INTRODUCTION:

To Your Bone-Healthy Life

 

US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General, 2004.

PART ONE: BONE HEALTH BASICS

Building Perfect Bones: Timing Is Everything

 

Cooper, C., J.G. Eriksson, T. Forsén, et al. “Maternal Height, Childhood Growth, and Risk of Hip Fracture in Later Life: A Longitudinal Study.” Osteoporosis International 12 (2001): 623-29.

Davies, J.H., B.A.J. Evans, and J.W Gregory. “Bone Mass Acquisition in Healthy Children.” Archives of Disease in Childhood 90 (2005): 373-78.

Esterle, L., M. Nguyen, O. Walrant-Debray, et al. “Adverse Interaction of Low-Calcium Diet and Low 25(OH)D Levels on Lumbar Spine Mineralization in Late-Pubertal Girls.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2011): 2392-98.

Heaney, R.P., S. Abrams, B. Dawson-Hughes, et al. “Peak Bone Mass.” Osteoporosis International 11 (2000): 985-1009.

Hernandez, C.J., G.S. Beaupré, and D.R. Carter. “A Theoretical Analysis of the Relative Influences of Peak BMD, Age-Related Bone Loss, and Menopause on the Development of Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 14 (2003): 843-47.

Leunissen, R.W.J., T. Stijnen, A.C.S. Hokken-Koelega, et al. “Influence of Birth Size and Body Composition on Bone Mineral Density in Early Adulthood: The Program Study.” Clinical Endocrinology 69 (2008): 386-92.

MacKelvie, K.J., K.M. Khan, and H.A. McKay. “Is There a Critical Period for Bone Response to Weight-Bearing Exercise in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (2002): 250-57.

Pollock, N. K., P. J. Bernard, K. Wenger, et al. “Lower Bone Mass in Prepubertal Overweight Children with Prediabetes.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 2760-69.

Recker, R., J. Lappe, K. Davies, and R. Heaney. “Characterization of Perimenopausal Bone Loss: A Prospective Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 (2000): 1965-73.

Recker, R., J. Lappe, K.M. Davies, and R. Heaney. “Bone Remodeling Increases Substantially in the Years after Menopause and Remains Increased in Older Osteoporosis Patients.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 1628-33.

Sayers, A., and J.H. Tobias. “Estimated Maternal Ultraviolet B Exposure Levels in Pregnancy Influence Skeletal Development of the Child.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 765-71.

Viljakainen, H. T., M. Pekkinen, E. Saarnio, et al. “Dual Effect of Adipose Tissue on Bone Health During Growth.” Bone 48 (2011): 212-17.

Wang, Q., S. Cheng, and M. Alén. “Bone's Structural Diversity in Adult Females Is Established Before Puberty.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 1555-61.

Yarborough, D.E., E. Barrett-Connor, and D.J. Morton. “Birth Weight as a Predictor of Adult Bone Mass in Postmenopausal Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” Osteoporosis International 11 (2000): 626-30.

Zamora, S.A., D.C. Belli, R. Rizzoli, D.O. Slosman, and J.P. Bonjour. “Lower Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Former Preterm Girls.” Bone 29 (2001): 424-27.

Fracture Facts: One Tough Break Leads to Another

Barrett-Connor, E., C.M. Nielson, E. Orwoll, et al. for The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group. “Epidemiology of Rib Fractures in Older Men: Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Prospective Cohort Study.” British Medical Journal 340 (2010): c1069.

Barrett-Connor, E., S.G. Sajjan, E.S. Siris, et al. “Wrist Fracture as a Predictor of Future Fractures in Younger Versus Older Postmenopausal Women: Results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA).” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 607-13.

Bliuc, D., N.D. Nguyen, V.E. Milch, et al. “Mortality Risk Associated with Low-Trauma Osteoporotic Fracture and Subsequent Fracture in Men and Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 513-21.

Brauer, C.A., M. Coca-Perraillon, D.M. Cutler, and A.B. Rosen. “Incidence and Mortality of Hip Fractures in the United States.” Journal of the American Medical Association 302 (2009): 1573-79.

Brenneman, S.K., E. Barrett-Connor, S. Sajjan, et al. “Impact of Recent Fracture on Health-Related Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (2006): 809-16.

Burge, R., B. Dawson-Hughes, D.H. Solomon, et al. “Incidence and Economic Burden of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures in the United States, 2005-2025.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 (2007): 465-75.

Center, J.R., D. Bliuc, T.V Nguyen, and J.A. Eisman. “Risk of Subsequent Fracture after Low-Trauma Fracture in Men and Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (2007): 387-94.

Center, J.R., T.V. Nguyen, D. Schneider, et al. “Mortality after All Major Types of Osteoporotic Fracture in Men and Women: An Observational Study.” Lancet 353 (1999): 878-82.

Edwards, B.J., J. Song, D.D. Dunlop, et al. “Functional Decline after Incident Wrist Fractures—Study of Osteoporotic Fractures: Prospective Cohort Study.” British Medical Journal 341 (2010): c3324.

Haentjens, P., J. Magaziner, C. S. Colón-Emeric, et al. “Meta-Analysis: Excess Mortality after Hip Fracture among Older Women and Men.” Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (2010): 380-90.

Ioannidis, G., A. Papaioannou, W.M. Hopman, et al. “Relation between Fractures and Mortality: Results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 181 (2009): 265-71.

Kirmani, S., D. Christen, P. Fischer, et al. “Bone Structure at the Distal Radius during Adolescent Growth.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1033-42.

Mackey, D.C., L.Y. Lui, P.M. Cawthon, et al. “High-Trauma Fractures and Low Bone Mineral Density in Older Women and Men.” Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (2007): 2381-88.

Melton, L.J., A.W. Lane, C. Cooper, et al. “Prevalence and Incidence of Vertebral Deformities.” Osteoporosis International 3 (1993): 113-19.

Pasco, J.A., E. Seeman, M.J. Henry, et al. “The Population Burden of Fractures Originates in Women with Osteopenia, Not Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 1404-09.

Siris, E.S., S. Gehlbach, J.D. Adachi, et al. “Failure to Perceive Increased Risk of Fracture in Women 55 Years and Older: The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW).” Osteoporosis International 22 (2011): 27-35.

Wainwright, S.A., L.M. Marshall, K.E. Ensrud, et al. “Hip Fracture in Women without Osteoporosis.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 2787-93.

Challenges and Choices: What You Can and Cannot Change

Bakhireva, L.N., E. Barrett-Connor, D. Kritz-Silverstein, and D.J. Morton. “Modifiable Predictors of Bone Loss in Older Men: A Prospective Study.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 26 (2004): 436-42.

Beck, T.J., M.A. Petit, G. Wu, et al. “Does Obesity Really Make the Femur Stronger? BMD, Geometry, and Fracture Incidence in the Women's Health Initiative-Observational Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1369-79.

Burger, H., C. de Laet, P. Van Daele, et al. “Risk Factors for Increased Bone Loss in an Elderly Population.” American Journal of Epidemiology 147 (1998): 871-79.

Cummings, S.R., M.C. Nevitt, W.S. Browner, et al. “Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White Women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.” New England Journal of Medicine 332 (1995): 767-73.

Holbrook, T.L., and E. Barrett-Connor. “A Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Bone Mineral Density.” British Medical Journal 306 (1993): 1506-09.

Kanis, J.A., H. Johansson, A. Oden, et al. “A Family History of Fracture and Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis.” Bone 35 (2004): 1029-37.

Kanis, J.A., H. Johansson, O. Johnell, et al. “Alcohol Intake as a Risk Factor for Fracture.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 737-42.

Kanis, J.A., O. Johnell, A. Oden, et al. “Smoking and Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 155-62.

Kanis, J.A., O. Johnell, C. De Laet, et al. “A Meta-Analysis of Previous Fracture and Subsequent Fracture Risk.” Bone 35 (2004): 375-82.

Laet, C.D., J.A. Kanis, H. Johanson, et al. “Body Mass Index as a Predictor of Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 1330-38.

Lewis, C.E., S.K. Ewing, B.C. Taylor, et al. “Predictors of Non-Spine Fracture in Elderly Men: The MrOS Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 (2007): 211-19.

Looker, A.C., H.W. Wahner, W.L. Dunn, et al. “Updated Data on Proximal Femur Bone Mineral Levels of US Adults.” Osteoporosis International 8 (1998): 468-89.

Morton, D.J., E. Barrett-Connor, D. Kritz-Silverstein, D.L. Wingard, and D.L. Schneider. “Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Caucasian, Filipina, and Hispanic Women.” International Journal of Epidemiology 32 (2003): 150-56.

Oncken, C., K. Prestwood, A. Kleppinger, et al. “Impact of Smoking Cessation on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Women's Health 15 (2006): 1141-50.

Richards, J.B., F.K. Kavvoura, F. Rivadeneira, et al. “Collaborative Meta-Analysis: Associations of 150 Candidate Genes with Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture.” Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (2009): 528-37.

Siris, E.S., S.K. Brenneman, E. Barrett-Connor, et al. “The Effect of Age and Bone Mineral Density on the Absolute, Excess, and Relative Risk of Fracture in Postmenopausal Women Aged 50-99: Results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA).” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 565-74.

The Bone Cycle: Cruise Control and Overdrive

Boyle, W.J., W.S. Simone, and D.L. Lacey. “Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation.” Nature 423 (2003): 337-42.

Eghbali-Fatourechi, G., S. Khosla, A. Sanyal, et al. “Role of RANK Ligand in Mediating; Increased Bone Resorption in Early Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 111 (2003): 1221-30.

Lee, T.C., A. Staines, and D. Taylor. “Bone Adaptation to Load: Microdamage as a Stimulus for Bone Remodeling.” Journal of Anatomy 201 (2002): 437-46.

Matsuo, K., and N. Irie. “Osteoclast-Osteoblast Communication.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 473 (2008): 201-209.

Theoleyre, S., Y. Wittrant, S.K. Kwan Tat, et al. “The Molecular Triad OPG/RANK/ RANKL: Involvement in the Orchestration of Pathophysiological Bone Remodeling.” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 15 (2004): 457-75.

Väänänen, H.K., and T. Laitala-Leinonen. “Osteoclast Lineage and Function.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 473 (2008): 132-38.

Yadav, V.K., J.H. Ryu, N. Suda, et al. “Lrp5 Controls Bone Formation by Inhibiting Serotonin Synthesis in the Duodenum.” Cell 135 (2008): 825-37.

PART TWO: ASSESSMENT OF BONE HEALTH

General Evaluation: Visiting with Your Doctor

Dawson-Hughes, B., A.N.A. Tosteson, L.J. Melton, et al. “Implications of Absolute Fracture Risk Assessment for Osteoporosis Practice Guidelines in the USA.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 449-58.

Nguyen, T., P. Sambrook, P. Kelly, et al. “Prediction of Osteoporotic Fractures by Postural Instability and Bone Density.” British Medical Journal 307 (1993): 1111-15.

Nicholson, P.H.F., M.J. Haddaway, M.W.J. Davie, and S.F. Evans. “Vertebral Deformity, Bone Mineral Density, Back Pain, and Height Loss in Unscreened Women over 50 Years.” Osteoporosis International 3 (1993): 300-307.

US Preventive Services Task Force. “Screening for Osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.” Annals of Internal Medicine 154 (2011): 356-364.

Bone Density Scan: DXA 101

Baim S., M.B. Leonard, M.L. Bianchi, et al. “Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Executive Summary of the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Position Development Conference.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry 11 (2008): 6-21.

Baim, S., N. Binkley, J.P. Bilezikian, et al. “Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Executive Summary of the 2007 ISCD Position Development Conference.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry 11 (2008): 75-91.

Blake, G.M., and I. Fogelman. “The Clinical Role of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.” European Journal of Radiology 71 (2009): 406-14.

