1. Margaret Storm, Return of the Dove (Baltimore: M. Storm Productions, 1956).
2. Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Williston, Vt.: Hart Brothers, 1982) [Originally published, 1919].
1. Nikola Tesla, “Zmai Ivan Ivanovich, the Chief Servian Poet of To-day.” In R. U. Johnson, ed., Songs of Liberty and Other Poems (New York: Century Company, 1897).
2. Personal trip to Yugoslavia, 1986.
3. Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956).
4. Michael Markovitch, personal interview, 1988.
5. Louis Adamic, My Native Land (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943).
6. Michael Boro Petrovich, The History of Nineteenth-Century Serbia, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), p. 5.
7. Petrovich, History, p. xii.
8. Markovitch, interview, 1988.
9. Markovitch, interview, 1988.
10. Adamic, My Native Land, p. 270.
11. Ibid; Petrovich, History, pp. 142-43, 350-51.
1. NT, “A Story of Youth” (1939). In John Ratzlaff, ed., Tesla Said (Milbrae, Calif.: Tesla Book Co., 1984), pp. 283-84. Articles included in this volume will be referred to hereafter by two dates—of original composition and the date of the Ratzlaff anthology.
2. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius: The Life Story of Nikola Tesla. (New York: Ives Washburn, 1944), p. 12.
3. Ibid., p. 13.
4. Nikola Pribic, personal correspondence, April 19, 1988.
5. V. Popovic, Nikola Tesla. (Belgrade: Tecnicka Knjiga, 1951).
6. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 11.
7. Nikola Tesla, “Scientists Honor Nikola Tesla.” Unidentified newspaper article, 1894. Displayed at the Edison Archives, Menlo Park, N.J.
8. Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Williston, Vt: Hart, 1982), p. 29; originally published in Electrical Experimenter, in six monthly installments, February-July, 1919.
9. William Terbo, interview, 1988.
10. Birth charts from M. Markovitch archives.
11. Tesla, My Inventions, p. 30.
12. Terbo interview, 1988.
13. T. C. Martin, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, pp. 582-85; Tesla, April 22, 1893. Branimira Valic, ed., My Inventions (Zagreb: Moji Pronalasci; Skolska Kanjiga, 1977).
14. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 10.
15. NT, My Inventions, p. 31.
16. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 12.
17. Tesla, 1939/1984.
18. T. C. Martin, “Nikola Tesla,” Electrical World 15, no. 7 (1890), p. 106.
19. NT, My Inventions, p. 45.
20. NT, 1939/1984, p. 285.
21. Ibid., pp. 284-85 (condensed).
22. NT, My Inventions, p. 29.
23. Ibid., p. 30.
24. NT, “Nikola Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” N.Y. Herald, April 23, 1893, p. 31.
25. D. Budisavljevic, “A Relative of Tesla’s Comments on the Tesla Library,” in Nikola Kasanovich, ed., Tesla Memorial Society Newsletter, Spring 1989, p. 3.
26. NT, My Inventions, p. 30; NT, 1939/1984, p. 283.
27. The date may have been 1861.
28. NT, My Inventions, p. 28. Rumors suggesting Niko pushed his brother down a flight of stairs stem from A. Beckhard, Electrical Genius, Nikola Tesla (New York: Julian Messner, 1959). Beckhard’s book, clearly written for young adults, utilized only one referenced source, the O’Neill work. An imaginative writer, Beckhard made up the names of the townspeople from Tesla’s childhood as well. In Tesla: Man Out of Time (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981) Margaret Cheney repeats the rumor without referencing it. Leland Anderson, who helped on the research, stated that Cheney heard the story at the Tesla Museum. The original source was probably still Beckhard, as the book is prominently referred to by V. Popovic, professor at Belgrade University and vice president (in 1976) of the Tesla Society in Belgrade in his article “Nikola Tesla—True Founder of Radio Communications,” in Tesla: Life and Work of a Genius (Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Society, 1976).
29. Ibid., p. 47.
30. Phillip Callahan, “Tesla the Naturalist,” in Steven Elswick, ed., Tesla Proceedings, 1986, pp. 1-27.
31. Michael Markovitch personal archives, New York City.
32. NT, My Inventions, p. 46.
33. Ibid., p. 32, 36 (condensed).
34. Ibid., pp. 32-33 (condensed).
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., pp. 36-37.
37. Marc Seifer, Nikola Tesla: Psychohistory of a Forgotten Inventor (San Francisco: Saybrook Institute, 1986). (Doctoral dissertation.)
