Preface: Witness
1. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309 lists a total of fifty-seven women travelling by the various ships. As Mistress Palmer’s daughter was only seven or eight years old I have omitted her from the reckoning, except where indicated.
2. David R. Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia, 1621’, William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, issue 48, January 1991, pp. 3–18.
3. See Douglas Bradburn and John C. Coombs (eds), Early Modern Virginia: Reconsidering the Old Dominion (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2011), p. 309.
Part One: England and its Virginian Colony
Chapter 1: The Marmaduke Maids
1. The original dozen Marmaduke maids are named in the Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 306, and the thirteen who actually travelled in FP 309. Except where stated, all references to the maids’ Virginia Company listing are taken from these two papers.
2. See FP 299.
3. FP 280.
4. See John Duncumb, Collections Towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Herefordshire (Cardiff, Merton Priory Press, 1996), vol. 2, pp. 138–9.
5. See ‘The Charter of the Company of Gunmakers, London’ in Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research, vol. 6 no. 23, January–March 1927, pp. 79–94; and Richard W. Stewart, ‘The London Gunmakers and the Ordnance Office, 1590–1637’ in American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin no.55, fall 1986.
6. Except where stated, all birth details are from Ancestry.co.uk.
7. J. F. Merritt, The Social World of Early Modern Westminster: Abbey, Court and Community, 1525–1640 (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2005), p. 259.
8. See Walter Thornbury, ‘Blackfriars’, in Old and New London: Volume 1 (London, 1878), pp. 200–19; Tiffany Stern, ‘“A ruinous monastery”: the Second Blackfriars Playhouse as a place of nostalgia’ in Andrew Gurr and Farah Karim-Cooper (eds), Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 96–114.
9. See Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, A Survey of London, reprinted from the text of 1603 (2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971), vol. 2, p. 123; and Merritt, The Social World, pp. 259–60 and passim.
10. See http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp14-26.
11. Percy W. L. Adams, Betley Parish Register, 1538–1812 (Staffordshire Parish Registers Society, 1916), pp. 25–6, and Appendix I.
12. FP 308.
13. FP 309. A search of the alphabetical index of all people recorded in local parish registers at the Isle of Wight County Record Office revealed no Bergens, Buergens or anything similar.
14. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 492–8.
15. FP 309. Lawson is often transcribed as Clawson.
16. See John Nichols, The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First (4 vols, London, Society of Antiquaries, 1828), vol. 2, p. 126; and the Victoria History of the Counties of England, A History of Yorkshire (London, Institute of Historical Research, 1974), vol. 2, p. 386.
17. Personal correspondence from Stephen Porter, honorary archivist to the Charterhouse, 12 December 2015. Charterhouse Muniments, G/2/1, Governors’ Assembly Orders, Book A, June 1613–July 1637.
18. See: http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/uvedale-sir-william-1581-1652.
19. The watermen appeared in the sixth impression of Overbury’s Characters (1615). See W. J. Paylor (ed), The Overburian Characters to which is added A Wife by Sir Thomas Overbury (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1936), p. 68.
20. Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks (eds), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550–1800 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1994), p. 2.
21. See Jane Zimmerman, ‘The Art of English Blackwork’, www.janezimmerman.com/Site/Needlework_History/Blackwork.pdf.
22. See David W. Lloyd and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Isle of Wight (London, Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 119–23 and 25–6; East Cowes Heritage Centre, F/77/3B (but mostly unreferenced); and Sir John Oglander’s Commonplace Book, transcribed by the Isle of Wight County Record Office (see for instance OG 90/1 p. 127).
23. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 190–1.
24. http://www.iwhistory.org.uk/RM/iwcounty/iwplant.htm; Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 190; and Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635, A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 513 and 455–6.
25. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 410.
26. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 469–70 and vol. 3, p. 63.
27. Sir John Oglander’s Commonplace Book, OG 90/2 f. 66 and OG 90/2 f. 102 bis.
28. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, p. 116.
29. Isle of Wight County Record Office, NBC 45/16a, Newport Convocation Book, entry for September 1621.
30. Kingbsury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 660–1.
31. FP 308.
32. FP 306.
33. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 495.
34. For definitions of ‘frieze’ and ‘falling bands’, see Jill Condra, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History (Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 2008), p. 169; FP 308.
35. FP 315.
36. FP 328.
37. Isle of Wight County Record Office, OG/BB/174.
38. A John Jacson married Ann Gardner at St Margaret’s Westminster on 26 April 1618, Ancestry.co.uk.
39. Isle of Wight County Record Office, Newport parish registers, NPT/REG/ Com 2 (includes marriages 1545– 1623). And see R. J. Eldridge, Newport Isle of Wight in Bygone Days (Newport, Isle of Wight County Press, 1952).
40. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html. Edward Marshall and Walter Beare survived as servants.
41. See ‘Wight Island. Described by William White, Gent.’ in John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine (London, 1611), fols 15–17.
Chapter 2: The Warwick Women
1. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 498–9.
2. For all listings of the Warwick and other maids in this chapter, see Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
3. See Robert Peirce Cruden, The History of the Town of Gravesend in the County of Kent and of the Port of London (London, William Pickering, 1843); James Benson, A History of Gravesend, revised and edited by Robert Heath Hiscock (Chichester, Phillimore & Co., 1976), p 2; and Robert Pocock, The History of the Incorporated Town and Parishes of Gravesend and Milton in the County of Kent (Gravesend, 1797).
4. The Journals of Two Travellers in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England, Thomas Platter and Horatio Busino (London, Caliban Books, 1995), pp. 9–10.
5. Ibid. pp. 109–10.
6. Cruden, The History of the Town of Gravesend, pp. 205–6.
7. See Platter in The Journals of Two Travellers, pp. 14 and 134.
8. See Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 389.
9. Gervase Markham, Honour in his Perfection (London, 1624), p. 21.
10. F. N. L. Poynter, A Bibliography of Gervase Markham, 1568?–1637 (Oxford, Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1962), pp. 8–31.
11. Baptismal and marriage details from Ancestry.co.uk; and see http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3/pp390-395.
12. Email from Steven Hobbs FSA, archivist at the Wiltshire and Swindon archives, 20 October 2015, confirming that Bridgett, daughter of John Croft, was baptized on 12 November 1601 in the church of St Peter at Britford, Wiltshire.
13. Fynes Moryson, An Itinerary: London 1617 (Amsterdam, Da Capo Press/ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1971), Part III Chapter 3, p. 137.
14. ‘Townships: North Meols’, in A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, ed. William Farrer and J. Brownbill (London, 1907), pp. 230–6.
15. The Parish Registers of North Meols, 1594–1731 (Preston, Lancashire Parish Register Society, 1929), p. 3.
16. Baptized on 7 May 1600 at St Andrew Holborn on the western fringes of the City, Ancestry.co.uk.
17. T. C. Dale, The Inhabitants of London in 1638 (London, Society of Genealogists, 1931) p. 97.
18. London Metropolitan Archives, Church of England Parish Registers, 1538– 1812, reference no. P93/DUN/255.
19. FP 197.
20. Joseph Swetnam, The Araignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women (London, 1615), p. 52.
21. Peter Wilson Coldham, English Adventurers and Emigrants, 1609–1660 (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1984), p. 7.
22. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 632–3.
23. The recorder was also a Virginia Company adventurer: see Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 562.
24. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, A Survey of London, reprinted from the text of 1603 (2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971), vol. 1, p. 206.
25. Lawrence Price, ‘The Maydens of Londons brave adventures’, 1623–1661, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/30869/image.
26. Anon, ‘A Market for young Men’, 1695–1703?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/21894/image.
27. ‘Anon, A Catalogue of young Wenches’, 1675–96?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/22340/image.
28. Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, vol. 1, pp. 135–6 and p. 44. You can track this journey with the help of Adrian Prockter and Robert Taylor, The A to Z of Elizabethan London (London, London Topographical Society, 1979).
29. Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, vol. 1, p. 49.
30. Ibid. vol. 2, pp. 70–1.
31. Robert Simper, Thames Tideway, Vol. 6 English Estuaries Series (Lavenham, Suffolk, Creekside Publishing, 1997), pp. 54–5.
32. Platter in The Journals of Two Travellers, p. 99.
33. Quoted in Liza Picard, Elizabeth’s London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), pp. 6–8.
34. ‘A New Discovery by Sea’, London to Salisbury (1623) in John Chandler (ed.), Travels Through Stuart Britain, The Adventures of John Taylor, the Water Poet (Stroud, Glos., Sutton Publishing, 1999), p. 102.
35. Kingsbury (ed), Records, vol. 3, pp. 639–40.
36. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 639 says August, but the Tiger left after the Warwick so September is more likely.
37. See biographies for the Palmers in Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 531–2.
38. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol.1, pp. 586–7.
39. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 298; vol.1, p. 379; and vol. 1, p. 588.
40. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 475.
41. Ancestry.co.uk; and see Caroline Gordon and Wilfrid Dewhirst, The Ward of Cripplegate in the City of London (London, Cripplegate Ward Club, 1985), p. 45.
Chapter 3: A Woman’s Place
1. Gwendolyn B. Needham, ‘New Light on Maids “Leading Apes in Hell”’, Journal of American Folklore, vol. 75, no. 296 (April–June 1962), pp. 106–119; and William Corkine, Canto 14 of his Second Booke of Ayres (London, 1612).
