calling upon 301, 302, 304, 305

commands, carrying out 331

creates Adam and expels him from Eden 7

as creator 98, 128–9, 153, 154, 213, 215, 229–30, 253, 256, 257, 258–9, 261, 262–3, 264, 295, 296, 307–8, 309, 313, 357, 400, 403, 405,

and also as fulfiller of needs 80–9

and His praise 223–4

of man 401, 402,

for man’s benefit 166–7, 169, 170, 171,

and man’s ingratitude 409,

proof of the Resurrection 209,

purpose in creation 327

as decider of victory in war and distributor of booty 365, 366

discrimination when judging believers and disbelievers 291

disobedience towards forbidden 269

as the dispenser of forgiveness and punishment 301, 302

encourages Muhammad 425, 426

exhortation to the Children of Israel 7–14

existence discernible in nature 324

Face 354

gives guidance and warning to men 424

goodness to believers, as reinforcement of his instructions 266, 267–8

grace 361, as revelation 384 n b,

shown in nature 162–3

grammatical uses when speaking about xx

invocation 3

as judge 66, 427

justness 237

as lord of the elements 154

mercy 322

Mercy to Muslims in sending of Muhammad 372

munificence 305, 306, 312–13, 314, 316

Names 107

nature as unseen 4 n. b

omnipotence 214, 311–12, 376, 416, 418,

stressed in relation to disbelievers 382–3

omniscience 136, 143, 144, 226, 263, 272, 310, 363, 367, 376,

in awarding blessing and punishment 348

Oneness 119, 227, 251, 274, 393, 394, 444,

and creative activity 295,

and power 215, 218,

without offspring 195, 319–20

only God to be given awe 365, 367

only God to be worshipped 295

pledges given to Jews and Christians 67, 69–76

power 128, 239, 242–3

and creation 281, 282, 284,

contrasted with the powerlessness and uselessness of the ‘partners’ 277–8, 279–80

extolled 261,

and grace 227,

and grace in nature 232,

and knowledge 153–7

and providence 63–4

truths about 347, 348

and predestination 249–50

pride in creation, contrasted with disbelievers’ arrogance 324, 326

as protector of the righteous 325

providence 223, 275

punishment of the People of the Book who broke faith with Muhammad 365–6

relations with xix,

believers and disbelievers 5–6, 7–14, 18–19, 29–31, 33, 43–8, 158–61

relaxes devotional demands 395

revelation 42

sole worship demanded 441

sovereignty 36

speech xx

submission to God as central tenet of faith 34, 35–6

supremacy 18

tests claims to truth 267

truth disputed 301, 303, 305

uniqueness 166, 169

unity xvii, xx-xxi, 203–4, 208, 213, 285, 289, 293, 307

unity disputed by disbelievers 290

wisdom and majesty 324, 326

wish that mankind should live in harmony 339

wonders, in the world 353–4

goddesses, disbelievers’ claims about refuted 347–8

Gog 189, 207

gold ornaments 316, 317, 318

golden calf 8, 12, 65, 104, 200

Goliath (Philistine leader killed by David) 29

grammar xix-xx

graves 434

guidance: for both believers and disbelievers 325

God to provide 424

groups responding to 4

plea 3, 4

guilty, trial 250 n. a

hadhf al-jawab 420 n. c

hadith 222 n. a

hafiz ix

Hagar 18 n. a

Hajj pilgrimage 420

infected by polytheism x

hakim 39 n. a, 128 n. a

ham’ 78

Haman: arrogance 254

condemnation 245, 247

disbelief 303

harraka 200 n. b

Harut (angel) 12

Hasan (son of ‘Ali) xiii

Hayyan, Abu xxxv

heads, shaving 22 n. c

Hell 35, 46, 52, 167, 175, 176, 194, 219, 230, 436

capacity 341

contrasted with Paradise 353, 354

description 356–7, 397–8

disbelievers’ life compared to the believers’ bliss in Paradise 345–6

engulfs sinners 255

entry of disbelievers into 299–300

filling with jinn and men 144

life 293

nature 159, 160

as place of punishment 319

as reward for disbelievers 97, 122, 163, 189, 190, 199, 207, 265, 279, 324, 332, 334, 363, 382, 405, 408