Dawson-Hughes, B., A.C. Looker, A.N.A. Tosteson, et al. “The Potential Impact of New National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidance on Treatment Patterns.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 41-52.

Johnell, O., J.A. Kanis, A. Oden, et al. “Predictive Value of BMD for Hip and Other Fractures.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2005): 1185-94.

Kanis, J.A., A. Oden, O. Johnell, et al. “The Use of Clinical Risk Factors Enhances the Performance of BMD in the Prediction of Hip and Osteoporotic Fractures in Men and Women.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 1033-46.

National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2008.

Pasco, J.A., E. Seeman, M.J. Henry, et al. “The Population Burden of Fractures Originates in Women with Osteopenia, Not Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 1404-09.

Schneider, D.L., R. Bettencourt, and E. Barrett-Connor. “Clinical Utility of Spine Bone Density in Elderly Women.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry 9 (2006): 255-60.

Siris, E.S., P.D. Miller, E. Barrett-Connor, et al. “Identification and Fracture Outcomes of Undiagnosed Low Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment.” Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (2001): 2815-22.

Tosteson, A.N.A., L.J. Melton, B. Dawson-Hughes, et al. “Cost-Effective Osteoporosis Treatment Thresholds: The United States Perspective.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 437-47.

US Preventive Services Task Force. “Screening for Osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.” Annals of Internal Medicine 154 (2011): 356-64.

Watts, N.B., E.S. Siris, S.R. Cummings, and D.C. Bauer. “Filtering FRAX.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 537-41.

Other Measurements: The Alphabet Soup of Imaging

Bauer, J.S., and T.M. Link. “Advances in Osteoporosis Imaging.” European Journal of Radiology 71 (2009): 440-49.

Boutroy, S., B. Van Rietbergen, E. Sornay-Rendu, et al. “Finite Element Analysis Based on In Vivo HR-PQCT Images of the Distal Radius Is Associated with Wrist Fracture in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 392-99.

Cohen, A., D.W. Dempster, R. Muller, et al. “Assessment of Trabecular and Cortical Architecture and Mechanical Competence of Bone by High-Resolution Peripheral Computed Tomography: Comparison with Transiliac Bone Biopsy.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 263-73.

Genant, H.K., K. Engelke, and S. Prevrhal. “Advanced CT Bone Imaging in Osteoporosis.” Rheumatology (Oxford) 47, supplement 4 (2008): iv9-iv16.

Kazakia, G.J., B. Hyun, A.J. Burghardt, et al. “In Vivo Determination of Bone Structure in Postmenopausal Women: A Comparison of HR-PQCT and High-Field MR Imaging.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 463-74.

Nayak, S., I. Olkin, H. Liu, et al. “Meta-Analysis: Accuracy of Quantitative Ultrasound for Identifying Patients with Osteoporosis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 144 (2006): 832-41.

Orwoll, E. S., L. M. Marshall, C. M. Nielson, et al. “Finite Element Analysis of the Proximal Femur and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Men.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 475-83.

Stein, E. M., X. S. Liu, T. L. Nickolas, et al. “Abnormal Microarchitecture and Reduced Stiffness at the Radius and Tibia in Postmenopausal Women with Fractures.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 2572-81.

Bone Turnover Markers: Dynamic Assessment

Delmas, P.D., R. Eastell, P. Garnero, et al. “The Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover on Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 6 (2000): S2-S17.

Garnero, P., E. Sornay-Rendu, M.C. Chapuy, and P.D. Delmas. “Increased Bone Turnover in Late Postmenopausal Women Is a Major Determinant of Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11 (1996): 337-49.

Garnero, P., P. Vergnaud, and N. Hoyle. “Evaluation of a Fully Automated Serum Assay for Total N-Terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Clinical Chemistry 54 (2008): 188-96.

Gerdhem, P., K.K. Ivaska, S.L. Alatalo, et al. “Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism and Prediction of Fracture in Elderly Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 386-93.

Johnell, O., A. Odén, C. De Laet, et al. “Biochemical Indices of Bone Turnover and the Assessment of Fracture Probability.” Osteoporosis International 13 (2002): 523-26.

Lenora, J., K.K. Ivaska, K.J. Obrant, and P. Gerdhem. “Prediction of Bone Loss Using Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 1297-305.

Melton, L.J., C.S. Crowson, W.M. O'Fallon, et al. “Relative Contributions of Bone Density, Bone Turnover, and Clinical Risk Factors to Long-Term Fracture Prediction.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 (2003): 312-18.

Monitoring with Follow-Up DXAs: NOT One and Done

Clowes, J.A., N.F.A. Peel, and R. Eastell. “The Impact of Monitoring on Adherence and Persistence with Antiresorptive Treatment for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial Part Three: General Measures for Bone Health.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (2004): 1117-23.

Hayen, A., J. Craig, D.C. Bauer, et al. “Value of Routine Monitoring of Bone Mineral Density after Starting Bisphosphonate Treatment: Secondary Analysis of Trial Data.” British Medical Journal 338 (2009): b2266.

Lewiecki, E.M., and N.B. Watts. “Assessing Response to Osteoporosis Therapy.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 1363-68.

PART THREE: GENERAL MEASURES FOR
BONE HEALTH

Exercise: On Your Mark, Get Set, GO!

Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., S.A. Kontulainen, R.A. Faulkner, and D.A. Bailey. “A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship of Physical Activity to Bone Mineral Accrual from Adolescence to Young Adulthood.” Bone 43 (2008): 1101-07.

Bouxsein, M.L., E.R. Myers, and W.C. Hayes. “Biomechanics of Age-Related Fractures.” In Osteoporosis, edited by R. Marcus, D. Feldman, and J. Kelsey, 373-93. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.

Bouxsein, M.L., J. Melton, III, B.L. Riggs, et al. “Age- and Sex-Specific Differences in the Factor of Risk for Vertebral Fracture: A Population-Based Study Using QCT.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (2006): 1475-82.

Daly, R.M., L. Saxon, C.H. Turner, et al. “The Relationship Between Muscle Size and Bone Geometry during Growth and in Response to Exercise.” Bone 34 (2004): 281-87.

Engelke, K., W. Kemmler, D. Lauber, et al. “Exercise Maintains Bone Density at Spine and Hip EFOPS: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study in Early Postmenopausal Women.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 133-42.

Feskanich, D., W. Willett, and G. Colditz. “Walking and Leisure Time Activity and Risk of Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 2300-2306.

Going, S., T. Lohman, L. Houtkooper, et al. “Effects of Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Calcium-Replete Postmenopausal Women with and without Hormone Replacement Therapy.” Osteoporosis International 8 (2003): 637-44.

Haudenschild, A.K., A.H. Hsieh, S. Kapila, and J.C. Lotz. “Pressure and Distortion Regulate Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Gene Expression.” Annals Biomedical Engineering 37 (2009): 492-502.

Iuliano-Burns, S., L. Saxon, G. Naughton, et al. “Regional Specificity of Exercise and Calcium during Skeletal Growth in Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 (2003): 156-62.

Kontulainen, S., H. Sievänen, P. Kannus, et al. “Effect of Long-Term Impact-Loading on Mass, Size, and Estimated Strength of Humerus and Radius of Female Racquet-Sports Players: A Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Study Between Young and Old Starters and Controls.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 (2002): 2281-89.

Ma, H., T. Leskinen, M. Alen, et al. “Long-Term Leisure Time Physical Activity and Properties of Bone: A Twin Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1427-33.

Nader, P.R., R.H. Bradley, R.M. Houts, et al. “Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity from Ages 9 to 15 Years.” Journal of the American Medical Association 300 (2008): 295-305.

Papaioannou, A., J.D. Adachi, K. Winegard, et al. “Efficacy of Home-Based Exercise for Improving Quality of Life among Elderly Women with Symptomatic Osteoporosis-Related Vertebral Fracture.” Osteoporosis International 14 (2003): 677-82.

Scott, D., L. Blizzard, J. Fell, and G. Jones. “Ambulatory Activity, Body Composition, and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength in Older Adults.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (2009): 383-89.

Sen, B., Z. Xie, N. Case, et al. “Mechanical Strain Inhibits Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Stimulating a Durable Beta-Catenin Signal.” Endocrinology 149 (2008): 6065-75.

Sinaki, M., J.C. Canvin, B.E. Phillip, et al. “Site Specificity of Regular Health Club Exercise on Muscle Strength, Fitness, and Bone Density in Women Aged 29 to 45 Years.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 79 (2004): 639-44.

Warden, S.J., R.K. Fuchs, A.B. Castillo, et al. “Exercise When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Bone Structure and Strength.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 (2007): 251-59.

Weeks, B.K., C.M. Young, and B.R. Beck. “Eight Months of Regular In-School Jumping Improves Indices of Bone Strength in Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Power PE Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1002-11.

Fall Prevention: Fall-Proof Yourself and Your Home

Delbaere, K., J.C.T. Close, H. Brodaty, et al. “Determinants of Disparities between Perceived and Physiological Risk of Falling among Elderly People: Cohort Study.” British Medical Journal 341 (2010): c4165.

Faulkner, K., J. Cauley, S. Studenski, et al. “Lifestyle Predicts Falls Independent of Physical Risk Factors.” Osteoporosis International 20 (2009): 2025-34.

Formiga, F., M. Navarro, E. Duaso, et al. “Factors Associated with Hip-Fracture Related Falls among Patients with a History of Recurrent Falling.” Bone 43 (2008): 941-44.

Groen, B.E., E. Smulders, J. Duysens, et al. “Martial Arts Fall Training to Prevent Hip Fractures in the Elderly.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 215-21.

Kalyani, R.R., B. Stein, R. Valiyil, et al. “Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58 (2010): 1299-1310.

Luukinen, H., M. Herala, K. Koski, et al. “Fracture Risk Associated with a Fall according to Type of Fall among the Elderly.” Osteoporosis International 1 (2000): 361-64.

Mulle, M., D.L. Knol, S.A. Danner, et al. “Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Falls in Older People at High Risk of Recurrent Falls.” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (2010): 1110-17.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control. “Unintentional Fall Nonfatal Injuries and Rates per 100,000, 2008.” Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/.

Peeters, G., N.M. Schoor, and P. Lips. “Fall Risk: The Clinical Relevance of Falls and How to Integrate Fall Risk with Fracture Risk.” Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology 3 (2009): 797-804.

Schwartz, A.V., M.C. Nevitt, B.W. Brown, et al. “Increased Falling as a Risk Factor among Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.” American Journal of Epidemiology 161 (2005): 180-85.

Sherrington, C., J.C. Whitney, S.R. Lord, et al. “Effective Exercise for the Prevention of Falls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 56 (2008): 2234-43.

Nutrition: Take a Bite out of Your Fracture Risk

Binkley, N.C., J. Harke, D. Krueger, et al. “Vitamin K Treatment Reduces Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin but Does Not Alter Bone Turnover, Density, or Geometry in Healthy Postmenopausal North American Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 983-91.

Booth, S.L., G. Dallal, M.K. Shea, et al. “Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93 (2008): 1217-23.

Cabrera, C., R. Artacho, and R. Giménez. “Beneficial Effects of Green Tea—A Review.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25 (2006): 79-99.

Dargent-Molina, P., S. Sabia, M. Touvier, et al. “Proteins, Dietary Acid Load, and Calcium and Risk of Postmenopausal Fractures in the E3N French Women Prospective Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1915-22.

Darling, A.L., D.J. Millward, D.J. Torgerson, et al. “Dietary Protein and Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 1674-92.

Devine, A., J.M. Hodgson, I.M. Dick, and R.L. Prince. “Tea Drinking Is Associated with Benefits on Bone Density in Older Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (2007): 1243-47.

Fenton, T.R., A.W. Lyon, M. Eliasziw, S.C. Tough, and D.A. Hanley. “Meta-Analysis of the Effect of the Acid-Ash Hypothesis of Osteoporosis on Calcium Balance.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1835-40.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate. Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Hegarty, V.M., H.M. May, and K.T. Khaw. “Tea Drinking and Bone Mineral Density in Older Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000): 1003-1007.