2. Amy M. Froide, Never Married: Singlewomen in Early Modern England (Oxford University Press, 2005), p.17.
3. The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights, London, 1632 (reprinted Amsterdam, Walter J. Johnson Inc./Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1979), p. 6.
4. William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, Eight Treatises (London, 1622), pp. 272–3.
5. See https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/of-domesticall-duties-by-william-gouge-1622.
6. Quoted in Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 96.
7. See Joanna Innes, ‘Prisons for the poor: English bridewells, 1555–1800’, in Francis Snyder and Douglas Hay (eds) Labour, Law, and Crime: An Historical Perspective (London, Tavistock Publications, 1987), pp. 42– 122, especially pp. 57–8.
8. H. F. Lippincott (ed.), ‘Merry Passages and Jeasts’: A Manuscript Jestbook of Sir Nicholas Le Strange (1603–1655), (Salzburg, Institut für Englische Sprache und Literatur, Universität Salzburg, 1974), p. 101, no. 347.
9. Joseph Swetnam, The Araignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward [Contrary], and Unconstant Women (London, 1615), pp. 1, 28, 52, 59.
10. Catherine Armstrong, Writing North America in the Seventeenth Century: English Representations in Print and Manuscript (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007), pp. 38–9.
11. Society of Antiquaries, Broadsides James I, 1603–1622, no. 175. And see Mark Thornton Burnett, ‘“Fill Gut and Pinch Belly”: Writing Famine in the English Renaissance’ in Explorations in Renaissance Culture, vol. 21, 1995, pp. 21–44.
12. Norman Egbert McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 2, p. 286.
13. Three Pamphlets on the Jacobean Antifeminist Controversy (Delmar, New York, Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1978).
14. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 289.
15. Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London, Routledge, 1993), pp. 5–6.
16. The Lawes, pp. 129–30, 128, 6.
17. Dier’s age is given as fifteen in Ferrar Paper 309 and sixteen in FP 306. David R. Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia, 1621’, William and Mary Quarterly, third series, no. 48, January 1991, p. 11.
18. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, pp. 128–9; Vivien Brodsky Elliott, ‘Single Women in the London Marriage Market: age, status and mobility 1598–1619’ in R.B. Outhwaite (ed.), Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (London, Europa publications, 1981), pp. 81–100.
19. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 306, and parish records from Ancestry.co.uk.
20. See E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction (London, Edward Arnold, 1981), p. 263.
21. David Underdown, Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603–1660 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 18.
22. David B. Quinn, ‘Why they came’ in David B. Quinn (ed.), Early Maryland in a Wider World (Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1982), p. 135.
23. Christopher Brooks, ‘Apprenticeship, Social Mobility and the Middling Sort, 1550–1800’ in Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks (eds), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550–1800 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1994), p. 70.
24. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 342.
25. See Erickson, Women and Property, pp. 85, and 88–9; Diana O’Hara, Courtship and Constraint: Rethinking the Making of Marriage in Tudor England (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 204; Catherine Frances, ‘Making marriages in early modern England: rethinking the role of family and friends’, in Maria Ågren and Amy Louise Erickson (eds), The Marital Economy in Scandinavia and Britain, 1400–1900 (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005), p. 45.
26. For decline in wages, see James Horn, ‘Servant Emigration to the Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century’ in Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman (eds), The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 75. For dowry inflation, see O’Hara, Courtship, especially pp. 190– 235; and Frances, ‘Making Marriages’, p. 45.
27. Erickson, Women and Property, p. 93. 28. FP 306 and 309.
29. Erickson, Women and Property, p. 5.
30. Ibid. p. 94.
31. Jane Whittle, ‘Servants in rural England c. 1450–1650: hired work as a means of accumulating wealth and skills before marriage’ in Ågren and Erickson (eds), The Marital Economy, pp. 89–107.
32. Erickson, Woman and Property, p. 85.
33. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 198.
34. Anon, ‘A Dialogue Between A/ Master and his Maid’, 1684–1700?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/22059/image.
35. The first case appears among the general sessions held at Westminster on 11 and 12 April 1616, Sessions Roll 550/114, 115, Sessions Reg. 2/294, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/middx-sessions/vol3/pp194-239; the second on Sessions, 1616: 3 and 4 October, Sessions Roll 554/122, Sessions Reg. 2/356, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/middx-sessions/vol4/pp1-41.
36. A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 10, Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds, originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1972, consulted online 18 January 2018 at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol10/pp162-165.
37. Elliott, ‘Single Women in the London Marriage Market’, pp. 83–4.
38. Anon, ‘A Maydens Lamentation for a Bedfellow’, c. 1615, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20113/image.
39. Martin Parker, ‘The wiving age. Or A great Complaint of the Maidens of London’, 1627?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20178/image.
40. See Anon, ‘This Maide would give tenne Shillings for a Kisse’, 1620?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20150/image; and ‘Nobody his Consaile to chuse a Wife: OR, the diffference betweene Widdowes and Maydes’, 1622, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20177/image.
41. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 275–80.
42. William S. Powell, Letters and Other Writings, microfiche supplement to John Pory, 1572–1636, The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1977), pp. 50–1.
43. Armstrong, Writing North America, p. 182.
44. Louis B. Wright, Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558–1625 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1943), p. 88.
45. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 408.
46. FP 197; and Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia’, p. 10.
Chapter 4: Point of Departure
1. Stephen Inwood, A History of London (London, Macmillan, 1998), pp. 157–9, 201; and A. L. Beier and Roger Finlay (eds), London 1500–1700: The Making of the Metropolis (London, Longman, 1986), p. 3.
2. Ibid. pp. 50–1; and see Roger Finlay, Population and Metropolis: The Demography of London 1580–1650 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981).
3. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 306 and 309.
4. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, A Survey of London, reprinted from the text of 1603 (2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971), vol. 2, p. 72.
5. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 179.
6. See Jennifer Potter, Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John Tradescants (London, Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 28–9.
7. The Journals of Two Travellers in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England, Thomas Platter and Horatio Busino (London, Caliban Books, 1995), pp. xxii–xxiii.
8. Edward Arber (ed.), Thomas Decker [sic], The Seven Deadly Sins of London, 1606 (London, English Scholar’s Library, 1880), p.31.
9. See Bruce R. Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1999), especially pp. 52–71; and http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A20054.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
10. The Journals of Two Travellers, p. xxv.
11. Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, vol. 1, p. 277.
12. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 21.
13. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 239.
14. See http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/2979/.
15. Liza Picard, Elizabeth’s London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), pp. 14–15.
16. The Journals of Two Travellers, p. 134.
17. Smith, The Acoustic World, p. 57.
18. See http://www.british-history.ac.uk/middx-sessions/vol1/pp452-462.
19. Sir Thomas Gresham’s Royal Exchange in the City, built in the late 1560s, seems more likely than the New Exchange on the Strand, built in 1609.
20. See Vivian Thomas and Nicki Faircloth, Shakespeare’s Plants and Gardens (London, Bloomsbury, 2014), p. 6.
21. Andrew Gurr and Farah Karim-Cooper (eds), Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 254–6.
22. Quoted in Irwin Smith, Shakespeare’s Blackfriars Playhouse (New York, New York University Press, 1964), pp. 256–7 and 489–6.
23. City of Westminster Archives, St Martin-in-the-Fields parish records, Overseers’ Accounts for the Poor for 1622, F348.
24. http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/thorpe-george-1575-1622. For a brief biography, see Martha W. McCartney, ‘George Thorpe’s Inventory: Virginia’s Earliest Known Appraisal’ in Robert Hunter (ed.), Ceramics in America, 2016, pp. 2–32: http://www.chipstone.org/issue.php/40/Ceramics-in-America-2016.
25. City of Westminster Archives, St Martin-in-the-Fields parish records, Overseers’ Accounts for the Poor for 1622, F345.
26. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/STRA9.htm.
27. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BEAR1.htm?name=SOUT2.
28. Caroline Barron et al. (eds), ‘The London Journal of Alessandro Magno 1562’ in The London Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, winter 1983, pp. 143–4; and Smith, The Acoustic World, pp. 62–3.
29. Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, vol. 2, pp. 54.
30. Barron et al. (eds), ‘The London Journal’, p. 144.
31. The Journals of Two Travellers, p. 32.
32. Laura Gowing, ‘“The freedom of the streets”’: women and social space, 1560–1640’, in Paul Griffiths and Mark S. R. Jenner, Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 139.
33. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp14–26.
34. FP 306 gives her age as ‘20 or ther abouts’.
35. See Edward Walford, ‘Westminster: Tothill Fields and neighbourhood’, in Old and New London: Volume 4 (London, 1878), pp. 14–26.
36. Martin Parker, ‘Newes from the Tower-hill’, 1631, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/search_combined/?ss=20123.
1. Kim Sloan, A New World: England’s First View of America (London, British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 40–1.
2. See David Beers Quinn (ed.), The Roanoke Voyages 1584–1590 (2 vols, London, Hakluyt Society, 1955), vol. 2, pp. 515–43; James Horn, A Kingdom Strange:The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke (New York, Basic Books, 2010); and David Beers Quinn, Set Fair For Roanoke, Voyages and Colonies 1584– 1606 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1985).