and the Tree of Zaqqum 179, 286, 322, 357

unremitting nature of punishment in Hell 304

Hereafter, see afterlife

al-Hijr, people of: disbelief 162, 164

see also Thamud’s people

Hijra (Migration) xi-xii, xvii, xxxvii

Hira, Cave xi, 397

homosexuality 52

condemnation 242, 253–4, 351

Lot condemns 236

hoopoe, dialogue with Solomon xx, 240

Hour, the see Day of Judgement

household behaviour 220, 222, 225

houses, entering 21

Hud (prophet) 98–9, 159, 329

rejection 235–6

role as prophet invoked as an encouragement to Muhammad 136, 139–40

Hudaybiyya (treaty) xxxvii, 334–7, 368

humble, commendation 211

Hunayn (battle) xxxvii, 118

hunting: during the pilgrimage 67

forbidden during the pilgrimage 77

Husayn (son of ‘All) xiii

husbands, property shares 51

hypocrites: alliances with forbidden 58–9

bad behaviour censured 266, 271

and believers, divisions between on the Day of Judgement 360

condemnation for joking about God 122

criticisms 374

failure to support Muhammad leads to censure 116;fate 331

intrigues 50

judgement 63–4

Medinan hypocrites condemned 334

munafiqun xviii

response to God’s guidance 4

ibl 419 n. b

Iblis, see Satan

Ibn ‘Abbas 215 n. c

Ibn Mandhur xxxiii

Ibn Taymiyya, intertextuality in the Qur’an xxx

Ibn Ubayy (head of the ‘hypocrites’ of Medina) 365, 366

‘idina 165 n. b

idle talk, condemnation 122

idolaters 116–17, 119

attempts to persuade Muhammad to worship their gods 441

castigation 209, 210, 213, 214

condemnation, for denying God’s bounty 166–7, 169

Medinan idolaters condemned 334, 336

idolatry x, 62, 76

Abraham condemns 205–6, 253, 287, 317

condemnation 207, 259

refuted in face of God’s power and creation 277–8, 279–80

rejection 234–5, 237

to be avoided 158, 160–1

Idris: grace 193

prophetic status 207

iftah 442 n. a

ihram (consecration) 22 n. d

ikhlas 444

‘Illiyyin 413

iltifat xx, xxxv

impurity, avoidance when praying 55

‘Imran, family 34, 37

infanticide: female 169, 411 n. a

as a result of the fear of poverty, forbidden 177

inheritances 50, 51, 54, 66

misappropriation condemned 420

insan 420 n. g

insects: ants, and Solomon 239, 240

bees, activity as evidence of God’s inspiration 166, 170

interfaith relations xxiv–xxv

international relations xviii

intertextuality xxx

intoxicants and intoxication 24, 55, 76–7, 96 n. c

Iram, tyranny condemned 420

iron 359, 361

Isaac (Abraham’s son) 15, 161, 193, 206, 253

birth prophesied 141, 163–4, 254

devotion to God 292

God’s guidance 86

Ishmael (Abraham’s son) 15, 18 n. a, 161

builds the mosque in Mecca 17 n. a

God’s guidance 86

goodness 292

grace 193

prophetic status 207

sacrifice 287

Islam: acceptance by Meccans xxxvii

conversions, attempts to prevent 331

nature xxiv

spread xiii, xxxvii

Islamic arts and sciences, basis in the Qur’an ix

Isma’il (seventh imam) xiii

istifham inkari 7 n. b

ittaka’a 345 n. e

Jacob xvii, 145–6, 149, 151, 193, 206, 253

birth prophesied 141

God’s guidance 86

obedience to God 15, 292

jaza’ 118 n. e

Jerusalem xi

Night Journey xxxvii, 175

prayers towards 14 n. a

Jesus xvii, 371

birth and mission 34, 37, 37–9

Christian beliefs in his divinity seen as false 69

confirmation of the Torah 72

creation by God 217

disownment of Christian claims on the Day of Judgement 78–9

divinity denied 75, 119, 133, 191, 192, 316, 318–19

divisions among his people 370

as encouragement to believers to be mindful of God 359, 361

foretells the coming of Muhammad under the name of Ahmad 370

God’s guidance 86

as prophet 11, 29, 66

receipt of the same message as that given to Muhammad 312

renunciation of claims to divinity 67

as a sign for all people 207

as son of God xxxiii

taken by God 65

Jews and Judaism x

belief in Muhammad 255 n. a; criticized for spiritual presumption 372

dietary regulations 91, 174

distortion of the Scriptures 55–6

granted tolerance xii

as People of the Book xviii,

and Islamic relations with xxiv–xxv, xxxvii

pledges from God and relations with Muslims 67, 68, 69–76

refusal to enter the holy land during the exodus wanderings 70

relations with Muslims 34, 39–41

see also Children of Israel

People of the Book

jihad xxxi

jinn: belief in the Qur’an 327, 329

classification 353, 354

condemnation 308

creation 163,

not needed by God 344

not the revealers of the Qur’an 232, 237, 238