Jensen, C., L. Holloway, G. Black. “Long-Term Effects of Nutrient Intervention or Markers of Bone Remodeling and Calciotropic Hormones in Late-Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (2002): 1114-20

Lim, L.S., L.J. Harnack, D. Lazovich, et al. “Vitamin A Intake and the Risk of Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study.” Osteoporosis International 15 (2004): 552-59.

McLean, R.R., P.F. Jacques, J. Selhub, et al. “Homocysteine as a Predictive Factor for Hip Fracture in Older Persons.” New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 2042-49.

Melhus, H., K. Michaelsson, A. Kindmark, et al. “Excessive Dietary Intake of Vitamin A Is Associated with Reduced Bone Mineral Density and Increased Risk for Hip Fracture.” Annals of Internal Medicine 129 (1998): 770-78.

Michaelsson, K., H. Lithell, B. Vessby, and H. Melhus. “Serum Retinol Levels and the Risk of Fracture.” New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 287-94.

Misra, D., S.D. Berry, K.E. Broe, et al. “Does Dietary Protein Reduce Hip Fracture Risk in Elders? The Framingham Osteoporosis Study.” Osteoporosis International 22 (2011): 345-49.

Morton, D., E. Barrett-Connor, and D.L. Schneider. “Vitamin C Supplement Use and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16 (2001): 135-40.

Promislow, J.H., D. Goodman-Gruen, D.J. Slymen, and E. Barrett-Connor. “Protein Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly.” American Journal of Epidemiology 155 (2002): 636-44.

Promislow, J.H., D. Goodman-Gruen, D.J. Slymen, and E. Barrett-Connor. “Retinol Intake and Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 (2002): 1311-20.

Rude, R.K., F.R. Singer, and H.E. Gruber. “Skeletal and Hormonal Effects of Magnesium Deficiency.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28 (2009): 131-41.

Sahni, S., L. A. Cupples, R. R. McLean, et al. “Protective Effect of High Protein and Calcium Intake on the Risk of Hip Fracture in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 2770-76.

Sahni, S., M.T. Hannan, D. Gagnon, et al. “Protective Effect of Total and Supplemental Vitamin C Intake on the Risk of Hip Fracture—A 17-Year Follow-Up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.” Osteoporosis International 20 (2009): 1853-61.

Tucker, K.L., D.P. Kiel, J.J. Powell, et al. “Dietary Silicon and Bone Mineral Density: The Framingham Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2001): 276-81.

US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. “USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 Nutrient Lists” (2010). Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.

Van Meurs, J.B., R.A. Dhonukshe-Rutten, S.M. Pluijm, et al. “Homocysteine Levels and the Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture.” New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 2033-41.

Von Muhlen, D., S. Safii, S.K. Jassal, et al. “Associations between the Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Health in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 1337-44.

Weaver, C.M., W.R. Proulx, and R. Heaney. “Choices for Achieving Adequate Dietary Calcium with a Vegetarian Diet.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (1999): 543S-548S.

Weiss, L.A., E. Barrett-Connor, and D. von Muhlen. “Ratio of N-6 to N-3 Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (2005): 934-38.

Wu, C.H., Y.C. Yang, W.J. Yao, et al. “Epidemiological Evidence of Increased Bone Mineral Density in Habitual Tea Drinkers.” Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (2002): 1001-1006.

Calcium: It Is Essential

Bailey, R.L., K.W. Dodd, and J.A. Goldman. “Estimation of Total Usual Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes in the United States.” Journal of Nutrition 140 (2010): 817-22.

Barrett-Connor, E., J.C. Chang, and S.L. Edelstein. “Coffee-Associated Osteoporosis Offset by Daily Milk Consumption. The Rancho Bernardo Study.” Journal of the American Medical Association 271 (1994): 280-83.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., B. Dawson-Hughes, J.A. Baron, et al. “Milk Intake and Risk of Hip Fracture in Men and Women: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 833-39.

Black, R.E., S.M. Williams, I.E. Jones, and A. Goulding. “Children Who Avoid Drinking Cow Milk Have Low Dietary Calcium Intakes and Poor Bone Health.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (2002): 675-80.

Bolland, M.J., A. Avenell, J.A. Baron, et al. “Effect of Calcium Supplements on Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Events: Meta-Analysis.” British Medical Journal 341 (2010): c3691.

Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010.

French, S.A., B.H. Lin, and J.F. Guthrie. “National Trends in Soft Drink Consumption among Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years: Prevalence, Amounts and Sources, 1977/78 Through 1994/98.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 (2003): 1326-31.

Gonnelli, S., M.S. Campagna, A. Montagnani, et al. “Calcium Bioavailability from a New Calcium-Fortified Orange Beverage, Compared with Milk in Healthy Volunteers.” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 77 (2007): 249-54.

Greendale, G.A., E. Barrett-Connor, S.L. Edelstein, S. Ingles, and R. Haile. “Dietary Sodium and Bone Mineral Density: Results of a 16-Year Follow-Up Study.” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 42 (1994): 1050-55.

Heaney, R.P., M.S. Dowell, J. Bierman, et al. “Absorbability and Cost Effectiveness in Calcium Supplementation.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20 (2001): 239-46.

Huncharek, M., J. Muscat, and B. Kupelnick. “Impact of Dairy Products and Dietary Calcium on Bone-Mineral Content in Children: Results of a Meta-Analysis.” Bone 43 (2008): 312-21.

Lanou, A.J., S.E. Berkow, and N.D. Barnard. “Calcium, Dairy Products, and Bone Health in Children and Young Adults: A Reevaluation of the Evidence.” Pediatrics 115 (2005): 736-43.

Lewis J.R., J. Calver, K. Zhu, et al. “Calcium Supplementation and the Risks of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Older Women: Results of a 5-Year RCT and a 4.5-Year Follow-Up.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 35-41.

Rafferty, K., R.P. Heaney, M.S. Dowell, et al. “Bioavailability of the Calcium in Fortified Soy Imitation Milk, with Some Observations on Method.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000): 1166-69.

Soroko, S., T.L. Holbrook, S.L. Edelstein, and E. Barrett-Connor. “Lifetime Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Older Women.” American Journal of Public Health 84 (1994): 1319-22.

US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, December 2010.

Vanselow, M.S., M.A. Pereira, D. Neumark-Sztainer, and S.K. Raatz. “Adolescent Beverage Habits and Changes in Weight over Time: Findings from Project EAT.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 1489-95.

Weaver, C.M., W.R. Proulx, and R. Heaney. “Choices for Achieving Adequate Dietary Calcium with a Vegetarian Diet.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (1999): 543S-548S.

Weaver, C.M., E. Janle, B. Martin, et al. “Dairy Versus Calcium Carbonate in Promoting Peak Bone Mass and Bone Maintenance during Subsequent Calcium Deficiency.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1411-19.

Whiting, S.J., A. Healey, S. Psiuka, and R. Mirwald. “Relationship between Carbonated and Other Low Nutrient Dense Beverages and Bone Mineral Content of Adolescents.” Nutrition Research 21 (2001): 1107-1115

Winzenberg, T., K. Shaw, J. Fryer, and G. Jones. “Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Bone Density in Healthy Children: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” British Medical Journal 333 (2006): 775.

Vitamin D: Are You Getting Enough of the Sunshine Vitamin?

Binkley, N., D. Gemar, J. Engelke, et al. “Evaluation of Ergocalciferol or Cholecalciferol Dosing, 1,600 IU Daily or 50,000 IU Monthly in Older Adults.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (2011): 981-88.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. “Optimal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels for Multiple Health Outcomes.” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 624 (2008): 55-71.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., B. Dawson-Hughes, W. C. Willett, et al. “Effect of Vitamin D on Falls: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (2004): 1999-2006.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., T. Dietrich, E.J. Orav, and B. Dawson-Hughes. “Positive Association between 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Bone Mineral Density: A Population-Based Study of Younger and Older Adults.” American Journal of Medicine 116 (2004): 634-39.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., E. Giovannucci, W.C. Willett, et al. “Estimation of Optimal Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D for Multiple Health Outcomes.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (2006): 18-28.

Bisehoff-Ferrari, H.A., A. Shao, B. Dawson-Hughes, et al. “Benefit-Risk Assessment of Vitamin D Supplementation.” Osteoperosis International 21 (2010): 1121-32

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., W.C. Willett, J.B. Wong, et al. “Fracture Prevention with Vitamin D Supplementation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005): 2257-64.

Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010.

Dawson-Hughes, B., A. Mithal, J.P. Bonjour, et al. “IOF Position Statement: Vitamin D Recommendations for Older Adults.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 1151-54.

Dawson-Hughes, B., and H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari. “Therapy of Osteoporosis with Calcium and Vitamin D.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 65 (2007): 501-506.

DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. “Patient Level Pooled Analysis of 68,500 Patients from Seven Major Vitamin D Fracture Trials in US and Europe.” British Medical Journal 340 (2010): b5463.

Garland, C., and F. Garland. “Do Sunlight and Vitamin D Reduce the Likelihood of Colon Cancer?” International Journal of Epidemiology 9 (1980): 227-31.

Ginde, A.A., M.C. Liu, and C.A Camargo Jr. “Demographic Differences and Trends in Vitamin D Insufficiency in the US Population, 1988-2004.” Archives of Internal Medicine 169 (2009): 626-32.

Heaney, R. P., and M. F. Holick. “Why the IOM Recommendations for Vitamin D Are Deficient.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 455-57.

Holick, M.F. “High Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy and Implications for Health.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 (2006): 353-73.

Holick, M.F. “Vitamin D Deficiency.” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 266-81.

Holick, M.F., E.S. Siris, N. Binkley, et al. “Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy among Postmenopausal North American Women Receiving Osteoporosis Therapy.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 3215-24.

Kimball, S., G.E. Fuleihan, R. Vieth, et al. “Vitamin D: A Growing Perspective.” Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 45 (2008): 339-414.

Kuchuk, N.O., S.M.F. Pluijm, N.M. van Schoor, et al. “Relationships of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to Bone Mineral Density and Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Markers of Bone Turnover in Older Persons.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 1244-50.

Kumar, J., P. Muntner, F. Kaskel, et al. “Prevalence and Associations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency in US Children: NHANES 2001-2004.” Pediatrics 124 (2009): e362-70.

Levis, S., A. Gomez, C. Jimenez, et al. “Vitamin D Deficiency and Seasonal Variation in an Adult South Florida Population.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 1557-62.

Mansbach, J.M., A.A. Ginde, C.A. Camargo Jr. “Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels among US Children Aged 1 to 11 Years: Do Children Need More Vitamin D?” Pediatrics 124 (2009): 1404-10.

Molgaard, C., K.F. Michaelsen. “Vitamin D and Bone Health in Early Life.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2003): 823-28.

Moore, C.E., M.M. Murphy, M.F. Holick. “Vitamin D Intakes by Children and Adults in the United States Differ among Ethnic Groups.” Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005): 2478-85.

Orwoll, E., C.M. Nielson, L.M. Marshall, et al. “Vitamin D Deficiency in Older Men.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 1214-22.

Pasco, J.A., M.J. Henry, M.A Kotowicz, et al. “Seasonal Periodicity of Serum Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone, Bone Resorption, and Fractures: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 752-58.

Reid, I. R., and A. Avenell. “Evidence-Based Policy on Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 452-54.

Reinehr, T., G. de Sousa, U. Alexy, et al. “Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Hormone in Obese Children before and after Weight Loss.” European Journal of Endocrinology 157 (2007): 225-32.

Rosen, C.J., C.R. Kessenich, D. Vereault, D. Schneider, M.F. Holick, and T. Chen. “Mechanisms of Seasonal Bone Loss in Elderly Postmenopausal Women.” In Biologic Effects of Light 1995, edited by M.F. Holick and T. Chen, 56-63. New York: Walter de Gruyer, 1996.