3. Horn, A Kingdom Strange, pp. 245–8.
4. Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages, vol. 2, p. 524.
5. Ibid. pp. 531–2.
6. Ibid. pp. 613–15.
7. George Percy, Observations gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southerne Colonie in Virginia by the English, taken from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1002.
8. George Chapman, Ben Johnson, John Marston, Eastward Hoe As it was playd in the Black-friers (London, 1605), act 3, scene 2.
9. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612) By William Strachey, gent. (London, Hakluyt Society, 1953), p. 34.
10. Wesley Frank Craven, The Virginia Company of London, 1606–1624, historical booklet no. 5 (Williamsburg, Va., Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957), pp. 1–2.
11. http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smythe-sir-thomas-1558-1625#footnote48_4xaxtl3.
12. Louis B. Wright, Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion 1558–1625 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1943), pp. 88–9.
13. Craven, The Virginia Company, p. 39. For a biography of Sandys, see Theodore K. Rabb, Jacobean Gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1998).
14. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and James River (Richmond, Va., Whittet & Shepperson, 1900), pp. 15–16, 25.
15. ‘Observations by Master George Percy, 1607’, pp. 5–23 in Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia 1606–1625 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), p. 15.
16. Ibid. pp. 21–2.
17. Robert Johnson, The New Life of Virginea… Being the Second part of Nova Britannia (London, 1612), taken from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1052.
18. William Strachey, ‘A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight’ in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes, vol. 19 (Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1906), Chapter VI, p. 58.
19. http://historicjamestowne.org/history/history-of-jamestown/the-first-supply/. For survival rates, see Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 115 n. and Appendix, 396 n.
20. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580– 1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, pp. 191–2.
21. Ibid. vol. 2, pp. 140–2.
22. See ‘Musters of the Inhabitants in Virginia 1624/1625’ in Annie Lash Jester, Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia 1607–1625, second edition (Sponsored by Order of the First Families of Virginia, 1964), p. 49.
23. George Gardyner of Peckham quoted this proverb in A Description of the New World. OR, America Islands and Continent (London 1651), pp. 98–102.
24. Letter from Sir Francis Wyatt in William and Mary Quarterly, third series, vol. vi, no. 2, April 1926, pp. 114–21.
25. Catherine Armstrong, Writing North America in the Seventeenth Century: English Representations in Print and Manuscript (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007), pp. 38–9.
26. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A14513.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext.
27. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (2 vols, New York, Russell & Russell, 1964), vol. 1, p. 320; and Barbour (ed.), Complete Works vol. 2, p. 219.
28. Brown, Genesis, vol. 1, p. 244.
29. See Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry on Yeardley by R. C. D. Baldwin, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/30204, consulted online 24 January 2018; and William S. Powell, John Pory/ 1572–1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1977), p. 5.
30. See Strachey, ‘A true reportory’, p. 38, and Hobson Woodward, A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown (London, Penguin Books, 2009), p. 23.
31. See Annie Lash Jester, Domestic Life in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, historical booklet no. 17 (Williamsburg, Va., Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957), p. 6.
32. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 223–5.
33. Mark Nicholls on George Percy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, consulted online 24 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/21926.
34. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 232; and Woodward, A Brave Vessel, pp. 90 and 97.
35. Strachey, ‘A true reportory’, pp. 44–5, 54.
36. Charles E. Hatch Jr, The First Seventeen Years, Virginia 1607–1624 (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 1957), p. 11.
37. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 232–3.
38. This version comes from Strachey, ‘A true reportory’, pp. 69–70.
39. Jane’s story is taken from James Horn, William Kelso, Douglas Owsley and Beverly Straube, Jane: Starvation, Cannibalism, and Endurance at Jamestown (Williamsburg, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation/ Preservation Virginia, 2013).
40. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
41. See Nicholas Canny, ‘The permissive frontier: the problem of social control in English settlements in Ireland and Virginia 1550–1650’ in K. R. Andrews et al. (eds), The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America 1480–1650 (Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1978), pp. 17–44.
42. For The Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, (London, 1612) from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/laws/J1056.
43. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), p. 767.
44. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1924), p. 62.
45. Warren M. Billing, ‘The transfer of English Law to Virginia, 1606–50’ in Andrews et al. (eds), The Westward Enterprise, p. 218.
46. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Tobacco_in_Colonial_Virginia.
47. Norman Egbert McClure, The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 1, p. 471.
48. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 12.
49. Craven, The Virginia Company, pp. 31–2.
50. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 1, p. 334.
51. Three Proclamations Concerning the Lottery for Virginia 1613–1621 (Providence, R.I., John Carter Brown Library, 1907), p. 2.
52. See Robert C. Johnson, ‘The “Running Lotteries” of the Virginia Company’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 68, no. 2 (April 1960), pp. 156–65.
53. Anon, ‘Londons Lotterie’, 1612, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20085/image.
54. Emily Rose, ‘The End of the Gamble: The Termination of the Virginia Lotteries in March 1621’, Parliamentary History, vol. 27, part 2 (2008), pp. 175–97.
55. See Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol.1, pp. 355 and 556.
56. Sir Francis Bacon’s ‘Of Plantations’ appears in Brown, Genesis, vol. 2, pp. 799–802.
57. See Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 24–7.
58. Peter Wilson Coldham, Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas, 1607–1776 (Stroud, Glos., Alan Sutton, 1992), p. 41.
59. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1051, Robert Johnson, Nova Britannia (London, 1609).
60. Analytical Index to the Series of Records Known as the Remembrancia Preserved Among the Archives of the City of London, A.D. 1579–1664 (London, E. J. Francis, 1878), pp. 361–2.
61. Robert C. Johnson, ‘The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618–1622’ in Howard S. Reinmuth Jr (ed.), Early Stuart Studies: Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1970), pp. 138–43.
62. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 170.
63. The numbers are taken from Robert Hume, Early Child Immigrants to Virginia, 1618–1642 (Baltimore, Md., Magna Carter Book Company, 1986), pp. 8–13.
64. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 289.
65. Ibid. vol. I, p. 270–1.
66. Coldham, Emigrants in Chains, p. 46.
67. Hume, Early Child Immigrants, pp. 18 and 20.
68. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of James I, 1611–1618 (London, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1858), pp. 586, 594.
69. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 183.
70. Anon, ‘The Trappan’d Maiden’, 1689–1703?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/21947/image.
71. Anon, ‘The Woman Outwitted’ , 1705–1709?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/32021/image.
72. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 82.
73. Quoted by David R. Ransome in ‘Wives for Virginia, 1621’ in William and Mary Quarterly, third series, no. 48, January 1991, p. 5.
74. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 82.
75. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 256–7.
76. Ibid. vol. 1, 269.
77. Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia’, p. 5. Ransome mentions just the Jonathan and the Merchant of London. Another ship often mentioned is the Bona Nova. See Kingsbury, Records, vol. 3, p. 239.
78. A Declaration of the State of the Colonie and Affaires in Virginia With the Names of Adventurors, and Summes adventured in that Action, 22 June 1620, taken from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1050.
Chapter 6: La Belle Sauvage
1. For much of the background to this chapter I am indebted to Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005).
2. The text of Rolfe’s letter is taken from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/rolfe_letter.html.
3. Thomas Harriot, A Briefe and True Report of the New found land of Virginia (New York, Dover Publications, 1972), p. 29.
4. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 41–76.
5. See Kim Sloan, A New World: England’s First View of America (London, British Museum Press, 2007), especially pp. 122–3, 126–7, 130–1, 140–5.
6. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612) By William Strachey, gent. (London, Hakluyt Society, 1953), pp. 71, 85, 112–13, 174–207.
7. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 263–5.
8. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (2 vols, New York, Russell & Russell, 1964), vol. 2, pp. 572–3.
9. Louis B. Wright (ed.), The History and Present State of Virginia by Robert Beverley (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1947), pp. 38–9.
10. Quoted in Leonidas Dodson, Alexander Spotswood, Governor of Colonial Virginia, 1710–1722 (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), p. 91.
11. Virginea Britannia: A Sermon Preached at White Chappel, in the Presence of Many, Honourable and Worshipfull, the Adventurers, and Planters for Virginia, 25 April 1609 by William Symonds, p. 35.
12. See Helen C. Rountree’s entry on ‘Marriage in Early Virginian Indian Society’ for Encyclopedia Virginia, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Marriage_in_Early_Virginia_Indian_Society.
13. Wright and Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell, pp. 72, 113.
14. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 198.
15. Wright and Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell, p. 62.
16. Brown, Genesis, vol. 2, pp. 640–4; Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 243–4; and Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse Of The Present Estate Of Virginia, 1614 (London, 1615).
17. Norman Egbert McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 1, pp. 470–1.
18. Taken from: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/rolfe_letter.html.
19. Rountree, Pocahontas, pp. 166–7.
20. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 245–6.
21. For the biblical story of Isaac and Rebekah, see Genesis Chapter 24.
22. Hamor, A True Discourse; and see Rountree, Pocahontas, pp. 168–75.
23. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 258.
24. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 12.
25. Ibid. vol. 2, pp. 56–7.
26. Quoted in Rountree, Pocahontas, p. 177.
27. Ibid. p. 178.
28. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 260–2; and see Rountree, Pocahontas, pp. 180–2.