reactions to the Qur’an 393

as servants of Solomon 292

subservience to God 289

used as workers for Solomon 273

worshipped by disbelievers 275

jizya 118 n. e

Job: blessing after affliction 292

God’s guidance 86

prophetic status 206–7

John (son of Zachariah) 191, 207

God’s guidance 86

joking, joking about God condemned 122

Jonah 128, 135, 288

God’s guidance 86

prophetic status 207

shown God’s mercy 385–6

Jonah’s people, repentance 135

Joseph xvii, 145–52

God’s guidance 86

rejection by disbelievers 303

judgement, see Day of Judgement

Final Judgement

judges, bribing forbidden 21

women as judges xxv, xxvi

justice: administration 56,

by Muhammad for the People of the Book 72, 72–3

bearing witness impartially 68–9

Ka’ba 77, 345

building by Abraham and Ishmael 15

building and pilgrimages to x

centrality to qibla and rites of pilgrimage 18 n. c

guardians 112

pilgrims’ disgraceful acts 96 n. a

kafur 401 n. b

Karbala (battle) xiii

kawthar 440 n. a

Khadija (Muhammad’s wife) x–xi, xxxvii

khalifa (successor) 7 n. a

al-Khattab, ‘Umar ibn, conversion to Islam xxxvii

kingship, in Israel 28–9

kinship ties 50

knowing (zanna) 8 n. a

Korah, disbelief 303

Koran, see Qur’an

la yubdi’ wa-la yu’id 275 n. a

al-Lat (Arabian pagan goddess) 347

learning/knowing xiv n. 4

legal texts xviii–xix

legislation, reinforcements 78 n. b

lesbian acts 52

life saving 71

Light, Verse 220, 223

livestock: creation for man’s benefit 166, 170, 284

dedication and use 211

intended for man’s use 215

polytheists’ regulations refuted 90–1

see also animals

loans xxvi

Lot 141–2

blessing 288

condemns homosexuality 253–4

God’s guidance 86

as messenger 100

rejection 236, 242

salvation and prophetic status 164, 206

seeks refuge in God 253

Lot, people 212

arrogance 290

disbelief as example to those who disbelieve currently 340, 344

as disbelievers 141–2

punishment 351

Lot, wife, disbelief 381

lote trees 273, 347

Luqman the Wise 261, 262

Luther, Martin xxxvii

Madina, see Medina

Magians 210, 210 n. c

Magog 189, 207

Malik (angel in charge of Hell) 319

Manat (pagan diety) 347

man: birth and resurrection 417

creation 163, 166, 171, 215, 305,

and ability to communicate 353,

created for toil and trial 422

denial of the Day of Resurrection 399–400

disputes creation by God 284

homosexual acts 52

ingratitude condemned 409, 412

obsession with wealth condemned 434, 436

self-satisfaction 428

testing 183, 298, 401–2

see also mankind

mankind: creation 264,

not needed by God 344

divisions at the Day of Judgement 356–8

God’s knowledge about as shown by the receptors at the Day of Judgement 340–1

need of God 278

powerlessness on the Day of Resurrection 341

unity and harmony among 339

see also men

marriage xviii, 220, 222–3

blessing by God 258

commendation of 53

forbidden degrees 52–3

intermarriage between Muslims and women of the People of the Book 68

intermarriage with pagans forbidden 25

intermarriage with those of other faiths xxv

Muhammad’s conduct dictated by God 270

remarriage and divorce 25–8, 266 n. a

treatment of believing and disbelieving women and their marriage dowries 369

see also divorce

martyrdom 282 n. a

martyrs: testimony 44 n. b

Marut (angel) 12

Marwa 18

Mary (mother of Jesus) 34, 37–8, 65, 66, 75, 191–2, 207, 217

belief 381

denial of Christian claims for her divinity 79

matta’a 288 n. b

mawla 266 n. b

Mecca x

attacked by the army of Abraha 437, 438

believers barred from when on pilgrimage 209, 211

establishment by God 249

God warns 87

as guarantee of God’s oath 422, 427

as one of the two cities 317 n. b

pilgrimages 41,

ordinances governing 21–3

as point of departure in the Night Journey 175

prayers towards 14 n. a, 17

prosperity prayed for by Abraham 158, 160–1

sacred character does not deny believers the right of self-defence xxiii

as sanctuary 256

surrender 359 n. b

surrender to Muhammad 442

warnings to 311

Meccan disbelievers 170 n. d

arguments answered 345, 346

assertions denied 191

claims that the angels are God’s daughters 183 n. a

condemned along with the arrogant 245

denial of the Resurrection 407

opposition to Muhammad’s teachings xi

punishment 272, 351–2

see also disbelievers

Meccans 321

attacks on Muhammad and his followers allow engagement in self-defence xxii–xxiii