Souberbielle, J.C., J.J. Body, J.M. Lappe, et al. “Vitamin D and Musculoskeletal Health, Cardiovascular Disease, “Autoimmunity and Cancer: Recommendations for Clinical Practice.” Autoimmunity Reviews 9 (2010): 709-15.

Tylavsky, F.A., K.A. Ryder, S. Cheng, et al. “Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Bone Mass in Adolescents.” Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005): 2735S-38S.

Ward, K.A., G. Das, J.L. Berry, et al. “Vitamin D Status and Muscle Function in Post-Menarchal Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 559-63.

Wicherts, I.S., N.M. van Schoor, A.J. Boeke, et al. “Vitamin D Status Predicts Physical Performance and Its Decline in Older Persons.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (2007): 2058-65.

PART FOUR: THERAPIES FOR PREVENTION
AND TREATMEMT OF
OSTEOPOROSIS

FDA-Approved Medicines: Introduction

Dawson-Hughes, B., A.C. Looker, A.N.A. Tosteson, et al. “The Potential Impact of New National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidance on Treatment Patterns.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 41-52.

Seeman, E., J. Compston, J. Adachi, et al. “Non-Compliance: The Achilles' Heel of Anti-Fracture Efficacy.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 711-19.

Silverman, S. L., and D. T. Gold. “Healthy Users, Healthy Adherers, and Healthy Behaviors?” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 681-82.

Fosamax (and Generic Alendronate): The First Kid on the Block

Black, D.M., A.V. Schwartz, K.E. Ensrud, et al. “Effects of Continuing or Stopping Alendronate after 5 Years of Treatment: The Fracture Intervention Trial Long-Term Extension (FLEX): A Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (2006): 2927-38.

Black, D.M., S.R. Cummings, D.B. Karpf, et al. “Randomized Trial of Effect of Alendronate on Risk of Fracture in Women with Existing Vertebral Fractures.” Lancet 348 (1996): 1535-41.

Bone, H.G., D. Hosking, J.P. Devogelaer, et al. “Ten Years Experience with Alendronate for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.” New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 1189-99.

Cummings, S.R., D.M. Black, D.E. Thompson, et al. “For the Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group: Effects of Alendronate on Risk of Fracture in Women with Low Bone Density but without Vertebral Fractures.” Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1998): 2077-82.

Liberman, U.A., S.R. Weiss, J. Broll, et al. “Effect of Oral Alendronate on Bone Mineral Density and the Incidence of Fractures in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 333 (1995): 1437-43.

Ringe, J.D., A. Dorst, H. Faber, et al. “Alendronate Treatment of Established Primary Osteoporosis in Men: 3-Year Results of a Prospective, Comparative, Two-Arm Study.” Rheumatology International 24 (2004): 110-13.

Rodan, G., A. Reszka, E. Golub, and R. Rizzoli. “Bone Safety of Long-Term Bisphos phonate Treatment.” Current Medical Research and Opinion 20 (2004): 1291-1300.

Schnitzer, T., H.G. Bone, S. Crepaldi, et al. “Therapeutic Equivalence of Alendronate 70 mg Once Weekly and Alendronate 10 mg in the Treatment of Osteoporosis.” Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 12 (2000): 1-12.

Schwartz, A.V., D.C. Bauer, S.R. Cummings, et al. “Efficacy of Continued Alendronate for Fractures in Women with and without Prevalent Vertebral Fracture: The FLEX Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 976-82.

Seeman, E. “To Stop or Not to Stop, That Is the Question.” Osteoporosis International 20 (2009): 187-95.

Wysowski, D.K., and J.T. Chang. “Alendronate and Risedronate: Reports of Severe Bone, Joint, and Muscle Pain.” Archives of Internal Medicine 165 (2005): 346-47.

Actonel [Risedronate]: Me, Too?

Brown, J.P., D.L. Kendler, M.R. McClung, et al. “The Efficacy and Tolerability of Risedronate Once a Week For the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Calcified Tissue International 71 (2002): 103-111.

Delmas, P., M.R. McClung, J.R. Zanchetta, et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Risedronate 150 mg Once a Month in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Bone 42 (2008): 36-42.

Harris, S.T., N.B. Watts, H.K. Genant, et al. “Effects of Risedronate Treatment on Vertebral and Nonvertebral Fractures in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (1999): 1344-52.

McClung, M.R., P. Geusens, P.D. Miller, et al. “Effect of Risedronate on the Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group.” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 333-40.

Mellstrom, D.D., O.H. Sorensen, S. Goemaere, et al. “Seven Years of Treatment with Risedronate in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Calcified Tissue International 75 (2004): 462-68.

Reginster, J., H.W Minne, O.H. Sorensen, et al. “Randomized Trial of the Effects of Risedronate on Vertebral Fractures in Women with Established Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 11 (2000): 83-91.

Sorensen, O., G.M. Crawford, H. Mulder, et al. “Long-Term Efficacy of Risedronate: A 5-Year Placebo-Controlled Clinical Experience.” Bone 32 (2003): 120-26.

Boniva [Ibandronate]: “The Sally Field Drug”

Chesnut, C.H. III, A. Skag, C. Christiansen, et al. “Effects of Oral Ibandronate Administered Daily or Intermittently on Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 1241-49.

Delmas, P.D., R.R. Recker, C.H. Chesnut III, et al. “Daily and Intermittent Oral Ibandronate Normalize Bone Turnover and Provide Significant Reduction in Vertebral Fracture Risk: Results From the BONE Study.” Osteoporosis International 15 (2004): 792-98.

Eisman, J.A., R. Civitelli, S. Adami, et al. “Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Ibandronate Injections in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 2-Year Results From the DIVA Study.” Journal of Rheumatology 35 (2008): 488-97.

McClung, M.R., M.A. Bolognese, F. Sedarati, et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Monthly Oral Ibandronate in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss.” Bone 44 (2009): 418-22.

Miller, P.D., M.R. McClung, L. Macovei, et al. “Monthly Oral Ibandronate Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 1-Year Results from the MOBILE Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2005): 1315-22.

Reginster, J.Y., S. Adami, P. Lakatos, et al. “Efficacy and Tolerability of Once-Monthly Oral Ibandronate in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 2-Year Results from the MOBILE Study.” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 65 (2006): 654-61.

Stakkestad, J.A., P. Lakatos, R. Lorenc, et al. “Monthly Oral Ibandronate Is Effective and Well Tolerated after 3 Years: The MOBILE Long-Term Extension.” Clinical Rheumatology 27 (2008): 955-60.

Reclast [Zoledronic Acid]: Just Once a Year

Black, D.M., P.D. Delmas, R. Eastell, et al. “Once-Yearly Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 356 (2007): 1809-22.

Coló n-Emeric, C.S., P. Mesenbrink, K.W. Lyles, et al. “Potential Mediators of the Mortality Reduction with Zoledronic Acid after Hip Fracture.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 91-97.

Eriksen, E.F., K.W. Lyles, C.S. Colón-Emeric, et al. “Antifracture Efficacy and Reduction of Mortality in Relation to Timing of the First Dose of Zoledronic Acid after Hip Fracture.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 1308-13.

Lyles, K.W., C.S. Colón-Emeric, J.S. Magaziner, et al. “Zoledronic Acid in Reducing Clinical Fracture and Mortality after Hip Fracture.” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1799-1809.

Estrogens: Effects on Bone

Anderson, G.L., M. Limacher, A.R. Assaf, et al. “Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (2004): 1701-12.

Barrett-Connor, E., L.E. Wehren, E.S. Siris, et al. “Recency and Duration of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Effects on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) Study.” Menopause 10 (2003): 412-19.

Cauley, J.A., J. Robbins, Z. Chen, et al. “Effects of Estrogen plus Progestin on Risk of Fracture and Bone Mineral Density: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 1729-38.

Jackson, R.D., J. Wactawski-Wende, A.Z. LaCroix, et al. “Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen on Risk of Fractures and BMD in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (2006): 817-28.

Lindsay, R., J.C. Gallagher, M. Kleerekoper, et al. “Effect of Lower Doses of Conjugated Equine Estrogens with and without Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Bone in Early Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 2668-76.

Prestwood, K.M., A.M. Kenny, A. Kleppinger, et al. “Ultralow-Dose Micronized 17β-Estradiol and Bone Density and Bone Metabolism in Older Women—A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 1042-48.

Rossouw, J.E., G.L. Anderson, R.L. Prentice, et al. “Risks and Benefits of Estrogen plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 321-30.

Yates, J., E. Barrett-Connor, S. Barlas, et al. “Rapid Loss of Hip Fracture Protection after Estrogen Cessation: Evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment.” Obstetrics Gynecology 103 (2004): 440-46.

Evista [Raloxifene]: The Designer Estrogen or “SERM”

Black, L.J., M. Sato, E.R. Rowley, et al. “Raloxifene (LY139481 HCI) Prevents Bone Loss and Reduces Serum Cholesterol without Causing Uterine Hypertrophy in Ovariectomized Rats.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 93 (1994): 63-69.

Delmas, P.D., K.E. Ensrud, J.D. Adachi, et al. “Efficacy of Raloxifene on Vertebral Fracture Risk Reduction in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Four-Year Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 (2002): 3609-3617.

Ensrud, K., A.R. Genazzani, M.J. Geiger, et al. “Effect of Raloxifene on Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” American Journal of Cardiology 97 (2006): 520-27.

Ensrud, K.E., J.L. Stock, E. Barrett-Connor, et al. “Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The Raloxifene Use for the Heart Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 112-20.

Ettinger, B., D.M. Black, B.H. Mitlak, et al. “Reduction of Vertebral Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Treated with Raloxifene: Results from a 3-Year Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (1999): 637-45.

Martino, S., J.A Cauley, E. Barrett-Connor, et al. “Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista: Breast Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women in a Randomized Trial of Raloxifene.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96 (2004): 1751-61.

Siris, E.S., S.T. Harris, E. Eastell, et al. “Skeletal Effects of Raloxifene after 8 Years: Results from the Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2005): 1514-24.

Calcitonin—Miacalcin, Fortical: The Nasal Sprays

Chestnut, C.H. III, S. Silverman, A. Kim, et al. “A Randomized Trial of Nasal Spray Salmon Calcitonin in Postmenopausal Women with Established Osteoporosis: The Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures Study.” American Journal of Medicine 109 (2000): 267-76.

Cummings, S. “What PROOF Proves about Calcitonin and Clinical Trials.” American Journal Medicine 109 (2000): 330-31.

Knopp, J.A., B.M. Diner, M. Blitz, et al. “Calcitonin for Treating Acute Pain of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 1281-90.

Overgaard, K., R. Lindsay, and C. Christiansen. “Patient Responsiveness to Calcitonin Salmon Nasal Spray: A Subanalysis of a 2-Year Study.” Clinical Therapeutics 17 (1995): 680-85.

Forteo [Teriparatide]: A Different Approach

Canalis, E., A. Giustina, and J.P. Bilezikian. “Mechanisms of Anabolic Therapies for Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 905-16.

Gallagher, J.C., H.K. Genant, G.G. Crans, et al. “Teriparatide Reduces the Fracture Risk Associated with Increasing Number and Severity of Osteoporotic Fractures.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 1583-87.

Hodsman, A.B., D.C. Bauer, D.W. Dempster, et al. “Parathyroid Hormone and Teriparatide for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Review of the Evidence and Suggested Guidelines for Its Use.” Endocrine Review 26 (2005): 688-703.

Jiang, Y., J.J. Zhao, B.H. Mitlak, et al. “Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) [Teriparatide] Improves Both Cortical and Cancellous Bone Structure.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 (2003): 1932-41.

Marcus, R., O. Wang, J. Satterwhite, and B. Mitlak. “The Skeletal Response to Teriparatide Is Largely Independent of Age, Initial Bone Mineral Density, and Prevalent Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 (2003): 18-23.