29. http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp08122/simon-de-passe. The British Museum calls him Simon van de Passe.
30. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, pp. 56–7.
31. Tony Horwitz, ‘How much do we really know about Pocahontas’, Smithsonian Magazine, November 2013, consulted online 21 April 2016.
32. Rountree, Pocahontas, p. 182.
33. Parish records for St George’s church, Gravesend.
34. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2, p. 66.
35. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 262.
36. Susan Myra Kingsbury, The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 70–3.
37. Alden T. Vaughan, ‘Powhatans Abroad: Virginia Indians in England’ in Robert Appelbaum and John Wood Sweet, Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 59–60.
38. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 338–9. And see Rev. Edward D. Neill, Pocahontas and Her Companions: A Chapter from the History of the Virginia Company of London (Albany, NY, Joel Munsell, 1869), p. 29; and Camilla Townsend, Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma (New York, Hill and Wang, 2004), p. 166.
39. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 427–8.
40. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 282.
41. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 496.
42. FP 292.
43. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 384 and 386.
Chapter 7: Maids to the Rescue
1. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and J. F. Wadmore, ‘Sir Thomas Smythe Knt (ad 1558–1625)’, Archaeologia Cantiana, vol. 20, 1893, pp. 82–103.
2. Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution of the Virginia Company (Gloucester, Mass., Peter Smith, 1964), p. 27.
3. Susan Myra Kingsbury, The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 217.
4. See http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitLarge/mw129154/Sir-Thomas-Smythe-Smith.
5. See Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.), John Stow, A Survey of London, reprinted from the text of 1603 (2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971), vol. 1, p. 174.
6. Theodore K. Rabb, Jacobean Gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1998), frontispiece and see p. 393.
7. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 212–13 and 385. For Wolstenholme’s family connections, see http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/wolstenholme-sir-john-1562-1639.
8. Stanley Spurling, Sir Thomas Smythe knt 1558–1625 (New York, The Newcomers Society in North America, 1955) ; and http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smythe-sir-thomas-1558-1625.
9. ‘Nicholas Ferrar’ in Rev. Christopher Wordsworth, Ecclesiastical Biography; or Lives of Eminent Men Connected with the History of Religion in England (6 vols, London, 1818), vol. 5, p. 76.
10. Rev. T. T. Carter, Nicholas Ferrar, His Household and His Friends (London, Longmans, Green, & Co., 1892), p. 6.
11. Joyce Ransome, The Web of Friendship: Nicholas Ferrar and Little Gidding (Cambridge, James Clarke & Co., 2011), pp. 41–2.
12. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 298, 301, and 334–7.
13. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 335.
14. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 216–19.
15. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 345–58.
16. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 265–9.
17. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 220.
18. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 348.
19. Rabb, Jacobean Gentleman, pp. 75–86.
20. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, pp. 357–8.
21. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 384–5.
22. Arthur Woodnoth, A Short Collection of the Most Remarkable Passages from the Originall to the Dissolution of the Virginia Company, London, 1651, pp. 7–8.
23. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 390.
24. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 412.
25. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 397.
26. See Robert C. Johnson, ‘The Lotteries of the Virginia Company 1612–1621’ in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 74, no. 3, July 1966, pp. 259–92, especially pp. 288–92; Emily Rose, ‘The End of the Gamble: The Termination of the Virginia Lotteries in March 1621’, Parliamentary History, vol. 27, pt 2, 2008, pp. 175– 97; and Robert C. Johnson, ‘The “Running Lotteries” of the Virginia Company’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 68, no. 2, April 1960, pp. 156–65.
27. Rose, ‘The End of the Gamble’, p. 182.
28. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 469–70.
29. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 477.
30. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 485.
31. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 510–11, 493.
32. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 512–20.
33. See Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1638: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 142–3.
34. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 517.
35. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 596.
36. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 280.
37. FP 280, and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 505.
38. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 492–8, and 502–8.
39. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 520.
40. See FP 280.
41. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol, 2, pp. 15 and 26.
42. FP 280; and see David R. Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia, 1621’, William and Mary Quarterly, third series, no. 48, January 1991, pp. 8–9.
43. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 565–7.
44. Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 522–3.
45. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 493–4.
46. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 391.
47. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 312–17.
48. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 494.
49. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 502.
50. FP 305.
51. FP 306.
52. FP 302; and see Ransome, ‘Wives for Virginia’ p. 16, and Holly Duggan, ‘Osmologies of Luxury and Labor: Entertaining Perfumers in Early English Drama’ for Michelle M. Dowd and Natasha Korda (eds), Working Subjects in Early Modern English Drama (Farnham, Ashgate, 2011), p. 75.
53. FP 304.
54. FP 292, 306 and 322.
55. FP 315.
56. FP 308.
Chapter 8: When Stormie Winds do Blow
1. Anon, ‘A Voyage to Virginia’, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/33489/image.
2. C. H. Herford and Percy Simpson (eds), Ben Jonson (11 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986), vol. 4, p. 544.
3. Robert D. Hicks, Voyage to Jamestown: Practical Navigation in the Age of Discovery (Annapolis, Maryland, Naval Institute Press, 2011), p. 42.
4. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 299.
5. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 3, p. 82.
6. Susan Myra Kingsbury, The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 465.
7. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 498–501.
8. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 526.
9. A True and Sincere declaration of the purpose and ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia (London, 1610), pp. 8–9, authorized by the ‘Governors and Councellors’ of the Virginia Company.
10. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus: or, Purchas his Pilgrimes (20 vols, Glasgow, James Maclehose and Sons, 1905–7), vol. 19, pp. 90–4.
11. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 78. For prevailing winds and currents in the North Atlantic see James Clarke, Atlantic Pilot Atlas second edition (London, Adlard Coles Nautical, 1996), pp. 8–33.
12. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 301.
13. See ‘A Voyage to Virginia by Colonel Norwood’ in A Collection of Voyage and Travels (6 vols, London, Messrs Churchill, 1744–6), vol. 6, p. 163.
14. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 3, p. 28.
15. Robert Ralston Cawley, Unpathed Waters, Studies in the Influence of the Voyagers on Elizabethan Literature (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1940), p. 204.
16. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 639–40.
17. FP 210 implies a crew of some 22 officers and men for a ship the size of the Warwick (160 tons). But see Brian Lavery, The Colonial Merchantman: Susan Constant 1605 (London, Conway Maritime Press, 1998), p. 24.
18. I am using the dimensions from the Susan Constant at Jamestown Settlement.
19. See Kingsbury (ed.), vol. 3, p. 526.
20. See Lavery, The Colonial Merchantman, pp. 24–8.
21. W. Sears Nickerson, Land Ho! – 1620: A Seaman’s Story of the Mayflower, Her Construction, Her Navigation, and Her First Landfall (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1931), pp. 22–32.
22. Lavery, The Colonial Merchantman, p. 11.
23. Nickerson, Land Ho!, p. 34.
24. Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, vol. 19, p. 135.
25. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 582.
26. FP 299.
27. Kermit Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar with the Plaine Exposition of Smiths Accidence for Young Sea-men, Enlarged (London, Michael Joseph, 1970), p. 48.
28. See ‘Wight Island’ in John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine (London, 1611), f. 15.
29. John Chandler (ed.), Travels Through Stuart Britain: The Adventures of John Taylor, the Water Poet (Stroud, Sutton Publishing, 1999), pp. 95–128.
30. Samuel Eliot Morison (ed.), Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647 by William Bradford (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), pp. 52–3.
31. From New Englands Trials taken from James Horn (ed.), Captain John Smith: Writings with Other Narratives of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the First Settlement of America (New York, Library of America, 2007), p. 183.
32. FP 321.
33. Morison (ed.), Of Plymouth Plantation, p. 58.
34. Lavery, The Colonial Merchantman, pp. 18 and 27.
35. See Sara Read, Menstruation and the Female Body in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 105–21.
36. FP 308. Private correspondence with Beverly Straube, 3 May 2017.
37. Read, Menstruation, p. 117.
38. See Jennifer Potter, The Rose: A True History (London, Atlantic Books, 2010), p. 349 and pp. 496–7.
39. Emily Cockayne, Hubbub: Filth, Noise & Stench in England 1600–1770 (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 59–60.
40. Quoted in Keith Thomas, ‘Cleanliness and godliness in early modern England’, Anthony Fletcher and Peter Roberts (eds), Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 58.
41. Gervase Markham, The English House-Wife. Containing the inward and outward Vertues which ought to be in a compleate Woman (London, 1631), pp. 2–4, 14, 19, 20, 148, 150–1, and 196.
42. Lavery, The Colonial Merchantman, pp. 26–7, 58–9, 83, 86–7; Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar, p. 45.
43. FP 210.
44. Quoted in Cawley, Unpathed Waters, pp. 189–191.
45. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, edited by Virginia Mason Vaughan and Alden T. Vaughan (London, Arden Shakespeare, 2011), act 2 scene 2, p. 230.
46. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 3, p. 29.
47. FP 322.
48. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), entry for Paul Jones, p. 430. And see Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 232–3.
49. Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar, p. 60.
50. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, p. 21.
51. Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar, p. 60.
52. Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 1 scene 1, p. 166.
53. Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, vol. 19, pp. 5–13.
54. See http://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/bermuda-shipwreck-of-1609/.
55. Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar, p. 51.
56. Personal communication with the author, 31 January 2018.
57. BL Sloane Ms 922, Nehemiah Wallington’s Letterbook, f. 901.
58. FP 308.
59. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 620.
60. See FP 314, and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 639.
61. FP 315.
62. Sir Henry Mainwaring, ‘Discourse on Pirates’ in The Council of the Navy Records Society, 1921–22, vol. 56, The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring, vol. 2 (Navy Records Society, 1922), pp. 3–49. And see Jennifer Potter, Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John Tradescants (London, Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 133–46.
63. See Gwenda Morgan’s entry on Captain John Smith in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, consulted online 5 February 2018.
64. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 3, p. 186.
65. Mainwaring, ‘Discourse on Pirates’, p. 34.
66. Patrick Copland, Virginia’s God be thanked, or A Sermon of Thanksgiving for the happie successe of the affayres in Virginia this last yeare (London, 1622), especially pp. 19–20.
67. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 582.
Chapter 9: Land ho!
1. William Strachey, ‘A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight’ in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes (20 vols, Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1906), vol. 19, p. 42.
2. Kermit Goell (ed.), A Sea Grammar with the Plaine Exposition of Smiths Accidence for Young Sea-men, Enlarged (London, Michael Joseph, 1970), p. 55.
3. Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, vol. 18, p. 421.
4. Strachey, ‘A true reportory’, especially pp. 42–6.
5. ‘Observations by Master George Percy, 1607’, pp. 5–23 in Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia 1606–1625 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), pp. 10–11.
6. David Peterson de Vries, Voyages from Holland to America ad 1632 to 1644, trans. Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1853), pp. 48–9; and George Gardyner of Peckham, A Description of the New World. OR, America Islands and Continent (London, 1651), p. 97.
7. Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, vol. 18, p. 423.
8. James Horn, Captain John Smith, Writings With Other Narratives of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the First English Settlement of America (New York, Library of America, 2007), p. 9.
9. See Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 44–5.
10. Helen C. Rountree, Wayne E. Clark and Kent Mountford, John Smith’s Chesapeake Voyages, 1607–1609 (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2007), p. 144.
11. Ibid. pp. 154–5.
12. De Vries, Voyages from Holland, pp. 48–9.
13. Rountree et al., John Smith’s Chesapeake Voyages, pp. 159–61.
14. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 47–8.
15. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 1, p. 414. And see Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’ in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, pp. 178–96.
16. Conversation with the author at Carter’s Grove on 2 April 2017; and see Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred (2 vols, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001), vol. 1, p. 26.
17. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 594.
18. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, p. 100.
19. Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of Virginia, and the successe of the affaires there till the 18 of June 1614 (London, 1615); online copy: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1004.
20. ‘Observations by Master George Percy, 1607’, p. 15.
21. Samuel H. Yonge, The Site of Old “James Towne” 1607–1698 (Richmond, Va., The Hermitage Press, 1907), p. 24.
22. Alice Jane Lippson, Robert L. Lippson, Life in the Chesapeake Bay (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), pp. 160–1 and passim.
23. See Cary Carson et al., ‘New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth-Century Virginia’, The Journal of Southern History, vol. 74, no. 1 (February 2008), especially pp. 50–4; and for the ‘bridge’, see Yonge, The Site of Old “James Towne”, p.31.
Part Two: Virginia
Chapter 10: Arrival at Jamestown
1. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 4, p.178; and vol. 3, p. 302; David Peterson de Vries, Voyages from Holland to America ad 1632 to 1644, trans. Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1853), p. 50; and Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes (20 vols, Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1906), vol. 19, p. 144.
2. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 446; Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’ in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, pp. 178– 96; and Kingsbury (ed), Records, vol. 3, p. 243.
3. See http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/baentries.htm.
4. Alden T. Vaughan, ‘Powhatans Abroad: Virginia Indians in England’ in Robert Appelbaum and John Wood Sweet, Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 49–67.
5. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1. pp. 477 and 489; and vol. 3, pp. 485–9; Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 286; and Martha W. McCartney, A Documentary History of Jamestown Island (Williamsburg, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2000), vol. 1, p. 57.
6. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster.
7. See McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census’, pp. 182–3; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 506, 546, 549.
8. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 505–6.
9. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 494.
10. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 505. And see entry on Blaney in Sara B. Bearss et al. (eds), Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond, Va., Library of Virginia, 2001), vol. 2.
11. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 494.
12. William Strachey, ‘A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight’ in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, vol. 19, p. 44.
13. See Cary Carson et al., ‘New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeen-Century Virginia’, The Journal of Southern History, vol. 74, no. 1 (February 2008), pp. 31–88; Cary Carson et al., ‘Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies’, Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 16 no. 2/3, summer/autumn 1981, pp. 135–96; and Cary Carson, ‘Plantation Housing, seventeenth century’ in Cary Carson and Carl R. Lounsbury (eds), The Chesapeake House (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2013), pp. 85–114.
14. See ‘Jamestown Redivivus: An Interview with James Horn’ in Donald A. Yerxa, Recent Themes in Early American History: Historians in Conversation (Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 2008), p. 57.
15. Samuel H. Yonge, The Site of Old “James Towne” 1607–1698 (Richmond, Va., Hermitage Press, 1907), p. 39; and Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 225. He later dropped the number to ‘about fortie or fiftie severall houses to keepe us warme and dry’, ibid. vol. 2, p. 324.
16. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 325.
17. Strachey, ‘A true reportory of the wracke’, pp. 5–72.
18. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 262.
19. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (2 vols, New York, Russell & Russell, 1964), vol. 2, p. 835.
20. See Jennifer Potter, Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John Tradescants (London, Atlantic Books, 2006), pp.104–11.
21. Norman Egbert McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 2, pp. 188 and 190.
22. McCartney, A Documentary History, vol. 1, pp. 46–7; and see William S. Powell, John Pory/1572–1636, The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1977), p. 83.
23. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 302; and see Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 262 n.3.
24. McCartney, A Documentary History, vol. 2, p. 28.
25. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 298–300; p. 583.
26. FP 336.
27. FP 285.
28. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 513–14; and vol. 3, pp. 441–3.
29. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 485.
30. John Rolfe, A True Relation of the state of Virginia lefte by Sir Thomas Dale Knight in May last 1616 (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1951, p. 39.
31. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants & Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 167–9.
32. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 545–7; 606–7. And see McCartney, A Documentary History, vol. 2, Study Unit 1 Tract D, pp. 41–52.
33. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 661–2.
34. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and James River (Richmond, Va., Whittet & Shepperson, 1900), pp. 15–16; and Carson et al., ‘New World, Real World’, p. 42.
35. Quoted in Carson et al., The Chesapeake House, p. 87.
36. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 298–305.
Chapter 11: The Choosing
1. Anon, ‘The English Fortune-teller… A brief instruction how to chuse a wife’ 1660–1700?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/31806/image.
2. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 494.
3. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 505–6.
4. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 583.
5. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 473.
6. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial America (New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1975), p. 106.
7. Morgan, American Slavery, pp. 115–16.
8. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, pp. 102–3; and vol. 4, pp. 231–2.
9. John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), p. 193.
10. See Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623–1800 (5 vols, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Inc., 1969), vol. 1, pp. xxvi–xxvii.
11. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 245.
12. Irene W. D. Hecht, ‘The Virginia Muster of 1624/5 as a Source for Demographic History’, William and Mary Quarterly, third series, vol. 30, no. 1, January 1973, pp. 82–3.
13. Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’, Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, p. 179.
14. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1624), pp. 79–80.
15. Ibid. p. 115.
16. For a list of ancient planters still alive at the January 1625 muster, see Nugent, Cavaliers, vol. 1, pp. xxviii– xxxiv.
17. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 639–40.
18. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1036.
19. You can consult the census or muster online at: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/introduction.html.
20. See Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 295 and Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants & Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 768 and 591–2.
21. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 50.
22. Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1898), p. 149.
23. John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), pp. 185, 244, 257.
24. See his biography in McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 264–5.
25. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 558. There are no patents for Downeman in Nugent, Cavaliers.
26. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 43, 17, January 1624/5, so contemporary with the 1624/5 muster.
27. Ibid. p. 193.
28. Hotten, Original Lists, pp. 170, 172, 216; and see McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 548–9.
29. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 39. See Chapter 15.
30. FP 309.
31. See for instance Annie Lash Jester, Domestic Life in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (Williamsburg, Va., Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957).
32. J. A. Leo Lemay, The American Dream of Captain John Smith (Charlottesville, Va., University Press of Virginia, 1991), pp. 170–1; see Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 263.
33. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 761–2.
34. See http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Johnston_Mary_1870-1936.
35. Mary Johnston, To Have and To Hold (Toronto, George N. Morang & Company, 1900, pp. 13–21.
36. Kingsbury (ed.), vol. 3, pp. 365–7.
37. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1036.
38. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 342–7.
39. University of Virginia, Alderman Library, Charlottesville, Va., Flowerdew Hundred Collection, 44PG77.
40. FP 302.
41. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 386.
42. Anon, ‘A Market for young Men’, 1695–1703?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/21894/image. For wedding celebrations, see Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death, pp. 350–76.
1. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 493.
2. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 648–9.
3. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 534–5. And see Edward S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, W. W. Norton, 1975), pp. 102–5.
4. Lawrence Price, ‘The Maydens of Londons brave adventures’ 1623– 1661?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/30869/image.
5. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 308.
6. Wyatt’s letters are quoted in retrospect by Edward Waterhouse in his declaration of the state of the colony in 1622, Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 549–50.
7. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes (20 vols, Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1906), vol. 19, pp. 144–5.
8. E. Randolph Turner III and Antony F. Opperman, Searching for Virginia Company Period Sites: An Assessment of Surviving Archaeological Manifestations of Powhatan–English Interactions, A.D. 1607–1624, draft prepared for the Virginia Department of Historic Resources’ Survey and Planning Report Series, 10/1/95 version, 4.13– 15; and see Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), p. 645.
9. See Rev. A. L. Browne, ‘The Bray Family in Gloucestershire’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 1933, vol. 55, pp. 293–315. I am indebted to Liz Jack of www.hidden-heritage.co.uk for directing me to this work. And see John Smith, Men & Armour for Gloucestershire in 1608 (Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1980), especially pp. 135, 144 and 141. Further details from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/3295.
10. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 295.
11. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, p. 574; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, p. 107.
12. See Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 396–7; and Mrs Henry Lowell Cook, ‘Maids for Wives’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 50, no. 4, October 1942, p. 304.
13. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 535.
14. Peter Wilson Coldham, The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1607–1660 (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1987), pp. 20–21.
15. Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’ in Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, p. 182.
16. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
17. See John Bennett Boddie, ‘Edward Bennett of London and Virginia’, William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1933, pp. 117–30; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, pp. 534 and 562.
18. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 1, p. 414.
19. See ‘Isle of Wight County Records’ in William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, April 1899, pp. 205–315.
20. For brief biographies, see McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 125–9. Edward Bennett had two brothers called Richard and Robert and also two nephews of the same name, source of possible confusion between the generations.
21. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census’, pp. 182 and 186.
22. FP 339.
23. See Martha W. McCartney, ‘The Martin’s Hundred Potter: English North America’s Earliest Known Master of his Trade’ in The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, winter 1995, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 139–150; and Beverly A. Straube, ‘The Colonial Potters of Tidewater Virginia’ in the same issue, pp. 1–40.
24. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 506.
25. Charles E. Hatch Jr, The First Seventeen Years: Virginia, 1607–1624 (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 1957), pp. 104–7; and McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 39–40.
26. Maija Jansson, Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons), (Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, 1988), vol. 172, pp. 269–74.
27. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 592–8.
28. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 506 and 583.
29. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (ed.), Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), p. 221.
30. For the early structures at Martin’s Hundred see Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred (2 vols, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001), vol. 1, pp. 85–138, and Cary Carson and Carl R. Lounsbury (eds), The Chesapeake House (Chapel Hill, University of Carolina Press, 2013), pp. 93–4.
31. Hume and Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Site H, the Boyse Homestead c. 1619–1622, pp. 100–3.
32. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 291.
33. See Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Suzanne Lebsock, Virginia Women 1600–1945 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1987); Sylvia R. Frey and Marian J. Morton, New World, New Roles: A Documentary History of Women in Pre-Industrial America (New York, Greenwood Press, 1986); and Kathleen M. Brown, ‘Women in Early Jamestown’, http://www.virtualjamestown.org/essays/brown_essay.html.
34. Anon, ‘The Trappan’d Maiden’, 1689–1703?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/21947/image.
35. FP 285; and H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1619–1658/9 (Richmond, Va., 1915), p. 7.
36. For goats, see Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’, Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, p. 179; and for cattle: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1034.
37. Joanne Bowen, ‘Foodways in the 18th-Century Chesapeake’ in Theodore R. Reinhart (ed.), The Archaeology of 18th-Century Virginia (Courtland, Va., Archaeological Society of Virginia, 1996), pp. 94–100, brought to my attention by Ywone Edwards-Ingram. And see https://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/comic/activity/pdf/Milk_pan.pdf.
38. FP 285.
39. FP 221.
40. FP 378.
41. See, for instance, FP 84, 199, 246 and 348.
42. FP 246.
43. Cary Carson et al., ‘Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies’, Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 16, no. 2/3, summer/ autumn 1981, pp. 135–96; and Carson and Lounsbury (eds), Chesapeake House, pp. 67–9, 71, 85, 93–4.
44. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1042, and see Chapter 14.
45. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, p. 383.
46. Quoted in Carson and Lounsbury (eds), Chesapeake House, p. 90. And see Lebsock, Virginia Women, pp. 17–18.
47. Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia, London 1615 (Amsterdam, Da Capo Press, 1971), p. 19.
48. Carson and Lounsbury (eds), Chesapeake House, pp. 94–5.
49. Kingsbury, Records, vol. 2, p. 383.
50. Bowen, ‘Foodways’, p. 95; and Lois Green Carr, ‘Emigration and the Standard of Living: The Seventeenth Century Chesapeake’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 52 no. 2, June 1992, pp. 271–91.
51. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 455–8; and FP 251.
52. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 417–18.
53. Carville Earle, Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems (Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1992), pp. 25–58.
54. See Sarah Hand Meacham, ‘“They will be adjudged by their Drinke…”’, in Debra Meyers and Melanie Perreault (eds), Colonial Chesapeake: New Perspectives (Lanham, Lexington Books, 2006), pp. 201–26. For Thorpe’s corn beer, see Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 417.
55. FP 145; and William and Mary Quarterly, second series, vol. vi, no. 2, April 1926, p. 118.
56. https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/canebrake-rattlesnake/.
57. George Gardyner of Peckham, A Description of the New World. OR, America Islands and Continent (London, 1651), pp. 99–100.
58. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612) By William Strachey, gent. (London, Hakluyt Society, 1953), second series, no. 103, pp. 70–6.
59. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1619–1658/59 (Richmond, Va., 1915), pp. 9–10.
60. Kingsbury, Records, vol. 3, p. 446.
61. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 305; and see Martha W. McCartney, ‘George Thorpe’s Inventory of 1624: Virginia’s Earliest Known Appraisal’ in Robert Hunter (ed.), Ceramics in America 2016.
62. FP 247.
63. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 584.
64. See Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005), pp. 208–15.
Chapter 13: Catastrophe
1. Patrick Copland, Virginia’s God be Thanked, or A Sermon of Thanksgiving for the happie successe of the affayres in Virginia this last yeare (London, 1622), p. 24.
2. My source is: http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=17.
3. See Carole Shammas, ‘The Domestic Environment in Early Modern England and America’ in Journal of Social History, vol. 14, no. 1, autumn 1980, pp. 3–24.
4. Except where stated, the details of the Indian attack and all quotations are taken from Edward Waterhouse’s account for the Virginia Company in Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 541–71. A company official, Waterhouse was not an eyewitness to the attack.
5. Philip L. Barbour, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 120.
6. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 612.
7. http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter07/A%20Trewe%20Relation.pdf; and Bernard W. Sheehan, Savagism and Civility: Indians and Englishmen in Colonial Virginia (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 169.
8. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 1, p. 166. See Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough, Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005), pp. 150–1.
9. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), p. 634; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, p. 93 and vol. 1, p. 166.
10. For the story of Waters, see Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 308–9.
11. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 295.
12. Ibid. vol. 2, pp. 295–6.
13. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 309. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 98 refers to ‘aboute twenty’ English prisoners.
14. Aside from those listed among the dead at Martin’s Hundred and Edward Bennett’s plantation, just one other ‘maid’ appears in the list of those killed, at the house of Master Waters, together with a boy and a child. Waters and his wife were in fact taken prisoner and later escaped but no mention is made of a maid escaping with them (Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 308–9).
15. Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Part I Interpretive Studies (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001); and see these articles by Ivor Noël Hume in National Geographic: ‘First Look at a Lost Virginia Settlement’, vol. 155, no. 6 of June 1979, pp. 734–67; and ‘New Clues to an Old Mystery’, vol. 161 no. 1 of January 1982, pp. 52–77.
16. Noël Hume, ‘First Look’, p. 762.
17. Hume and Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Part 1, pp. 65–7, 70–84 and passim.
18. Hume, ‘New Clues’, pp. 72–6.
19. Conversation with Nicholas Luccketti at Martin’s Hundred/Carter’s Grove, Sunday 2 April 2017.
20. Hume and Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Part 1, p. 71.
21. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 297–8; Kingsbury, Records vol. 3. pp. 555–6; and Rountree, Pocahontas, p. 213.
22. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 554.
23. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
24. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 515–16.
25. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 545–7.
26. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1924), p. 131; and Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 570.
27. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 609–12.
28. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 611–15.
29. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 656.
30. Norman Egbert McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 2, p. 446.
31. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 666–73.
32. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 666–73 and 541–71.
Chapter 14: The End of the Affair
1. Beverly A. Straube, ‘“Unfitt for any moderne service”? Arms and Armour from James Fort’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, vol. 40, no. 1, 2006, pp. 33–61.
2. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1975), p. 106.
3. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 494.
4. John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), pp. 175, 174.
5. Martha W. McCartney, Jamestown People to 1800 (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2012), p. 11.
6. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 3, p. 218.