conversion to Islam xii

iniquitous behaviour of those who attempted to expel Muhammad 331

religious beliefs prior to conversion to Islam xvii

Resurrection denied 322

tardiness in believing in the Qur’an 327

mediation 58

Medina x, xi–xii

besieged by disbelievers at the Battle of the Trench 266

Muhammad’s death xiii

Medinans, commended for believing acts 127

menstruation, sexual intercourse forbidden during 25

messengers: as commissioned by God 306

mocked 80, 82

persistence in testifying to disbelievers 308

rejection 173

rejection by disbelievers 168

role 159, 176

see also prophets

Michael (archangel) 12

Midianites 122, 212

condemnation for the rejection of Shu’ayb 254

as disbelievers 100–1, 142–3

migrants 60

Migration (Hijra) xi–xii, xvii, xxxvii

mihrab 273 n. a

milk-mothers 52

milk-sisters 52

min 42 n. a

min anfusikum 50 n. a

Mina 22 n. f, 23 n. b

minbar 373 n. a

mindfulness (w-q-y} 4 n. c

miracles 178–9

mischief-makers, condemned as evildoers 339

misdeeds, minor misdeeds cancelled by God 53

Mistah (relative of ‘A’isha) 221 n. c

modesty 220, 222, 225

monasticism 361

monotheism 92, 93

moon: crescent moons, and the timing of pilgrimages 21

rising and setting 353

splitting in two at the Day of Judgement 350

and sun, as evidence of God’s creative power 282

worship, x

see also sun

Moses xvii, 8–9, 11, 12, 64, 65, 175, 245–8, 348

blessing 288

commissioning at the burning bush 239–40

divisions among his people 370

as encouragement to Muhammad 143, 407

God’s guidance 86

and the Golden calf 196–200

grace 193

guiltlessness before God 271

and the Jews’ refusal to enter the holy land during the exodus wanderings 70

meeting with unidentified figure 183, 187–8

as messenger 101–5, 134

mission to Pharaoh’s people 232–4, 322

and the plagues 318

as prophet 229, 254

receipt of the same message as that given to Muhammad 312

receives the Scriptures 205, 265, 310

rejection 212

rejection by disbelievers 217

rejection by Pharaoh and his people 344

reminds the Children of Israel of God’s providence 158

sister 245–6

victory 301, 302–4

Moses, mother 245–6

mosques: first mosque built at Yathrib xii

mosque built by hypocrites condemned 125–6

those qualified to tend 117–18

mothers: property shares 51

see also relatives

Mount Judi (resting place for Noah’s Ark) 139

Mount of Mercy xii

Mount Sinai 9, 12, 65, 248

God swears by 345

mubin 353 n. b

Mufradat 76 n. a

muhajirun xii

Muhammad ix, x-xiii, xxxvii

accused of being mad 272, 275, 384

allowed self-defence against Meccan attacks xxii-xxiii

assured of abundance from God, in place of the loss of his last son 440

believers’ respect for 270–1

comforted in face of accusations of his being a liar 277, 278

commanded to be faithful to God 237–8

commanded to persist in his proclamations 346

commanded to preach God’s word 344

commanded to read 428

commended to the support of his followers as a sign of their loyalty to God 334–5

defence before the disbelievers 275

disbelievers’ rejections denounced 227, 229

disobedience towards forbidden 269

divine commission to reveal the Qur’an 281

divine source of his message 347

encouragement by God 425, 426

encouragement 128, 135, 152, 162–5, 196, 202, 327, 330,

by the examples of earlier prophets 290, 291–2

perseverance and patience 191, 194, 384, 385–6, 401, 402,

and ignore the taunts of disbelievers 301, 304, 305–6

remain close to God 309,

through references to David and Solomon 272, 273

as encouragement to believers to be mindful of God 359

exhortation to constancy 254–5

exhorted not to be saddened by disbelief 261, 262

exhorted to remain steadfast in the face of disbelief 243–4

exhorted to follow God’s clear religious path 325

exhorted to obey God 269

exhorted to pay no attention to disbelievers 264

exhorted to persevere 257, 258–9

flees from Mecca and hides in a cave xxx

followers, indignant at the treaty made at Hudaybiyya 334, 336

home life 380

instructed on recitation of the Qur’an 399

instructed to speak to believers and disbelievers 274

insults condemned 121

lacking in miraculous powers 181

madness denied by God 411

marriages 270

as ‘Messenger’ xv

as model for believers 268

name mentioned 331

obedience towards 56–7, 58, 61, 220, 224

opponents and their reward 23

as Prophet 44–5

prophetic character xvii, 203, 205, 208,

affirmation 285, and lack of miraculous powers 175

rebuked for attention to disbelieving nobles and inattention to a blind enquirer 409