Neer, R.M., C.D. Arnaud, J.R. Zanchetta, et al. “Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 1434-41.

Tashjian, A.H. Jr, and R.F. Gagel. “Teriparatide [Human PTH(1-34)]: 2.5 Years of Experience on the Use and Safety of the Drug for the Treatment of Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (2006): 354-65.

Prolia [Denosumab]: In a Class of Its Own

Cummings, S.R., J. Martin, M.R. McClung, et al. “Denosumab for Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 756-65.

Eastell, R., C. Christiansen, and A. Grauer. “Effects of Denosumab on Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 530-37.

Genant, H.K., K. Engelke, D.A. Hanley, et al. “Denosumab Improves Density and Strength Parameters as Measured by QCT of the Radius in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density.” Bone 47 (2010): 131-39.

Hiligsmann, M., and J. Reginster. “Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Denosumab for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women.” Bone 47 (2010): 34-40.

Combination Therapy: Are Two Really Better than One?

Black, D.M., J.P. Bilezikian, K.E. Ensrud, et al. “One Year of Alendronate after One Year of Parathyroid Hormone (1-84) for Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005): 555-65.

Cosman, F., J. Nieves, M. Zion, L. Woelfert, M. Luckey, and R. Lindsay. “Daily and Cyclic Parathyroid Hormone in Women Receiving Alendronate.” New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005): 566-75.

Deal, C., M. Omizo, E.N. Schwartz, et al. “Combination Teriparatide and Raloxifene Therapy for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Results From a 6-Month Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2005): 1905-11.

Ettinger, B., J. San Martin, G. Crans, and I. Pavo. “Differential Effects of Teriparatide on Bone Mineral Density after Treatment with Raloxifene or Alendronate.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 745-51.

Greenspan, S.L., N.M. Nesnick, and R.A. Parker. “Combination Therapy with Hormone Replacement and Alendronate for Prevention of Bone Loss in Elderly Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (2003): 2525-33.

Harris, S.T., E.F. Eriksen, M. Davidson, et al. “Effect of Combined Risedronate and Hormone Replacement Therapies on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86 (2001): 1890-97.

Johnell, O., W.H. Scheele, Y. Lu, et al. “Additive Effects of Raloxifene and Alendronate on Bone Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 (2002): 985-92.

Making a Choice: How Do the Medicines Compare?

Ettinger, B., E. Barrett-Connor, L.A. Hoq, J.P. Vader, and R.W. Dubois. “When Is It Appropriate to Prescribe Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy?” Menopause 13 (2006): 404-410.

Off-Label Uses: What Else Is Being Treated?

Aspenberg, P., H.K Genant, T. Johansson, et al. “Teriparatide for Acceleration of Fracture Repair in Humans: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of 102 Postmenopausal Women with Distal Radial Fractures.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010: 401-14.

Knopp, J.A., B.M. Diner, M.Blitz, et al. “Calcitonin for Treating Acute Pain of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 1281-90.

Langdahl, B.L., G. Rajzbaum, F. Jakob, et al. “Reduction in Fracture Rate and Back Pain and Increased Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Teriparatide: 18-Month Data from the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS).” Calcified Tissue International 85 (2009): 484-93.

Lyritis, G.P., and G. Trovas. “Analgesic Effects of Calcitonin.” Bone 30 (2002): 71S-74S.

Nevitt, M.C., P. Chen, R.K. Dore, et al. “Reduced Risk of Back Pain Following Teriparatide Treatment: A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 273-80.

Hot Topics: Cocktail Party Conversations

Allen, M.R. “Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Moving from the Bedside to the Bench.” Cells Tissues Organs 189 (2009): 289-94.

Barrett-Connor, E., A. S. Swern, C. M. Hustad, et al. Forthcoming. “Alendronate and Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials.” Osteoporosis International.

Black, D.M., M.P. Kelly, H.K Genant, et al. “Bisphosphonates and Fractures of the Subtrochanteric or Diaphyseal Femur.” New England Journal of Medicine 362 (2010): 1761-71.

Brookhart, M.A., J. Avorn, J.N. Katz, et al. “Gaps in Treatment among Users of Osteoporosis Medications: The Dynamics of Noncompliance.” American Journal of Medicine 120 (2007): 251-56.

Cardwell, C.R., C.C. Abnet, M.M. Cantwell, et al. “Exposure to Oral Bisphosphonates and Risk of Esophageal Cancer.” Journal of the American Medical Association 304 (2010): 657-63.

Curtis, J.R., A.O. Westfal, H. Cheng, et al. “Risk of Hip Fracture after Bisphosphonate Discontinuation: Implications for a Drug Holiday.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 1613-20.

Dell, R., D. Greene, S. Ott, et al. “A Retrospective Analysis of All Atypical Femur Fractures Seen in a Large California HMO from the Years 2007 to 2009.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): S1201.

Goh, S.K., K.Y. Yang, J.S. Koh, et al. “Subtrochanteric Insufficiency Fractures in Patients on Alendronate Therapy: A Caution.” Journal Bone Joint Surgery, British volume. 89 (2007): 349-53.

Green, J., G. Czanner, G. Reeves, et al. “Oral Bisphosphonates and Risk of Cancer of Oesophagus, Stomach, and Colorectum: Case-Control Analysis within a UK Primary Care Cohort.” British Medical Journal 341 (2010): c4444.

Greenspan, S.L., R.D. Emkey, H.G. Bone, et al. “Significant Differential Effects of Alendronate, Estrogen, or Combination Therapy on the Rate of Bone Loss after Discontinuation of Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Annals of Internal Medicine 137 (2002): 875-83.

Iizuka, T., and M. Matsukawa. “Potential Excessive Suppression of Bone Turnover with Long-Term Oral Bisphosphonate Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Patients.” Climacteric 11 (2008): 287-95.

Khosla, S., D. Burr, J. Cauley, et al. “Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 (2007): 1479-91.

Kim, S.Y., S. Schneeweiss, J.N. Katz, et al. “Oral Bisphosphonates and Risk of Subtrochanteric or Diaphyseal Femur Fractures in a Population-Based Cohort.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 993-1001.

Odvina, C.V., J.E. Zerwekh, D.S. Rao, et al. “Severely Suppressed Bone Turnover: A Potential Complication of Alendronate Therapy.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 1294-1301.

Shane, E., D. Burr, P.R. Ebeling, et al. “Atypical Subtrochanteric and Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 2267-94.

Sorenson, H.T., S. Christensen, F. Mehnert, et al. “Use of Bisphosphonates among Women and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter: Population Based Case-Control Study.” British Medical Journal 336 (2008): 813-16.

Stock, J.L., N.H. Bell, C.H. Chesnut III, et al. “Increments in Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine and Hip and Suppression of Bone Turnover Are Maintained after Discontinuation of Alendronate in Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Medicine 103 (1997): 291-97.

Novel Medicines: What Is in the Pipeline?

Arey, B., R. Seethala, Z. Ma, et al. “A Novel Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonist Transiently Stimulates Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in Vivo.” Endocrinology 146 (2005): 2015-22.

Bone, H.G., M.R. McClung, C. Roux, et al. “Odanacatib, A Cathepsin-K Inhibitor for Osteoporosis: A Two-Year Study in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Density.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 934-37.

Cosman, F., N.E. Lane, M.A. Bolognese, et al. “Effect of Transdermal Teriparatide Administration on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95 (2010): 151-58.

Paszty, C., C.H. Turner, and M.K. Robinson. “Sclerostin: A Gem from the Genome Leads to Bone-Building Antibodies.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 1897-1904.

Stoch, S.A., S. Zajic, J. Stone, et al. “Effect of the Cathepsin K Inhibitor Odanacatib on Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Two Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Studies.” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 86 (2009): 175-82.

Investigational SERMs: A Promise of an Ideal Estrogen

Cummings S.R., K Ensrud, P.D. Delmas, et al. “PEARL Study Investigators: Lasofoxifene in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 362 (2010): 686-96.

De Villiers, T., A. Chines, S. Palacios, et al. “Safety and Tolerability of Bazedoxifene in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Results of a 5-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial.” Osteoporosis International 22 (2011): 567-76.

Kharode Y., P.V.N. Bodine, C.P. Miller, et al. “The Pairing of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Bazedoxifene, with Conjugated Estrogens as a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms and Osteoporosis Prevention.” Endocrinology 149 (2008): 6084-91.

Lindsay R., J.C. Gallagher, R. Kagan, et al. “Efficacy of Tissue-Selective Estrogen Complex of Bazedoxifene/Conjugated Estrogens for Osteoporosis Prevention in At-Risk Postmenopausal Women.” Fertility and Sterility 92 (2009): 1045-52.

Lobo R.A., J.V Pinkerton, M.L.S. Gass, et al. “Evaluation of Bazedoxifene/Conjugated Estrogens for the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms and Effects on Metabolic Parameters and Overall Safety Profile.” Fertility and Sterility 92 (2009): 1025-1038.

McClung, M.R., E. Siris, S. Cummings, et al. “Prevention of Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Lasofoxifene Compared with Raloxifene.” Menopause 13 (2006): 377-86.

Miller, P.D., A.A. Chines, C. Christiansen, et al. “Effects of Bazedoxifene on BMD and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women: 2-Yr Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 525-35.

Silverman, S.L., C. Christiansen, H.K Genant, et al. “Efficacy of Bazedoxifene in Reducing New Vertebral Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Results from a 3-Year, Randomized, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1923-34.

Other Medicines: Available Elsewhere But Not in the
United States

Blake, G.M., and I. Fogelman. “Theoretical Model for the Interpretation of BMD Scans in Patients Stopping Strontium Ranelate Treatment.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (2006): 1417-24.

Blake, G.M., E.M. Lewiecki, D.L. Kendler, et al. “A Review of Strontium Ranelate and its Effect on DXA Scans.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry 10 (2007): 113-19.

Cummings, S.R., B. Ettinger, P.D. Delmas, et al. “The Effects of Tibolone in Older Postmenopausal Women.” New England Journal of Medicine 359 (2008): 697-708.

Meunier, P., C. Roux, S. Ortolani, et al. “Effects of Long-Term Strontium Ranelate Treatment on Vertebral Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 20 (2009): 1663-73

Meunier, P.J., C. Roux, E. Seeman, et al. “The Effects of Strontium Ranelate on the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 459-68.

Modelska, K., and S. Cummings. “Tibolone For Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review of Randomized Trials.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 (2002): 16-23.

Reginster, J.Y., E. Seeman, M.C. De Vernejoul, et al. “Strontium Ranelate Reduces the Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) Study.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 2816-22.

Fosteum: A Food Product by Prescription

Anna, R., M. Cannata, M. Atteritano, et al. “Effects of the Phytoestrogen Genistein on Hot Flushes, Endometrium, and Vaginal Epithelium in Postmenopausal Women: A 1-Year Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Menopause 14 (2007): 648-55.

Marini, H., L. Minutoli, F. Polito, et al. “Effects of the Phytoestrogen Genistein on Bone Metabolism in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women.” Annals of Internal Medicine (2007): 839-47.

Morabito, N., A. Crissafulli, C. Vergara, et al. “Effects of Genistein and Hormone-Replacement Therapy on Bone Loss in Early Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 (2002): 1904-12.

Soy: Pass the Tofu?

Alekel, D.L., M.D. Van Loan, K.J. Koehler, et al. “The Soy Isoflavones for Reducing Bone Loss (SIRBL) Study: A 3-Y Randomized Controlled Trial in Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (2010): 218-30.

Atkinson, C., J.E. Compston, N.E. Day, et al. “The Effects of Phytoestrogen Isoflavones on Bone Density in Women: A Double Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004): 326-33.

Lagari, V.S., and S. Levis. “Phytoestrogens and Bone Health.” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 17 (2010): 546-53.

Liu, J., S. Ho, Y. Su, et al. “Effect of Long-Term Intervention of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Bone 44 (2009): 948-53.

