University of Virginia Press

© 2020 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

First published 2020

ISBN: 978-0-8139-4445-6 (hardcover)

ISBN: 978-0-8139-4446-3 (ebook)

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this title.

Cover art: Keelhauling of a ship’s surgeon, Lieve Verschuier, 1660–1686 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam); Johann Peter Oettinger, anonymous painter, ca. 1700 (© Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin; photo by Michael Setzpfandt); enslaved man in Senegal, from the Letters on the Slave Trade by Thomas Clarkson, 1791 (Library Company of Philadelphia)