reminded that he cannot convert everyone and should remain steadfast 245, 248, 249

revelation of the Qur’an xiv–xv

revelations, and their truths 94,107–9

role 153, 156,

as the messenger of God to the People of the Book 70,

in warning and giving good news 136, 137, 143–4

sending by God 17

sending as God’s grace 372

tempting by disbelievers 180

testimony to the Meccan Arabs 394

truth affirmed by God 387, 388

vision of pilgrimage to Mecca 334, 336

witness 166, 172

as witness against the polytheists 172

wives, believers’ conduct towards 266,

instructions to 268–9

Mujahid 397 n. c

munafiqun (hypocrites) xviii

muqwin 357 n. a

murder 71

of believers by believers 59–60

fair retribution for 20

forbidden 53, 177

Muslims 214

exhorted to obey God in all things lest their good deeds come to nothing 331, 333

instructions for 172–4

as the just 16

migrate to Abyssinia seeking refuge from persecution xi, xxxvii

not to ally themselves with their Meccan enemies 368, 369

relations with Jews and Christians 15–16, 34, 39–42, 67, 68, 69–76

spiritual growth as grace from God 372

tensions with the People of the Book 50, 55–6

mutual neglect, among those being judged on the Day of Judgement 376

Muzdalifa, plain 22 n. f

al-Nadr ibn al-Harith, condemnation for attempting to mislead others 261 n. a

nahr xxxii

nar 239 n. a

nasakha 212 n. a

nashaza 54 n. a

nazi’at 407 n. a

needy, neglect, the result of denial of Judgement 439

night, and day, as evidence of God’s creative power 282

Night of Glory 429

Night Journey and Ascension to Heaven xi, xxxvii, 175, 179, 347

night-comer 417

Nimrod 416 n. b

Noah xvii, 175

chosen by God 37

contemporaries condemned 122

dialogue with God xx

as encouragement to believers to be mindful of God 359, 361

God’s guidance 86

preaching and prayer for the destruction of disbelievers before the Flood 391–2

as prophet 98–9,133, 159, 216

receipt of the same message as that given to Muhammad 312

rejection 235

role as prophet invoked as an encouragement to Muhammad 138–9

salvation 287, 350

salvation and rejection by his own people 253

Noah, people 212

arrogance 290

destruction 229, 348

disbelief as example to those who disbelieve currently 340, 344

as disbelievers 159, 216

punishment 301,303

rejection of Noah and their punishment 350

Noah, wife, disbelief 381

Noah’s Ark 138–9, 216, 253, 282–3, 387

nobles, salvation 83 n.b

non-combatants, and combatants 60

oathbreaking: atonement for 76

criticisms 370

forbidden 172

God prevents Job from oathbreaking 292

oathtaking 25

release from 380

obedience: given to God alone 365, 367

to Muhammad 56–7, 58, 61, 220, 224

oppressed, defence, permits the taking up of arms xxii

oppression, punishments for 314

orphans: care 425

cruelty to, the result of denial of Judgement 439

orphan girls, treatment 62

property 177,

and its disposal 50–1

management 25, 92

see also children

pagans: intermarriage with forbidden 25

Meccan pagans, dispute about the angels as daughters of God 195,

rejoicing at the defeat of the Byzantines by the Persians 257 n. a

Palmer, E. H., translation of the Qur’an xxvii, xxxviii

Paradise 51–2, 167–8

admission to Paradise includes absolution from bad deeds 334

believers’ bliss compared to the disbelievers’ life in Hell 345–6

contrast between the two levels of Paradise 354–5

description 356,

and seen as the reward of believers 332

entry into 13, 300

entry into Paradise preceded by persecution 24

life 283, 286, 292–3

nature in the light of Arabic structures and idioms xxxi-xxxii

as the objective of believers 360–1

resting place for believers 97

as reward of believers 6, 35, 44, 49, 56, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 143, 155, 156, 160, 163, 185, 190, 199, 210, 213, 215, 228, 251, 255, 258, 261, 265, 279, 319, 322–3, 328, 341, 343, 379, 385, 401–2, 408, 413, 416