38. NT, My Inventions, p. 53.
39. Ibid., pp. 35-36 (condensed).
40. TCM “Nikola Tesla,” p. 106.
41. NT, My Inventions, p. 47 (condensed).
42. NT, April 23, 1893.
43. NT, My Inventions, p. 53.
44. Nikola Pribic, “Nikola Tesla: A Yugoslav Perspective,” Tesla Journal 6&7 (1989/1990), pp. 59-61 (condensed).
45. NT, My Inventions, p. 54; Valic, 1977, p. 101.
46. Ibid., p. 53.
47. Ibid., p. 54.
48. Ibid., p. 55.
49. Ibid.
50. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 29.
51. NT to R. U. Johnson, April 5, 1900 [BLCU].
1. NT, Electrical Engineer, September 24, 1890.
2. NT, My Inventions, pp. 56-57.
3. Franz Pichler, “Tesla’s Studies in College,” ITS Conference, Colorado Springs, 1994.
4. Kosta Kulishich, “Tesla Nearly Missed His Career as Inventor: College Roommate Tells,” Newark News, August 27, 1931.
5. NT, My Inventions, p. 56.
6. Pichler, “Tesla’s Studies in College.”
7. K. Kulishich, “Tesla Nearly Missed…”
8. NT, My Inventions, p. 37.
9. Thomas Edison, “A Long Chat With the Most Interesting Man in the World,” Morning Journal, July 26, 1891, p. 17 [TAE].
10. T.C. Martin, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla (New York: Electrical World Publishing, 1894), p. 3.
11. NT, reconstructed from: “A New Alternating Current Motor,” The Electrician, June 15, 1888, p. 173; NT, My Inventions, p. 57.
12. NT, My Inventions, p. 37.
13. Ibid.
14. Alfred O. Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: Dutton, 1938), p. 149.
15. Timothy Eaton, to author, quoting William Terbo, 1988.
16. W. Terbo, “Remarks at Washington, D.C., premiere of The Secret Life of Nikola Tesla.” (Yugoslavia: Zagreb Films, 1983).
17. Kulishich, “Tesla Nearly Missed…”
18. Nikola Pribic, personal discussion with the author, Zagreb, 1986.
19. Dragislav Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla,” Politika, April 27, 1927, p. 4 [LA].
20. Blackmore, John T. Ernst Mach: His Life and Work. (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 38-39.
21. Karel Litsch, director, Archiv Univerzity Karlovy, Prague, Czech Republic, to author, September 28, 1989.
22. William James, quoted in J. Blackmore, Ernst Mach, p. 76.
23. Ibid.
24. Robert Watson, The Great Psychologists: Aristotle to Freud (New York: Lippincott, 1963), pp. 198-200.
25. NT, “How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destiny,” (February 7, 1915), in Lectures, Patents, Articles, 11956, p. A-173.
26. Blackmore, Ernst Mach, pp. 41-43.
27. C. C. Gillispie, ed, “Ernst Mach,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribners, 1977).
28. Ibid.
29. NT, My Inventions, p. 59.
30. Velac, p. 102.
31. Batchelor to Edison, October 24, 1881; Batchelor to Mr. Bailey, April 11, 1882 [TAE].
32. Inez Hunt and Waneta Draper, Lightning in His Hands: The Life Story of Nikola Tesla (Hawthorne, Calif.: Omni Publications, 1977), p. 33; originally published, 1964.
33. Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla.”
34. T. C. Martin, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, p. 583.
35. Anthony Szigeti, Deposition to the State of New York (February, 1889), in Tribute to Nikola Tesla (Belgrade: Tesla Museum, 1961), p. A-398.
36. NT, My Inventions, pp. 60-61.
37. For a full discussion of this event from both a neurological and metaphysical point of view, see author’s doctoral dissertation, chapter 52 on “Creativity, Originality and Genius.”
38. NT, My Inventions, pp. 59-60 (condensed).
39. P. Lansky, “Neurochemistry and the Awakening of Kundalini,” in J. White, ed., Kundalini, Evolution & Enlightenment (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979), pp. 295-97.
40. NT, My Inventions, p. 61.
41. NT, “A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers” (1888), in T. C. Martin (ed.), The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla (New York: Electrical Review, 1894), pp. 11-16.
42. NT, My Inventions, pp. 62-63.
43. Ibid., p. 65.
44. Ibid., p. 66.
45. Walter Baily, “A Mode of Producing Arago’s Rotation,” Philosophical Magazine, 1879, pp. 286-90.
46. Silvanus R. Thompson, Polyphase Electrical Currents (New York: American Technical Book Co., 1899), p. 86. See also Kline, 1987, p. 287.
47. Ronald Kline, “Science & Engineering Theory in the Invention and Development of the Induction Motor,” Technology & Culture (April 1987), pp. 283-313.
48. “Marcel Deprez Gets Publicity for Efficient Power Transmission,” New York Times, November 2, 1881.
49. Henry Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 102.
50. Ibid., p. 100.
51. Galileo Ferraris, “Electromagnetic Rotations With an Alternating Current,” Electrician, vol. 36 (1895), pp. 360-75; C. E. L. Brown, “A Personal Conversation With G. Ferraris.” Electrical World, February 6, 1892; O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 115; Thompson, Polyphased Electric Currents, 1897, p. 88.