7. See Morgan, American Slavery, pp. 117–23.
8. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), p. 140.
9. Hotten, Original Lists, pp. 174–5.
10. Martha W. McCartney, Documentary History of Jamestown Island (3 vols, Williamsburg, Va., Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2000), vol. 1, pp. 78–81; and see discussion of landownership in vol. 2, Study Unit 1; and land patents in Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623–1800 (5 vols, Richmond, Va., Dietz Printing Co., 1934), vol. 1, pp. 3 and 10.
11. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 570.
12. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 98 and 473.
13. In January 1623/4, when Blaney testified in court about a bargain he had witnessed, he gave his age as ‘about 28 yeares’. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1924), p. 9.
14. Kingsbury, Records, vol. 4, p. 111.
15. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, p. 140. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, pp. 39–40 and 46.
16. Morgan, American Slavery, p. 120, and n.53. Nugent’s Cavaliers (p. 10) mentions Blaney only once in Dr Pott’s 1628 patent, as lately having ‘tenure’ of ground adjacent to Pott’s.
17. ‘Virginia in 1626–7’ in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 16, 1908, pp. 30–1.
18. See letter from George Sandys to John Ferrar in Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 106–7.
19. McIlwaine, Minutes, p. 121, and see p. 93.
20. Norman Egbert McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1939), vol. 2, p. 492.
21. For a full discussion of the Virginia Company’s disintegration, see Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (Gloucester, Mass., Peter Smith, 1964).
22. These are the closing words to James I’s A Counterblaste to Tobacco, published in 1604 (Amsterdam, Da Capo Press, 1969).
23. See Kingsbury, Records, vol. 4, pp. 228–39; and Emily Rose, ‘The Politics of Pathos: Richard Frethorne’s Letters Home’ in Robert Appelbaum and John Wood Sweet, Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 105–8.
24. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 232–3.
25. Rose, ‘The Politics of Pathos’, pp. 92– 108.
26. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, 41–2.
27. Ibid. vol. 4, pp. 58–62.
28. Hotten, Original Lists, p. 193. Listed among the dead at Martin’s Hundred between April 1623 and February 1624 was ‘Richard Frethram’ – Richard Frethorne, perhaps?
29. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1042.
30. Craven, Dissolution, p. 206.
31. Ibid. p. 304.
32. See ‘Harvey’s Declaration: A Briefe Declaration of the State of Virginia at my comminge from thence in February 1624’, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Fourth Series (Boston, 1871) vol. 9, pp. 60–73.
33. Theodore K. Rabb’s biography of Sandys in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, consulted online 22 July 2016.
34. From: http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101264324-church-of-st-augustine-northbourne#.WeDPBIZrxE4.
35. Joyce Ransome, The Web of Friendship: Nicholas Ferrar and Little Gidding (Cambridge, James Clarke & Co., 2011), pp. 46–9.
36. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p.14.
37. Ibid. vol. 3, p. 530.
38. Ibid. vol. 3, pp. 648–9.
39. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 15.
40. At the ‘official’ rate of three shillings per pound of tobacco, this represents just £300. In fact the actual market value was very much less.
41. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 264–6.
42. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 453.
43. See Peter Wilson Coldham, The Complete Book of Emigrants 1607–1660 (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co. Ltd, 1987), pp. 47 and 48.
44. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 121; Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 505.
45. Ibid. vol. 4, pp. 564–5.
46. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 57.
47. Ibid. p. 59.
48. The deed is quoted in full in R. J. Eldridge, Newport Isle of Wight in Bygone Days (Newport, Isle of Wight County Press, 1952), pp. 30 and 82.
49. William Bullock, Virginia Impartially Examined (London, 1649), pp. 53–4.
Chapter 15: The Crossbow Maker’s Sister
1. See Chapter 4 for more on the links between Erasmus Finch, George Thorpe and other inhabitants of the Strand.
2. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., Virginia State Library, 1924), p. 36.
3. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, p. 295.
4. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 47.
5. See https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/jamestown-and-plymouth-compare-and-contrast.htm.
6. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 567.
7. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 303; and Kingsbury, Records, vol. 3, pp. 611–15.
8. John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), p. 171.
9. My source for much of the detail about Jordan’s Journey comes from Martha W. McCartney, Jordan’s Point, Virginia: Archaeology in Perspective, Prehistoric to Modern Times (Richmond, Va., Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2011).
10. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 59–60.
11. See McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 31; and Chapter 16.
12. McCartney, Jordan’s Point, pp. 5–8.
13. See Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005), pp. 54, 199–201.
14. Jeremy Boulton, ‘The poor among the rich: paupers and the parish in the West End, 1600–1724’ in Paul Griffiths and Mark S. R. Jenner (eds), Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 207.
15. Hotten, Original Lists, pp. 209–13.
16. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 193–4.
17. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, p. 295.
18. See Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 218–20; and McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, pp. 290–1, 433–4 and 566.
19. See McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, pp. 41–2.
20. Ibid. pp. 88–9, court hearing of 9 January 1625/6.
21. McCartney, Jordan’s Point, pp. x–xii.
22. Ibid. pp. 61–81, amplified by a visit to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources at Richmond.
23. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 233.
24. Details refined in personal correspondence with Beverly Straube, 2 January 2018.
25. See Cary Carson et al., ‘New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeen-Century Virginia’, The Journal of Southern History, vol. 74, no. 1 (February 2008), p. 88.
26. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1619– 1658/59 (Richmond, Va., 1915), p. 13.
Chapter 16: The Planter’s Wife
1. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
2. Email from Steven Hobbs FSA, archivist at the Wiltshire and Swindon archives, 20 October 2015, confirming that Bridgett, daughter of John Croft, was baptized on 12 November 1601 in the church of St Peter at Britford, Wiltshire.
3. Much of my information on John Wilkins comes from an unpublished but meticulously referenced manuscript by W. E. Wilkins, John Wilkins of Northampton County, c. 1599–1650, shown to me on 6 April 2017 by Nancy Harwood Garrett.
4. John Frederick Dorman (ed.), Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia 1607–1624/5, fourth edition (3 vols, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007), vol. 3, pp. 573–4.
5. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 609–11.
6. Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005), p. 209.
7. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, pp. 656–7.
8. John Camden Hotten (ed.), The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600– 1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874) , pp. 189, 265.
9. See Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623–1666 (Richmond, Va., 1934), vol. 1, p. 46.
10. Susie M. Ames (ed.), County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia, 1632–1640 (Washington, American Historical Association, 1954), p. 56.
11. Susie M. Ames, Studies of the Virginia Eastern Shore in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, Va., Dietz Press, 1940), p. 2.
12. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 224–6.
13. For the settlement’s history see James R. Perry, The Formation of a Society on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1615–1655 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1990).
14. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes (20 vols, Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1906), vol. 19, pp. 90–5.
15. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 304.
16. Perry, Formation of a Society, p. 24.
17. Appendix V in William Meade (ed.), Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, facsimile of 1861 edition (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1966), vol. 2, pp. 430–3.
18. See Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’ in Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, pp. 178–196.
19. Ralph T. Whitelaw, Virginia’s Eastern Shore: A History of Northampton and Accomack Counties (Gloucester, Mass., Peter Smith, 1968), vol.1, pp. 167–80, and 214–21.
20. Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623–1666 (Richmond, Va., 1934), vol. 1, p. 84.
21. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1632–1640, p. 31.
22. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html.
23. William Waller Hening, The Statutes at large… Laws of Virginia (New York, 1823), vol. 1, p. 203. Wilkins is wrongly recorded as John Wilkinson; and see Ames, County Court Records, 1632–1640, p. 2.
24. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1632–1640, p. 8.
25. Susie M. Ames (ed.), County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia, 1640–1645 (Charlottesville, Va., University Press of Virginia, 1973), pp. 275–6; and Wilkins, John Wilkins, pp. 8–9.
26. Hotten, Original Lists, pp. 188–9; and 262–5.
27. See Nugent, Cavaliers, vol. 1, p. 9.
28. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., 1924), p. 50.
29. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 282–3; and Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, Norton, 1975), pp. 119–20.
30. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 3, p. 242.
31. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html; and Wilkins, John Wilkins, p. 6.
32. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 50.
33. Ibid. pp. 139–40, and pp. 141–2.
34. Ibid. p. 148.
35. Ibid. p. 142.
36. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, p. 283. From Virginia he moved on to the West Indies.
37. http://espl-genealogy.org/MilesFiles/site/p133.htm#i13289.
38. Nugent, Cavaliers, p. 84, 46, 56, 152 (the Surry land was at first mistakenly recorded as lying in Accomack County); and Whitelaw, Virginia’s Eastern Shore, vol. 1, pp. 161–3; Ames (ed.), County Court Records, vol. 1, p. 170.
39. Nugent, Cavaliers, p. 46 (his negro); and Ames, County Court Records, 1632– 1640, p. xxxiii (windmill).
40. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1632–1640, pp. xxxiii–iv.
41. Ibid. 1640–1645, pp. 7 and 51–2.
42. Ibid. 1640–1645, pp. 5 and 19; and see Wilkins, John Wilkins, pp. 44–5.
43. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1640–1645, pp. 165–7.