as reward for truthful Christians 76, 79

as the reward of the godly 62

as the reward of those who repent 194

paragraphs, use in translation xxxiv

parents: property shares 51

relations with as the mark of believers and disbelievers 328

respect for except in the case of disbelief 262

respect for 176

respect for and obedience to 252

see also children

fathers

mothers

relatives

peace xviii

pearls 353

treatment 345 n. f

the pen xiv n. 4

People of the Book xviii

and God’s grace 359, 361

lack of faithfulness to treaty leads God to drive them from their homes 365–6

misdeeds 64–5, 66, 430

rebels to be fought 118–19

relations with xxiv-xxv

rewards for faith 49

tensions with Muslims 50, 55–6

see also Children of Israel

Christians

Jews and Judaism

‘Perfecting the blessing’ 68 n. b

persecution 17–18

contrasted with God’s punishment 252

Persians, attacks on the Byzantines 257

personal responsibility 176, 398

in choosing good or evil 424

in conduct 325

on the Day of Judgement 322

and final rewards 348

in matters of belief 14, 15, 16, 311, 314, 345

for sin 252–3

Pharaoh: arrogance 254, 290

condemnation 245, 247–8

destruction 301, 302–4

disbelief 134, 143, 197–9

dreams, interpreted by Joseph 148

drowning 181

punishment 318, 387, 395

rejects God’s word brought by Moses 232–4

rejects Moses 101–2, 217, 240

as reminder to disbelievers 407

tyranny condemned 420

Pharaoh, people: condemnation 416

disbelief as example to those who disbelieve currently 340, 343

punishment 351

Pharaoh, wife, belief 381

Pharaoh’s people: destruction 229

as disbelievers 101–3, 114, 134, 143

punishment 318

reject Moses 217, 240, 247–8

rejection of God’s word 233–4

summoned to repent by a believer 303–4

testing through the mission of Moses 322

treatment of the Children of Israel and death in the Red Sea 8

see also Pharaoh

Pharaoh, people

Pickthall, Muhammad Marmaduke, translation of the Qur’an xxvii-xxviii, xxxviii

pilgrimages: hunting for food 67

hunting forbidden but fishing allowed 77

minor pilgrimages (‘umra) 18, 18 n. b

ordinances governing 21–3

rite, as enacted by Abraham 209, 211

pledges 172, 177

observance 155,

as marks of belief 19

as received from God 67, 69–76

taken from the Jews by God 74–5

plenty, as a test 394

poets 232, 238

polygamy 50

polytheism x, xvii

advocation by parents condemned 252

among Hud’s people 140

condemnation 176, 204, 254, 256, 258, 259, 318, 320,

at the Final Judgement 129, 130–1

condemned by Luqman 261

denial 257–8, 274

denunciation 227, 228, 229, 230, 245, 249, 250, 251

forbidden 177, 178

Muhammad’s opposition to xi

rejection 239, 242–3, 284, 312, 327, 329

worthless nature 133

polytheists: beliefs refuted 92, 93

condemnation for denying God’s bounty 166–72

contrasted with believers 295–9

false beliefs refuted 80–9

not to tend mosques 117–18

prayers on behalf of hostile relatives condemned 126

relations within the event of persecution xxiii-xxiv

uncleanness 118

see also disbelievers

prayer direction (qibla) 14 n. a, 16–17, 18 n. c, 19

prayers 254–5

avoidance of impurity 55

cleansing before prayer 68

conduct during war 60–1

when in danger 27

formal prayer (salah) 5 n. a

as marks of belief 19

rewards in the Hereafter 23

praying for show, the result of denial of Judgement 439

predestination 203, 249–50, 252, 253, 264, 297

God decides between believers and disbelievers 259, 260

pride 177

privacy, respect for 225

privation, as a test 394 n. a

pronouns, use xxxii-xxxiii

property 50

disposal 50–1, 51–2, 53, 54

management for orphans 92

protection xxvi

restoration 56

right use of personal property 21

prophets xvii-xviii

God’s affirmation, after removing Satan’s insinuations from their messages 212–13

