FURTHER READING

Cleary, Thomas. The Wisdom of the Prophet: Sayings of Muhammad. Selections from the Hadith. Boston and London: Shambhala, 2001.

Dakake, Maria Massi. The Charismatic Community: Shiʿite Identity in Early Islam. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2007.

Jafri, S. H. M. The Origins and Early Development of Shiʿa Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. First published by Longman Group and Librairie du Liban, 1979.

Kohlberg, Etan. “ʿAli b. Abi Taleb.” In Encyclopedia Iranica, ed. by Ehsan Yar-Shater. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982, 1:838–48.

Lakhani, M. Ali, ed. The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʿAli ibn Abi Talib. Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom, 2006.

Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Qutbuddin, Tahera. “ʿAli ibn Abi Talib.” In Arabic Literary Culture, 500–925, ed. by Michael Cooperson and Shawkat M. Toorawa. Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005, pp. 205–224. Dictionary of Literary Biography, 311.

———. “Khuṭba: The Evolution of Early Arabic Oration.” In Classical Arabic Humanities in their Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday, ed. by Beatrice Gruendler with the assistance of Michael Cooperson. Leiden: Brill, 2008, pp. 176–273.

Shah-Kazemi, Reza. Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam ʿAlī. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2006.

Ṭabarī, al- (d. 310/923). Tārīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk, edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1977. Translated as The History of al-Ṭabarī, general editor Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985–2007. Adrian Brockett, translator, The Community Divided. Vol. 16, 1997. G. R. Hawting, translator, The First Civil War. Vol. 17, 1996.