Ma, D., L. Qin, P. Wang, et al. “Soy Isoflavone Intake Increases Bone Mineral Density in the Spine of Menopausal Women: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Clinical Nutrition 27 (2008): 57-64.

Newton, K., A. LaCroix, L. Levy, et al. “Soy Protein and Bone Mineral Density in Older Men and Women: A Randomized Trial.” Maturitas 55 (2006): 270-77.

Taku, K., M. Melby, M. Kurzer, et al. “Effects of Soy Isoflavone Supplements on Bone Turnover Markers in Menopausal Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Bone 47 (2010): 413-23.

Wong, W. W., R. D. Lewis, F. M. Steinberg, et al. “Soy Isoflavone Supplementation and Bone Mineral Density in Menopausal Women: A 2-Y Multicenter Clinical Trial.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 1433-39.

Strontium Citrate (refer to section titled “Other Medicines”)

Natural Products: Still More Questions to Be Answered

Barrett-Connor, E., D. Kritz-Silverstein, and S.L. Edelstein. “A Prospective Study of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) and Bone Mineral Density in Older Men and Women.” American Journal of Epidemiology 137 (1993): 201-06.

Byard, R.W “A Review of the Potential Forensic Significance of Traditional Herbal Medicines.” Journal of Forensic Science 55 (2010): 89-92.

Hyun, T.H., E. Barrett-Connor, and D.B. Milne. “Zinc Intakes and Plasma Concentrations in Men with Osteoporosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2004): 715-21.

Lin, C., J. Sun, S. Sheu, et al. “The Effect of Chinese Medicine on Bone Cell Activities.” American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30 (2002): 271-85.

Periera, J., J. Modesto-Filho, M. Agra, et al. “Plant and Plant-Derived Compounds Employed in Prevention of the Osteoporosis.” Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 21 (2002): 223-34.

Putnam, S., A. Scutt, K. Bicknell, et al. “Natural Products as Alternative Treatments for Metabolic Bone Disorders and for Maintenance of Bone Health.” Phytotherapy Research 21 (2007): 99-112.

Strause, L., P. Saltman, K.T. Smith, et al. “Spinal Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women Supplemented with Calcium and Trace Minerals.” Journal of Nutrition 124 (1994): 1060-64.

Tannenbaum, C., E. Barrett-Connor, G.A. Laughlin, and R.W. Platt. “A Longitudinal Study of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) Change in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” European Journal of Endocrinology 151 (2004): 717-25.

Vestergaard, P., N.R. Jorgensen, P. Schwarz, and L. Mosekilde. “Effects of Treatment with Fluoride on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk—A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 257-68.

Yang, Q., S. Populo, J. Zhang, et al. “Effect of Angelica Sinensis on the Proliferation of Human Bone Cells.” Clinica Chimica Acta 324 (2002): 89-97.

Vibration Therapy: Good, Good, Good, Good Vibrations

Hannan, M.T., D.M. Cheng, E. Green, et al. “Establishing the Compliance in Elderly Women for Use of a Low-Level Mechanical Stress Device in a Clinical Osteoporosis Study.” Osteoporosis International 15 (2004): 918-26.

Judex, S., and C.T. Rubin. “Is Bone Formation Induced by High-Frequency Mechanical Signals Modulated by Muscle Activity?” Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 10 (2010): 3-11.

Kiiski, J., A. Heinonen, T. L. Järvinen, et al. “Transmission of Vertical Whole Body Vibration to the Human Body.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1318-25.

Ozcivici, E., Y.K. Luu, B. Adler, et al. “Mechanical Signals as Anabolic Agents in Bone.” Nature Reviews Rheumatology 6 (2010): 50-59.

Roelants, M., C. Delecluse, S. Swinnen, et al. “Effect of 6-Month Whole Body Vibration Training on Hip Density, Muscle Strength, and Postural Control in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 352-59.

Rubin, C.T., E. Capilla, Y.K. Luu, et al. “Adipogenesis Is Inhibited by Brief, Daily Exposure to High-Frequency, Extremely Low-Magnitude Mechanical Signals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007): 17879-84.

Schoenau, E., and O. Fricke. “Mechanical Influences on Bone Development in Children.” European Journal of Endocrinology 159 (2008): S27-S31.

Xie, L., J.M. Jacobson, E.S. Choi, et al. “Low-level Mechanical Vibrations Can Influence Bone Resorption and Bone Formation in the Growing Skeleton.” Bone 39 (2006): 1059-66.

Physical Measures: Integrating Movement

Lee, M.S., M.H. Pittler, B.C. Shin, and E. Ernst. “Tai Chi for Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 139-46.

Qin, L., W. Choy, K. Leung, et al. “Beneficial Effects of Regular Tai Chi Exercise on Musculoskeletal System.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 23 (2005): 186-90.

Ullmann, G., H.G. Williams, J. Hussey, et al. “Effects of Feldenkrais Exercises on Balance, Mobility, Balance Confidence, and Gait Performance in Community-Dwelling Adults Age 65 and Older.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 97-105.

New Spine Fracture: Ways to Cement a Recovery

Gaitanis, I.N., A.G. Hadjipavlou, and P.G. Katonis. “Balloon Kyphoplasty for the Treatment of Pathological Vertebral Compressive Fractures.” European Spine Journal 14 (2005): 250-60.

Grafe, I.A., K. Da Fonseca, J. Hillmeier, et al. “Reduction of Pain and Fracture Incidence after Kyphoplasty: 1-Year Outcomes of a Prospective Controlled Trial of Patients with Primary Osteoporosis.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 2005-2012.

Kallmes, D.F., B.A. Comstock, P.J. Heagerty, et al. “A Randomized Trial of Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures.” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 569-79.

Lindsay, R., S.L. Silverman, C. Cooper, et al. “Risk of New Vertebral Fracture in the Year Following a Fracture.” Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 320-23.

Mehbod, A., S. Aunoble, J.C. Le Huec. “Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Spine Fracture: Prevention and Treatment.” European Spine Journal 12 (2003): S155-S162.

Rohlmann, A., T. Zander, and G. Bergmann. “Spinal Loads after Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures Treated by Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty.” European Spine Journal 15 (2006): 1255-64.

Theodorou, D.J., S.J. Theodorou, T.D. Duncan, et al. “Percutaneous Balloon Kyphoplasty for the Correction of Spinal Deformity in Painful Vertebral Body Compression Fractures.” Journal of Clinical Imaging 26 (2002): 1-5.

Wardlaw, D., S. R. Cummings, J. Van Merhaeghe, et al. “Efficiency Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Nonsurgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture.” Lancet 373 (2009): 1016-24.

Hip Fracture: What to Expect

Bruyere, O., N. Burlet, N. Harvey, et al. “Post-Fracture Management of Patients with Hip Fracture: A Perspective.” Current Medical Research and Opinion 24 (2008): 2841-51.

Gehlbach, S.H., J.S. Avrunin, and E. Puleo. “Trends in Hospital Care for Hip Fractures.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 585-91.

Kaufman, J.D., M.E. Bolander, A.D. Bunta, et al. “Barriers and Solutions to Osteoporosis Care in Patients with a Hip Fracture.” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 85 (2003): 1837-43.

How Do You Monitor Your Progress?

Clowes, J.A., N.F. Peel, and R. Eastell. “The Impact of Monitoring on Adherence and Persistence with Antiresorptive Treatment for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (2004): 1117-23.

Lewiecki, E.M., and N.B. Watts. “Assessing Response to Osteoporosis Therapy.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 1363-68.

Majumdar, S.R., J.A. Johnson, D.A. Lier, et al. “Persistence, Reproducibility, and Cost-Effectiveness of an Intervention to Improve the Quality of Osteoporosis Care after a Fracture of the Wrist: Results of a Controlled Trial.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 261-70.

Living and Coping with “Osteopenia” and Osteoporosis

Dawson-Hughes, B., A.C. Looker, A.N.A. Tosteson, et al. “The Potential Impact of New National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidance on Treatment Patterns.” Osteoporosis International 21 (2010): 41-52.

Martin, A.R., E. Sornay-Rendu, J.M. Chandler, et al. “The Impact of Osteoporosis on Quality-of-Life: The Ofely Cohort.” Bone 31 (2002): 32-36.

Siris, E.S., M. K. Pasquale, Y. Wang, and N.B. Watts. “Estimating Bisphosphonate Use and Fracture Reduction among US Women Aged 45 Years and Older, 2001-2008.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 (2011): 3-11.

PART FIVE: THE BONE CONNECTION WITH
COMMON PROBLEMS AND
MEDICINES

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Hewison, M., and J.S. Adams. “Vitamin D Insufficiency and Skeletal Development in Utero.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (2010): 11-13.

Hollis, B.W., and C.L. Wagner. “Assessment of Dietary Vitamin D Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004): 717-26.

Johnson, D.D., C.L. Wagner, T.C. Hulsey, et al. “Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency Is Common during Pregnancy.” American Journal of Perinatology 28 (2011): 7-12.

Lenora, J., S. Lekamwasam, and M.K. Karlsson. “Effects of Multiparity and Prolonged Breast-Feeding on Maternal Bone Mineral Density: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.” BioMed Central Women's Health 9 (2009): 19.

Merewood, A., S.D. Mehta, X. Grossman, et al. “Widespread Vitamin D Deficiency in Urban Massachusetts Newborns and Their Mothers.” Pediatrics 125 (2010): 640-47.

Naylor, K.E., P. Iqbal, C. Fledelius, et al. “The Effect of Pregnancy on Bone Density and Bone Turnover.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 (2000): 129-37.

Pawley, N., and N.J. Bishop. “Prenatal and Infant Predictors of Bone Health: The Influence of Vitamin D.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2004): 1748S-51S.

Perrine, C.G., A.J. Sharma, M.E.D. Jefferds, et al. “Adherence to Vitamin D Recommendations among US Infants.” Pediatrics 125 (2010): 627-32.

Taylor, S.N., C.L. Wagner, and B.W. Hollis. “Vitamin D Supplementation During Lactation to Support Infant and Mother.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 27 (2008): 690-701.

Thomson, K., R. Morley, S.R. Grover, et al. “Postnatal Evaluation of Vitamin D and Bone Health in Women Who Were Vitamin D-Deficient in Pregnancy, and in Their Infants.” Medical Journal of Australia 181 (2004): 486-88.

Wagner, C.L., C. Howard, T.C. Hulsey, et al. “Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Fully Breastfed Infants on Oral Vitamin D Supplementation.” International Journal of Endocrinology (January 2010): 1-5. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2010/235035.pdf.

Premenopausal Women

Cohen, A., X.S. Liu, E.M. Stein, et al. “Bone Microarchitecture and Stiffness in Premenopausal Women with Idiopathic Osteoporosis.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009): 4351-60.

Donovan, M.A., D. Dempster, H. Zhou, et al. “Low Bone Formation in Premenopausal Women with Idiopathic Osteoporosis.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 3331-36.

Khan, A. “Premenopausal Women and Low Bone Density.” Canadian Family Physician 52 (2006): 743-47.

Leib, E.S. “Treatment of Low Bone Mass in Premenopausal Women: When May It Be Appropriate?” Current Osteoporosis Reports 3 (2005): 13-18.

Rubin, M.R., D.H. Schussheim, E.S. Kurland, et al. “Idiopathic Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women.” Osteoporosis International 16 (2005): 526-33.

Birth Control: Pills and Shots

Beksinska, M.E., I. Kleinschmidt, J.A. Smit, et al. “Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents Using Norethisterone Enanthate, Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, or Combined Oral Contraceptives for Contraception.” Contraception 75 (2007): 438-43.

Cromer, B.A., M. Stager, A. Bonny, et al. “Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Oral Contraceptives, and Bone Mineral Density in a Cohort of Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Adolescent Health 35 (2004): 434-41.