Children of Israel’s treatment of 11–12

continuity 311, 312

disbelievers in the prophets condemned 252, 253–4, 255 256

as encouragement to believers to be mindful of God 359, 361

examples used as support and encouragement for Muhammad 290, 291–2

followers and their reactions 232–7

grace 191, 193–4

as messengers 203, 205–7

as muslim xxiv

perseverance in spite of rejection 162–5

rejection 281–2

rejection by disbelievers 216–17, 219, 228–9

and their consequent destruction 239, 239–40, 241–2

rejection by the people of ‘Ad 327, 329

rejection as liars 277, 278

revelations to 65

role 56

role an encouragement to Muhammad 136, 138–44

sending by God 29

stories 287–8

wealth discounted as a measure of a prophet’s truth 316, 317–18

see also messengers

providence, God’s control 275, 361

punctuation xxxiv-xxxv

punishments: for adultery 71 n. b

eternal nature in the afterlife 200

for persecution of Muslims by the People of the Book 71

for theft 71

in this life and the Hereafter 387

Qarun: arrogance 254

condemnation 245, 250–1

qasr 403 n. c

qibla (prayer direction) 14 n. a, 16–17, 18 n. c, 19

Queen of Sheba 240–1

dialogue xx

Qur’an ix-x, xxxvii-xxxviii

acceptance 248–9

authenticity 128

belittling 232

as both joyful news and warning 239

canonization xvi n. 8

compilation xv-xvi

consistency as evidence of its origin 58

disbelievers mock 217

disbelievers’ rejections denounced 227, 230

divine origins xiv n. 3, 131, 162, 232, 237,

not poetry made by man 281, 284

ease of understanding 350, 351

effects upon believers 297

extent 190

final revelation xiii

first revelation on the Night of Glory 429

as a gift revealed from God 279

gives knowledge about the Hour of Judgement 319

as God’s word 399

as guidance 175, 176–82, 187, 201

interpretation xxi–xxvi

Koran xxvi

mercy 321

opponents warned of punishment 165

as reading 353 n. a

recitation 180

rejection by disbelievers 415

responses to determine fate at the Day of Judgement 137

revelation xi, xiv–xv, 170, 181–2, 183, 196, 200, 201, 203, 205, 210, 213, 255, 347, 357, 379

revelation questioned by disbelievers 229

role 145

structure xvi–xvii

stylistic features xix–xxi

themes xvii–xix

translations, conventions used xxix–xxxvi

in English xxvi–xxix

truth 94, 264, 307, 309, 324, 411,

affirmed by God 387, 388,

disbelievers’ rejection and their destruction 327–8, 329,

and nobility 290, 294

see also ayas

suras Quraysh (tribe), trading journeys 438

r-b-b 3 n. d

al-Raghib 76 n. a

rahim 3 n. b

rahman 3 n. a

rain, illustrative of the concept of resurrection 419 n. b

ra’ina 13, 55

Ramadan: obligations xix

observances 20–1

al-Raqim 183

al-Rass, people: destruction 229

disbelief as example to those who disbelieve currently 340

al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din xxxv, xxxvi

reading xiv, xiv n. 4, xv

rebellious, allowed to stray 370

reconciliation, commendation 61

refugees, Muslim refugees, to be rewarded by God 366

refugees from persecution, rewards 168, 173

relatives: prayers on behalf of hostile relatives condemned 126

treatment 172

see also children

fathers

mothers

parents

religion, unity 311, 312

religious divisions 311, 312

religious tolerance 29

at Yathrib xii

remarriage, see divorce

marriage repentance 52, 125, 295, 297, 299

disbelievers’ repentance, when faced by Hell 382

and entry to Paradise 194

essential that it take place before the Day of Judgement 302, 306, 321, 421

in the face of God’s punishment in this life 384–5

futility at the arrival of the Hour 332

God’s transformation of those who repent 230–1

and its rewards 249

urged on by the decline of the day 435

Resurrection xvii, xviii, 30, 168, 277, 302 n. a, 340, 433

affirmation 376

assurance 178

coming 417

creation as evidence of God’s ability to resurrect the dead 340, 341–2

denied by the Meccans 322

disbelievers’ denial questioned 264, 389, 390

disbelievers reject 216, 243

inevitability 215, 218–19, 307, 407

mistaken beliefs about 393

proof seen in the creative power of God 209

reality 281, 283, 427

truth, disbelievers’ rejection and their destruction 327–8, 329–30

winds as illustration 343

see also Day of Resurrection

retaliation xix

retribution 177

revelation 311, 314–15

rhetorical questions xxxii

righteous, commendation and entry into Paradise 167–8

Rightly Guided Caliphs xiii

rivers, in Paradise xxxii

Rodwell, J. M., translation of the Qur’an xxvii, xxxviii

Ross, Alexander, translation of the Qur’an xxvii, xxxvii

Sabbath, obligatory nature 174

Sabians 9 n. a, 74, 210

Sacred Months 77

observance 119

sacrifices, offering for, during pilgrimages 22

Safa 18

safe conduct xxiv

Safwan (companion of ‘A’isha), falsely suspected of adultery 220

sa’iba 78

sa’id 55 n. b

sajada 154 n. b

salah (formal prayer) 5 n. a

salam 356 n. a

Sale, George, translation of the Qur’an xxxviii

Salih: dialogue xx

as messenger 99–100, 159

rejection 236, 241–2, 351

role as prophet invoked as an encouragement to Muhammad 140–1

see also Thamud, people

Salsabil (spring in Paradise) 401

samad 444 n. a

al-Samiri (induced some of the Children of Israel to worship golden calf) 199, 200