44. Ibid. 1632–40, pp. 20–2. The original manuscript can be found at the court house in Eastville, Va., Northampton County Orders, Wills, Deeds etc., Book 1, 1632–1640, p. 35, Accawmack County, 8 September 1634.
45. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1640–1645, p. 292.
46. Ibid. 1640–1645, pp. 22, 26.
47. Dorman (ed.), Adventurers, vol. 3, p. 574.
48. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1640–1645, p. 326.
49. Northampton County Orders, Deeds & Wills etc, 1645–1651, Manuscript volume, Eastville, Va., f. 239.
50. Wilkins, John Wilkins, pp. 47–8.
51. Personal communication with the author, 29 September 2017.
52. Ames (ed.), County Court Records, 1640–1645, p. 202.
Chapter 17: The Cordwainer’s Daughter
1. I draw heavily on David R. Ransome, ‘Village Tensions in Early Virginia: Sex, Land, and Status at the Neck of Land in the 1620s’, Historical Journal, vol. 43 no. 2, June 2000, pp. 365–81.
2. Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, Aylesbury, Will of Thomas Hoare, 31 January 1626/7, D/A/Wf/26/299.
3. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, pp. 35–7.
4. See for instance H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., 1924), p. 106. Even when appointed as a commissioner of the upper parts in 1626, he appears as plain Thomas Harris, unlike the other five who are referred to as ‘Mr’ or given military titles.
5. John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), pp. 170, 203.
6. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 129; and see Ransome, ‘Village Tensions’, pp. 371–2 and 378.
7. Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), pp. 761–2.
8. John F. Dorman (ed.), Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607–1624/5, fourth edition (3 vols, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Inc., 2004– 7), vol. 2, pp. 264–7.
9. The history of Bermuda Hundred is taken from E. Randolph Turner III and Antony F. Opperman, Searching for Virginia Company Period Sites: An Assessment of Surviving Archaeological Manifestations of Powhatan–English Interactions, a.d. 1607–1624, draft prepared for the Virginia Department of Historic Resources’ Survey and Planning Report Series, 10/1/95 version, pp. 5.17–5.19.
10. Martha W. McCartney, ‘An Early Virginia Census Reprised’, Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 54, no. 4, December 1999, pp. 182 and 184.
11. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 609 and 611.
12. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 259.
13. I have assumed that these refer to the same ship, which arrived in August 1620.
14. David Ransome speculates that she might have gone to the College Land in Henricus as the wife of Ezekiel Raughton, but Margaret Bourdman sailed by the Marmaduke, not the Warwick: Ransome, ‘Village Tensions’, p. 377.
15. Margaret Bourdman was baptized on 4 February 1599/60 at Bilton Ainsty, York, England. Her father was Addam Bourdman. I have found two sisters with the same father: Elsabeth Bourdman, baptized at Bilton Ainsty on 13 June 1602 and Esabell Bordman, baptized 1 Sept 1605 at Bilton Ainsty.
16. See John Nichols, The Progresses, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First (4 vols, London, Society of Antiquaries, 1828), vol. 2, p. 126.
17. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 309.
18. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html. The two exceptions were Margarett Pilkinton, living in the muster of Treasurer George Sandys, and Thomas Graye’s wife, living with him at James City.
19. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 36.
20. Ibid. p. 47.
21. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1619–1658/9 (Richmond, Va., 1915), pp. viii, xv and xix.
22. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 106.
23. Ibid. p. 151.
24. Ibid. p. 476.
25. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, pp. 96–7.
26. Ibid. p. 129.
27. Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623–1666 (Richmond, Va., 1934), vol. 1, pp. 33, 37, 60 and 101; and McCartney, Virginia Immigrants, p. 58.
28. Nugent, Cavaliers, p. 60.
29. Ibid. pp. 33 and 101.
30. Ibid. p. 33.
31. No patent survives in William Vincent’s name and there is no record of precisely when he died, but his lands feature in two patents for the area: see Nugent, Cavaliers, pp. 87 and 111.
32. We know she was not the mother of Mary Harris (see Thomas Hoare’s will, discussed later) and she would have been at least forty-six when William Harris was born.
33. Dorman, vol. 2, pp. 264–7.
34. McIlwaine (ed.), Journals, p. xxii. Thomas Lyggon and William Harris both represented Henricus at the 1656 assembly, Lyggon’s only appearance as a burgess.
35. Ibid. p. 101. For his election as burgess, see pp. xxi, xxii, xxiii and 99.
36. Personal communication with the author, 30 June 2017.
37. Personal communication with the author, 24 June 2017.
38. Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, Aylesbury, Will of Thomas Hoare, 31 January 1626/7, D/A/Wf/26/299. The scribe throws in many spare vowels, some of which I have omitted.
Chapter 18: Captured by Indians
1. Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College Cambridge Old Library, FP 306.
2. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., 1924), p. 181.
3. But see Nicholas Canny, ‘The permissive frontier: the problem of social control in English settlements in Ireland and Virginia 1550–1650’ in K. R. Andrews et al. (eds), The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America 1480– 1650 (Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1978), p. 32.
4. All my quotations are taken from A Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs Mary Rowlandson (Fairfield, Washington, Ye Galleon Press, 1974), first published in 1682.
5. Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 110.
6. Ibid. p. 12.
7. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 4, p. 238.
8. Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 2, pp. 309–10.
9. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, pp. 115–16.
10. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 311.
11. A Narrative of the Captivity, p. 31.
12. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 2, pp. 310–15.
13. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 319.
14. Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2005), pp. 239–40; Sylvia R. Frey and Marian J. Morton, New World, New Roles: A Documentary History of Women in Pre-Industrial America (New York, Greenwood, 1986), pp. 49–51; Rountree, Pocahontas’s People, pp. 3–14.
15. See chapter 8, ‘The “Pamunkey”: the York River Drainage’ in Helen C. Rountree, Wayne E. Clark and Kent Mountford, John Smith’s Chesapeake Voyages, 1607–1609 (Charlottesville, Va., University of Virginia Press, 2007), pp. 164–84.
16. A Narrative of the Captivity, p. 57.
17. Ibid. pp. 104–5.
18. Ibid. p. 73.
19. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 1, pp.161–2.
20. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612) By William Strachey, gent. (London, Hakluyt Society, 1953), pp. 174–207.
21. For a full appreciation of the cultural differences between English settlers and their Indian hosts, see Helen C. Rountree’s chapter ‘Merging into the Indian World’, taken from her forthcoming book, Roanokes and Others: The Algonquian-speaking Indians of the Carolina Sounds. I am extremely grateful to the author for letting me read the chapter in draft.
22. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 238.
23. Barbour (ed.), Complete Works, vol. 1, p. 175.
24. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 98–9.
25. Ibid. vol. 2, p. 483. For a clear account of these events, see Rountree, Pocahontas, pp. 218–20.
26. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, pp. 221–2.
27. Ibid. vol. 4, pp. 102–3.
28. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 473.
29. Ibid. vol. 1, p. 516.
30. Ibid. vol. 4, p. 110.
31. The character assessment of Pott comes from Martha W. McCartney, Land Ownership Patterns and Early Development in Middle Plantation (Williamsburg, CWF Research report series 1724, 2010), pp. 6–7.
32. Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va., letter of Gov. John Harvey 1630, 36138, Box 142 (Folder 1), 1168988. Pott and Harvey were declared enemies.
33. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 2, pp. 519–28.
34. See John Camden Hotten, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, 1600–1700 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), pp. 181 and 239.
35. FP 569. See Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Part I, Interpretative Studies (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001), pp. 40–2.
36. See Martha W. McCartney, Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607–1635: A Biographical Dictionary (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007), p. 13. The 1624 census omitted some 227 names and the 1625 muster at least 44.
37. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 128.
38. Ibid. p. 172.
39. Ibid. p. 181.
40. A Narrative of the Captivity, pp. 108–9
41. See Rountree, Roanokes.
42. Rountree, Pocahontas’s People, p. 8.
43. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes, p. 70.
44. Ibid. p. 153.
45. Rountree, Roanokes.
46. Wright and Freund (eds), The Historie of Travell, pp.112–13.
47. See Canny, ‘The permissive frontier’, pp. 30–4.
48. Records for St Margaret’s parish, Westminster, from findmypast.co.uk, which also record the burials of William Jacksons in 1634 and 1636. A number of John Jacksons were buried here around this time, including one in 1632.
Endnote: Return to Jamestown
1. Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred, Part I, Interpretative Studies (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001), p. 122; and pp. 5–6, 39–44, 122–6.
2. Artefacts from Virginia’s Department of Historic Resources, 44PG300 and 44PG307.
3. Philip L. Barbour, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) (3 vols, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 224.
4. See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/ajohnsonRP.html.
5. See Carville V. Earle, ‘Environment, Disease, and Mortality in Early Virginia’ in Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman (eds), The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, University of Carolina Press, 1979), p. 125.
6. Susan Myra Kingsbury (ed.), The Records of the Virginia Company of London (4 vols, Washington, Library of Congress, 1906–35), vol. 4, pp. 236–7.
7. H. R. McIlwaine (ed.), Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676 (Richmond, Va., 1924), p. 80.
8. Kingsbury (ed.), Records, vol. 4, p. 235.
9. Anon, ‘A Market for young Men’, 1695–1703?, English Broadside Ballad Archive, http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/21894/image.