Gambacciani, M., B. Cappagli, V. Lazzarini, et al. “Longitudinal Evaluation of Perimenopausal Bone Loss: Effects of Different Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Preparations on Bone Mineral Density.” Maturitas 54 (2006): 176-80.

Hartard, M., C. Kleinmond, M. Wiseman, et al. “Detrimental Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Parameters of Bone Mass and Geometry in a Cohort of 248 Young Women.” Bone 40 (2007): 444-50.

Kuohung, W., L. Borgatta, and P. Stubblefield. “Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Bone Mineral Density: An Evidence-Based Analysis.” Contraception 61 (2000): 77-82.

Nappi, C., A. Di Spiezio Sardo, G. Acunzo, et al. “Effects of a Low-Dose and Ultra-Low-Dose Combined Oral Contraceptive Use on Bone Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Young Fertile Women: A Prospective Controlled Randomized Study.” Contraception 67 (2003): 355-59.

Reed, S.D., D. Scholes, A.Z. LaCroix, et al. “Longitudinal Changes in Bone Density in Relation to Oral Contraceptive Use.” Contraception 68 (2003): 177-82.

Menstrual Problems: No Periods and Endometriosis

Chlouber, R.O., D.L. Olive, and E.A. Pritts. “Investigational Drugs for Endometriosis.” Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 15 (2006): 399-407.

Devleta, B., B. Adem, and S. Senada. “Hypergonadotropic Amenorrhea and Bone Density: New Approach to an Old Problem.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 22 (2004): 360-64.

Lawson, E.A., D. Donoho, K.K. Miller, et al. “Hypercortisolemia Is Associated with Severity of Bone Loss and Depression in Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and Anorexia Nervosa.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 94 (2009): 4710-16.

Olive, D.L., S.R. Lindheim, and E.A. Pritts. “New Medical Treatments for Endometriosis.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 18 (2004): 319-28.

Wiksten-Almströmer, M., A.L. Hirschberg, and K. Hagenfeldt. “Reduced Bone Mineral Density in Adult Women Diagnosed with Menstrual Disorders During Adolescence.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica 88 (2009): 543-49.

Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia

Ecklund, K., S. Vajapeyam, H.A. Feldman, et al. “Bone Marrow Changes in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25: 298-304.

Fenichel, R.M., and M.P. Warren. “Anorexia, Bulimia, and the Athletic Triad: Evaluation and Management.” Current Osteoporosis Reports 5 (2007): 160-64.

Golden, N.H., E.A. Iglesias, M.S. Jacobson, et al. “Alendronate for the Treatment of Osteopenia in Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 3179-85.

Konstantynowicz, J., H. Kadziela-Olech, M. Kaczmarski, et al. “Depression in Anorexia Nervosa: A Risk Factor for Osteoporosis.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (2005): 5382-85.

Legroux-Gérot, I., J. Vignau, M. D'Herbomez, et al. “Evaluation of Bone Loss and Its Mechanisms in Anorexia Nervosa.” Calcified Tissue International 81 (2007): 174-82.

Lucas, A.R., L.J. Melton, C.S. Crowson, et al. “Long-Term Fracture Risk among Women with Anorexia Nervosa: A Population-Based Cohort Study.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74 (1999): 972-77.

Mehler, P.S., and T.D. MacKenzie. “Treatment of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 42 (2009): 195-201.

Miller, K.K., E.E. Lee, E.A. Lawson, et al. “Determinants of Skeletal Loss and Recovery in Anorexia Nervosa.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91 (2006): 2931-37.

Misra, M., D.K. Katzman, J. Cord, et al. “Bone Metabolism in Adolescent Boys with Anorexia Nervosa.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 (2008): 3029-36.

Misra, M., and A. Klibanski. “Anorexia Nervosa and Osteoporosis.” Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 7 (2006): 91-99.

Intestinal Problems: Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ali, T., D. Lam, M.S. Bronze, and M.B. Humphrey. “Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” American Journal of Medicine 122 (2009): 599-604.

American Gastroenterological Association. “American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: Guidelines on Osteoporosis in Gastrointestinal Diseases.” Gastroenterology 124 (2003): 791-94.

Bernstein, C.N. “Inflammatory Bowel Diseases as Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis.” Current Osteoporosis Reports 4 (2006): 116-23.

Hardy, R., and M.S. Cooper. “Bone Loss in Inflammatory Disorders.” Journal of Endocrinology 201 (2009): 309-20.

Sinnott, B.P., and A.A. Licata. “Assessment of Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Case Series and Review.” Endocrine Practice 12 (2006): 622-29.

Thyroid Problems

Auer, J., P. Scheibner, T. Mische, et al. “Subclinical Hyperthyroidism as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation.” American Heart Journal 142 (2001): 838-42.

Bauer, D.C., B. Ettinger, M.C. Nevitt, et al. “Risk for Fracture in Women with Low Serum Levels of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone. Annals of Internal Medicine 134 (2001): 561-68.

Boyde, A., P.J. O'Shea, S. Sriskantharajah, et al. “Thyroid Hormone Excess Rather than Thyrotropin Deficiency Induces Osteoporosis in Hyperthyroidism.” Molecular Endocrinology 21 (2007): 1095-1107.

Lakatos, P. “Thyroid Hormones: Beneficial or Deleterious for Bone?” Calcified Tissue International 73 (2003): 205-09.

Schneider D.L., E.L. Barrett-Connor, and D.J. Morton. “Thyroid Hormone Use and Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Women: Effects of Estrogen.” Journal of the American Medical Association 271 (1994): 1245-49.

Schneider, D.L., E.L. Barrett-Connor, and D.J. Morton. “Thyroid Hormone Use and Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Men.” Archives of Internal Medicine 155 (1995): 2005-2007.

Svare, A., T.L. Nilsen, S. Forsmo, et al. “Hyperthyroid Levels of TSH Correlate with Low Bone Mineral Density: The HUNT 2 Study.” European Journal of Endocrinology 161 (2009): 779-86.

Turner, M.R., X. Camacho, H.D. Fischer, et al. “Levothyroxine Dose and Risk of Fractures in Older Adults: Nested Case-Control Study.” British Medical Journal 342 (2011): d2238.

Weight Loss, Including Surgery for Weight Loss
(Gastric Bypass)

Carlin, A.M., D.S. Rao, A.M. Meslemani, et. al. “Prevalence of Vitamin D Depletion among Morbidly Obese Patients Seeking Gastric Bypass Surgery.” Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2 (2006): 98-103.

Carrasco, F., M. Ruz, P. Rojas, et al. “Changes in Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition, and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Patients after Bariatric Surgery.” Obesity Surgery 19 (2009): 41-46.

Holbrook, T.L., and E. Barrett-Connor. “The Association of Lifetime Weight and Weight Control Patterns with Bone Mineral Density in an Adult Community.” Bone Mineral 20 (1993): 141-49.

Salamone, L.M., J.A. Cauley, D.M. Black, et al. “Effect of a Lifestyle Intervention on Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Trail.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (1999): 97-103.

Vilarrasa, N., J.M. Gómez, I. Elio, et al. “Evaluation of Bone Disease in Morbidly Obese Women after Gastric Bypass and Risk Factors Implicated in Bone Loss.” Obesity Surgery 19 (2009): 860-66.

Steroid Use: Prednisone

Curtis, J.R., A.O. Westfall, J.J. Allison, et al. “Longitudinal Patterns in the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Glucocorticoid-Treated Patients.” Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (2005): 2485-94.

Ferguson, G.T., P.M.A. Calverley, J.A. Anderson, et al. “Prevalence and Progression of Osteoporosis in Patients with COPD: Results from the Towards a Revolution in COPD Health Study.” Chest 136 (2009): 1456-65.

Gonnelli, S., C. Caffarelli, S. Maggi, et al. “Effect of Inhaled Glucocorticoids and 2 Agonists on Vertebral Fracture Risk in COPD Patients: The EOLO Study.” Calcified Tissue International 87 (2010): 137-43.

Grossman, J.M., R. Gordon, V.K. Ranganath, et al. “American College of Rheumatology 2010 Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.” Arthritis Care & Research 62 (2010): 1515-26.

Licata, A.A. “Systemic Effects of Fluticasone Nasal Spray: Report of 2 Cases.” Endocrine Practice 11 (2005): 194-96.

Marystone, J.F., E.L. Barrett-Connor, and D.J. Morton. “Inhaled and Oral Corticosteroids: Their Effect on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults.” American Journal of Public Health 85 (1995): 1693-95.

Ramsey-Goldman, R. “Missed Opportunities in Physician Management of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis?” Arthritis and Rheumatism 46 (2002): 3115-20.

Rehman, Q., and N.E. Lane. “Effect of Glucocorticoids on Bone Density.” Medical and Pediatric Oncology 41 (2003): 212-16.

Reid, D.M., J.P. Devogelaer, K. Saag, et al. “Zoledronic Acid and Risedronate in the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis (HORIZON): A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Randomized Controlled Trial.” Lancet 373 (2009): 1253-63.

Saag, K.G., E. Shane, S. Boonen, et al. “Teriparatide or Alendronate in Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 2028-39.

Saag, K.G., R. Emkey, T.J. Schnitzer, et al. “Alendronate for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.” New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 292-99.

Sambrook, P.N. “Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.” International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 11 (2008): 381-85.

Van Staa, T.P., H.G.M. Leufkens, L. Abenhaim, et al. “Use of Oral Corticosteroids and Risk of Fractures.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 (2000): 993-1000.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cohen, S.B., R.K. Dore, N.E. Lane, et al. “Denosumab Treatment Effects on Structural Damage, Bone Mineral Density, and Bone Turnover in Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Arthritis and Rheumatism 58 (2008): 1299-309.

Dolan, A.L., C. Moniz, H. Abraha, et al. “Does Active Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Limit Disease-Associated Bone Loss?” Rheumatology 41 (2002): 1047-51.

Lodder, M.C., Z. de Jong, P.J. Kostense, et al. “Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Relation between Disease Severity and Low Bone Mineral Density.” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63 (2004): 1576-80.

Phillips, K., A. Aliprantis, and J. Coblyn. “Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Drugs and Aging 23 (2006): 773-79.

Schett, G., S. Hayer, J. Zwerina, et al. “Mechanisms of Disease: The Link Between RANKL and Arthritic Bone Disease.” Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 1 (2005): 47-54.

Diabetes

Ahmed, L.A., R.M. Joakimsen, G.K Berntsen, et al. “Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Non-Vertebral Fractures: The Tromsø Study.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 495-500.

Kahn, S.E., B. Zinman, J.M. Lachin, et al. “Rosiglitazone-Associated Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis from a Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT).” Diabetes Care 31 (2008): 845-51.

Kahn, S. E., S. M. Haffner, M. A. Heise, et al. “Glycemic Durability of Rosiglitazone, Metformin, or Glyburide Monotherapy.” New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 2427-43

Lazarenko, O.P., S.O. Rzonca, W.R. Hogue, et al. “Rosiglitazone Induces Decreases in Bone Mass and Strength That Are Reminiscent of Aged Bone.” Endocrinology 148 (2007): 2669-80.

Loke, Y.K., S. Singh, and C.D. Furberg. “Long-Term Use of Thiazolidinediones and Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 (2009): 32-39.

Moyer-Mileur, L.J., H. Slater, K.C. Jordan, and M.A. Murray. “IGF-1 and IGF-Binding Proteins and Bone Mass, Geometry, and Strength: Relation to Metabolic Control in Adolescent Girls with Type 1 Diabetes.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1884-91.

Räkel, A., O. Sheehy, E. Rahme, et al. “Osteoporosis among Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes & Metabolism 34 (2008): 193-205.

Rosen, C.J. “Sugar and Bone: A Not-So Sweet Story.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23 (2008): 1881-83.

Rzonca S.O., L.J. Suva, D. Gaddy, et al. “Bone Is a Target for the Antidiabetic Compound Rosiglitazone.” Endocrinology 145 (2004): 401-406.