sand dunes, place of destruction of the people of ‘Ad 327, 329

Satan 23, 85

as the ally of disbelievers 362, 363, 364

as an evil companion 54

arrogance linked with that of Meccan disbelievers 290

disobedience 7, 186

disowns men whom he has misled 367

duping of Medinan Jews into rejecting Muhammad 333

incites enmity and hatred through intoxicants and gambling 76

insinuation of evil into the messages of the prophets 212–13

invocation against 446

as a liar 277

as man’s enemy 178, 179, 228, 319

opinion of the people of Sheba 273–4

as patron of idolaters 170

personification of danger through temptation 162, 163

power 172

promises false 160

rebelliousness 193

refusal to be subservient to man 94–5, 293

stoning 23 n. b

supporters to be flung into Hell 235

as tempter 31, 56, 108, 175, 201, 283

of ‘Ad and Thamud 254,

of believers 19, 47,

of disbelievers in battle 113,

of the people of the Queen of Sheba 240

ungratefulness 176

weakness 57

worship condemned 62

Saul (Talut) (king) 28–9

sawm 192 n. a

Scriptures: comparison between good and evil words 160

confirmation by the Qur’an 34, 40

as gift to the Children of Israel 175, 265

given to Moses 310

given to Moses and Aaron 205

Jewish attitudes towards 72

Jewish scriptures, as containing the same message as the Qur’an 418

meaning as a whole known to God alone 34

non-Islamic scriptures xxiv

origins in God 92–3

reactions to 24

revelation after Abraham 39

revelation by Moses before the revelation of the Qur’an 328

treatment by disbelievers 48

see also Torah

self-defence xxi

allowable 314

permission xii, 212

permits the taking up of arms xxii–xxiii

permitted during pilgrimage 21–2, 24

to be kept in proportion 174

self-destruction 22 n. b

senses, testimony against disbelievers at the Day of Judgement 307, 308

‘sent down’ xv

sexual intercourse 25

during Ramadan 20–1

shafa’a 58 n. a

shahid (martyr) 44 n. b

Shaytan, see Satan

Sheba, people 272, 273–4

Shi‘is xiii

ships 354

given by God for man’s benefit 324

as signs of God’s providence 313

shirk (polytheism) xvii

short measure, cheating by giving short measure condemned 413–14

Shu’ayb, as messenger 100–1

rejection 236–7, 254

role as prophet invoked as an encouragement to Muhammad 142–3

shura (consultation) 311, 314

Sijjin 413

silm 23 n. c

sin, committing 61

Sirius (star worshipped by the Arabs) 347, 348

sisters: inheritances 66

property shares 51

skies: collapse, as evidence of judgement 346

creation, as evidence of God’s power 340

slaves 258

denied provisions by the disbelievers 170

marriage with 50 n. e, 53

respect for their owners’ privacy 225

treatment 223

Sleepers of the Cave 183–5

smoke, as reference to the Day of Judgement 321

Solomon 12

blessing 291–2

cited as encouragement to Muhammad 272, 273

dialogue xx

God’s guidance 86

prophetic status 206

and the Queen of Sheba 239, 240–1

sons, property shares 51

souls: corruption 423

creation 50

peace 421

purification 423

testing 33

spider 252, 254

spiritual and temporal rewards 249, 312–13, 313–14

successor (khalifa) 7 n. a

suicide 22 n. b

sujud 428 n. d

Summoner, activity at the Day of Judgement 350

sun: and moon, as evidence of God’s creative power 282

pagan worship x

rising and setting 353

see also moon

Sunnis xiii

suras ix, xvi-xvii

alphabetical introductions 4 n. a

contents xix

introductions xxxv

introductory formula 116

Meccan and Medinan suras xvii-xix

Meccan suras 80, 94, 128, 136, 145, 158, 162, 166, 183, 191, 196, 203, 215, 227, 232, 239, 245, 252, 257, 261, 264, 272, 277, 281, 285, 290, 295, 301, 307, 311, 316, 321, 324, 327, 340, 343, 345, 347, 350, 356, 382, 384, 387, 389, 391, 393, 395, 399, 403, 405, 407, 409, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443, 445, 446

Medinan suras 4, 34, 50, 67, 110, 116, 153, 209, 220, 266, 331, 334, 338, 353, 359, 362, 365, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, 395, 401, 442

punctuation xxxiv–xxxv

revelation, and the response of disbelievers 127