Schwartz, A.V., D.E. Sellmeyer, E.S. Strotmeyer, et al. “Diabetes and Bone Loss at the Hip in Older Black and White Adults.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2005): 596-603.

Shockley, K.R., O.P. Lazarenko, P.J. Czernik, et al. “PPAR 2 Nuclear Receptor Controls Multiple Regulatory Pathways of Osteoblast Differentiation from Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 106 (2009): 232-46.

Vestergaard, P. “Discrepancies in Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes—A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 427-44.

Yamamoto, M., T. Yamaguchi, M. Yamauchi, et al. “Diabetic Patients Have an Increased Risk of Vertebral Fractures Independent of BMD or Diabetic Complications.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 702-709.

Zinman, B., S. M. Haffner, W. H. Herman, et al. “Effect of Rosiglitazone, Metformin, and Glyburide on Bone Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95 (2010): 134-42.

Heartburn and Reflux: “GERD”

Abrahamsen, B., P. Eiken, and R. Eastell. “Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Antifracture Efficacy of Alendronate.” Archives of Internal Medicine (2011). Published online February 14, 2011. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.20.

Coté, G.A., and C.W. Howden. “Potential Adverse Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors.” Current Gastroenterology Reports 10 (2008): 208-14.

Fournier, M.R., L.E. Targownik, and W.D. Leslie. “Proton Pump Inhibitors, Osteoporosis, and Osteoporosis-Related Fractures.” Maturitas 64 (2009): 9-13.

Gray, S.L., A.Z. LaCroix, J. Larson, et al. “Proton Pump Inhibitor Use, Hip Fracture, and Change in Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative.” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (2010): 765-71.

Katz, M.H. “Failing the Acid Test: Benefits of Proton Pump Inhibitors May Not Justify the Risks for Many Users.” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (2010): 747-48.

Sipponen, P., and M. Harkonen. “Hypochlorhydric Stomach: A Risk Condition for Calcium Malabsorption and Osteoporosis?” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 45 (2010): 133-38.

Yu, E.W., T. Blackwell, K.E. Ensrud, et al. “Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Bone Loss and Fracture in Older Adults.” Calcified Tissue International 83 (2008): 251-59.

Depression

Diem, S.J., T.L. Blackwell, K.L. Stone, et al. “Use of Antidepressants and Rates of Hip Bone Loss in Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.” Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (2007): 1240-45.

Haney, E.M., B.K. Chan, S.J. Diem, et al. “Association of Low Bone Mineral Density with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use by Older Men.” Archives Internal Medicine 167 (2007): 1246-51.

Haney, E. M., S. J. Warden, and M. M. Bliziotes. “Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Bone Health in Adults: Time for Recommendations about Screening, Prevention and Management?” Bone 46 (2010): 13-17.

Mezuk, B., W.W. Eaton, and S.H. Golden. “Depression and Osteoporosis: Epidemiology and Potential Mediating Pathways.” Osteoporosis International 19 (2008): 1-12.

Mussolino, M.E., B.S. Jonas, and A.C. Looker. “Depression and Bone Mineral Density in Young Adults: Results from NHANES III.” Psychosomatic Medicine 66 (2004): 533-37.

Richards, J.B., A. Papaioannou, J.D. Adachi, et al. “Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on the Risk of Fracture.” Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (2007): 188-94.

Robbins, J., C. Hirsch, R. Whitmer, et al. “The Association of Bone Mineral Density and Depression in an Older Population.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49 (2001): 732-36.

Rosen, C.J. “Serotonin Rising-the Bone, Brain, Bowel Connection.” New England Journal of Medicine 360 (2009): 957-59.

Vestergaard, P., L. Rejnmark, and L. Mosekilde. “Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Other Antidepressants and Risk of Fracture.” Calcified Tissue International 82 (2008): 92-101.

Westbroek, I., A. Van der Plas, K. de Rooij, et al. “Expression of Serotonin Receptors in Bone.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (2001): 28961-68.

Yadav, V.K., J.H. Ryu, N. Suda, et al. “Lrp5 Controls Bone Formation by Inhibiting Serotonin Synthesis in the Duodenum.” Cell 135 (2008): 825-37.

Yirmiya, R., and I. Bab. “Major Depression Is a Risk Factor for Low Bone Mineral Density: A Meta-Analysis.” Biological Psychiatry 66 (2009): 423-32.

Breast Cancer

Brufsky, A., A. Bundred, R. Coleman, et al. “Integrated Analysis of Zoledronic Acid for Prevention of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Letrozole.” Oncologist 13 (2008): 503-14.

Bundred, N.J., I.D. Campbell, N. Davidson, et al. “Effective Inhibition of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Bone Loss by Zoledronic Acid in Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Letrozole.” Cancer 112 (2008): 1001-1010.

Chlebowski, R.T., Z. Chen, J.A. Cauley, et al. “Oral Bisphosphonate Use and Breast Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 (2010): 3582-90.

Coleman, R.E., J. Body, J.R. Gralow, et al. “Bone Loss in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors and Associated Treatment Strategies.” Cancer Treatment Reviews 34 (2008): S31-S42.

Diel, I.J., E.F. Solomayar, S.D. Costa, et al. “Reduction in New Metastases in Breast Cancer with Adjuvant Clodronate Treatment.” New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 357-63.

Eidtmann, H., R. DeBoer, N. Bundred, et al. “Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Letrozole: 36-Month Results of the ZO-FAST Study.” Annals of Oncology 21 (2010): 2188-94.

Ellis, G.K., H.G. Bone, R. Chlebowski, et al. “Randomized Trial of Denosumab in Patients Receiving Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitors for Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (2008): 4875-82.

Fromigue, O., N. Kheddoumi, and J.J. Body. “Bisphosphonates Antagonize Bone Growth Factors' Effects on Human Breast Cancer Cells Survival.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (2003): 178-84.

Gnant, M., and H. Eidtmann. “The Anti-Tumor Effect of Bisphosphonates ABCSG-12, ZO-FAST and More.” Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 74, Supplement 1 (2010): S2-S6.

Gnant, M., B. Mlineritsch, W. Schippinger, et al. “Endocrine Therapy Plus Zoledronic Acid in Premenopausal Breast Cancer.” New England Journal of Medicine 360 (2009): 679-91.

Hadji, P., J.J. Body, M.S. Aapro, et al. “Practical Guidance for the Management of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Bone Loss.” Annals of Oncology 19 (2008): 1407-16.

Hillner, B., J. Ingle, R.T. Chlebowski, et al. “American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 Update on the Role of Bisphosphonates and Bone Health Issues in Women with Breast Cancer.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 21 (2003): 4042-57.

Hines, S.L., B. A. Mincey, J.A. Sloan, et al. “Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of Risedronate for the Prevention of Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women Undergoing Chemotherapy for Primary Breast Cancer.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 (2009): 1047-53.

Hortobagyi, G.N., R.L. Theriault, A. Lipton, et al. “Long-Term Prevention of Skeletal Complications of Metastatic Breast Cancer with Pamidronate: Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 16 (1998): 2038-44.

Jones, D.H., T. Nakashima, O.H. Sanchez, et al. “Regulation of Cancer Cell Migration and Bone Metastasis by RANKL.” Nature 440 (2006): 692-96.

Kritz-Silverstein, D., D.L. Schneider, and J. Sandwell. “Breast Cancer and Bone Mass in Older Women: Is Bone Density Prescreening for Mammography Useful?” Osetoporosis International 17 (2006): 1196-1206

Lester, J., D. Dodwell, E. McCloskey, et al. “The Causes and Treatment of Bone Loss Associated with Carcinoma of the Breast.” Cancer Treatment Reviews 31 (2005): 115-42.

Mundy, G.R. “Metastasis to Bone: Causes, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities.” Nature Reviews Cancer 2 (2002): 584-93.

Ooi, L.L., Y. Zheng, K Stalgis-Bilinski, and C.R. Dunstan. “The Bone Remodeling Environment Is a Factor in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis.” Bone 48 (2011): 66-70.

Stopeck, A.T., A. Lipton, J.J. Body, et al. “Denosumab Compared with Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 (2010): 5132-39.

Van Poznak, C., R. A. Hannon, J. R. Mackey, et al. “Prevention of Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Bone Loss Using Risedronate: The Sabre Trial.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 (2010): 967-75.

Prostate Cancer

Aapro, M., P.A. Abrahamsson, J.J. Body, et al. “Guidance on the Use of Bisphosphonates in Solid Tumours: Recommendations of an International Expert Panel.” Annals of Oncology 19 (2008): 420-32.

Brown, J.E., C.S. Thomson, S.P. Ellis, et al. “Bone Resorption Predicts for Skeletal Complications in Metastatic Bone Disease.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (2003): 2031-37.

Brown, J.E., R.J. Cook, P. Major, et al. “Bone Turnover Markers as Predictors of Skeletal Complications in Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97 (2005): 59-69.

Brunder, J.M., J.Z. Ma, J.W. Basler, et al. “Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis by Central and Peripheral Bone Mineral Density in Men with Prostate Cancer during Androgen-Deprivation Therapy.” Urology 67 (2006): 152-55.

Fizazi, K., M. Carducci, M. Smith, et al. “Denosumab versus Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Bone Metastases in Men with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study.” Lancet 377 (2011): 813-22.

Preston, D.M., P. Harding, R.S. Howard, et al. “Androgen Deprivation in Men with Prostate Cancer Is Associated with an Increased Rate of Bone Loss.” Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 5 (2002): 304-10.

Saad, F., C.S. Higano, O. Sartor, et al. “The Role of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Recommendations from an Expert Panel.” Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 4 (2006): 257-62.

Shahinian, V.B., Y.F. Kuo, J.L. Freeman, and J.S. Goodwin. “Risk of Fracture after Androgen Deprivation for Prostate Cancer.” New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005): 154-56.

Smith, M.R., B. Egerdie, N.H. Toriz, et al. “Denosumab in Men Receiving Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 745-55.

Smith, M.R., F.J. McGovern, A.L. Zietman, et al. “Pamidronate to Prevent Bone Loss during Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.” New England Journal of Medicine 345 (2001): 948-55.

Smith, M.R., J. Eastham, D.M. Gleason, et al. “Randomized Controlled Trial of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer.” Journal of Urology 169 (2003): 2008-2012.

Srinivas, S., I. Perkash, M.K. Terris, et al. “Progressive Decrease in Bone Density over 10 Years of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients with Prostate Cancer.” Urology 57 (2001): 127-32.

Long-Term Care Setting: Assisted Living and Nursing Facilities

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., B. Dawson-Hughes, A. Platz, et al. “Effect of High-Dosage Cholecalciferol and Extended Physiotherapy on Complications after Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (2010): 813-20.

Cameron, I.D., and S. Kurrle. “Preventing Falls in Elderly People Living in Hospitals and Care Homes.” British Medical Journal 334 (2007): 53-54.

Chandler, J.M., S.I. Zimmerman, C. J. Girman, et al. “Low Bone Mineral Density and Risk of Fracture in White Female Nursing Home Residents.” Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (2000): 972-77.

Colón-Emeric, C., K.W. Lyles, D.A Levine, et al. “Prevalence and Predictors of Osteoporosis Treatment in Nursing Home Residents with Known Osteoporosis or Recent Fracture.” Osteoporosis International 18 (2007): 553-59.

Davis, G.C., T.L. White, and A. Yang. “A Bone Health Intervention for Older Adults Living in Residential Settings.” Research in Nursing & Health 29 (2005): 566-75.

Flicker, L., R.J. MacInnis, M.S. Stein, et al. “Should Older People in Residential Care Receive Vitamin D to Prevent Falls? Results of a Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53 (2005): 1881-88.

Greenspan, S.L., D.L. Schneider, M.R. McClung, et al. “Alendronate Improves Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Women with Osteoporosis Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Annals of Internal Medicine 136 (2002): 742-46.

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