52. T. Hughes, Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), p. 118.
53. EW. Silvanus P. Thompson, portrait, January 9, 1892, p. 20; Thompson, 1897, pp. 93-96.
54. Tesla stated that the invention began to take form while he was attending the University of Prague. A review of the holdings of the university by the director of archives, K. Litsch, reveals that Philosophical Magazine was not subscribed to at that time.
55. Ibid., Tesla quoted in Thomson, 1897, pp. 96-97.
56. “Sweeping Decision of the Tesla Patents,” Electrical Review, September 19, 1900, pp. 288-91.
57. “Westinghouse Sues General Electric on the Tesla Patents,” Electrical Review, March 22, 1899, p. 183; 9/19/1900, pp. 288-91; “Tesla Split-Phase Patents,” Electrical World, April 26, 1902, p. 734; “Tesla Patent Decision,” May 17, 1902, p. 871; September 30, 1903,p. 470.
58. “Tesla Split-Phase Patents,” Electrical Review, p. 291.
1. Thomas Edison, quoted in “Wizard Edison Here. ‘Sage of Orange’ Tells About Tesla’s Enormous Appetite as a Youth,” Buffalo New York News, August 30, 1896 [TAE].
2. Charles Batchelor to T. Edison, November 21, 1881 [TAEs].
3. Alfred O. Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: Dutton, 1938), p. 148; New York Evening Sun, December 22, 1884.
4. Batchelor papers, Edison Archives; New York Evening Sun, ibid.
5. Szigeti, in NT, 1961.
6. Charles Batchelor to T. Edison, January 2, 1881 [TAE].
7. Ibid., November 26, 1881.
8. Ibid., October 22, 1883.
9. NT, My Inventions, p. 66.
10. Ibid.
11. TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, 1894, p. 4.
12. Branimir Jovanovich interview, Belgrade, 1986.
13. NT, My Inventions, p. 34.
14. Ibid., pp. 34-35.
15. The timing is taken from NT, My Inventions, and Batchelor to T. Edison, September 24, 1882, and November 22, 1882 [TAE].
16. Charles Batchelor Papers, 1883 [TAE].
17. NT, My Inventions, p. 67.
18. Batchelor to T. Edison, January 23, 1883 [TAE].
19. Batchelor to T. Edison, January 9, 1882 [TAE].
20. Ibid., October 28, 1883 [TAE].
21. NT, My Inventions, p. 67.
22. Ibid.
23. Szigeti, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla (1961), pp. A399-400.
24. NT, My Inventions, p. 67.
25. Ibid., p. 70.
26. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 60.
27. Batchelor to T. Edison, March 1884 [TAE]. It is possible that Batchelor returned to Paris before Tesla’s arrival between March and late spring of 1884.
28. Edison, “Wizard Edison Here…,” August 30, 1896.
29. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 58.
30. Thomas Edison, quoted in “An Interview With the Most Interesting Man in the World,” New York Journal, July 26, 1891.
31. Batchelor to T. Edison, October 23, 1883 [TAE].
32. NT to RUJ, April 5, 1900 [BLCU].
33. Nicholas Kosanovich, ed. and trans., Nikola Tesla: Correspondence with Relatives (Lackawanna, New York: Tesla Memorial Society and the Nikola Tesla Museum, 1995), p. iv.
34. NT, My Inventions, p. 70.
35. NT, Tesla Said, Letter to the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare (May 11, 1938), in John Ratzlaff, ed. (Milbrae, Calif.: Tesla Book Co., 1984), p. 280.
36. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 178.
37. Ibid., p. 184; H. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 144-45, 178-79.
38. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, pp. 194-99.
39. Robert Conot, Streak of Luck (New York: Bantam Books, 1979), pp. 151-52.
40. R. Silverberg, Light for the World (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1967), pp. 134-35.
41. Herbert Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan (New York: Macmillan, 1939), p. 207.
42. TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” Electrical World, 1890, p. 106.
43. NT, “Letter to National Institute…” (May 11, 1938) in Tesla Said, p. 280.
44. Ibid.
45. NT, quoted in “Tesla Has Plan to Signal Mars,” New York Sun, July 12, 1937.
46. NT, “Some Personal Recollections,” Scientific American, June 5, 1915, p. 537, 576-77.
47. W. Dickson and A. Dickson, The Life and Inventions of T. A. Edison (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1892), p. 236.
48. NT, “Letter to National Institute…” (May 11, 1938), in Tesla Said, p. 208.
49. TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, pp. 582-85.
50. NT, quoted in “Tesla Says Edison Was an Empiricist,” New York Times, October 19, 1931, p. 25.
51. TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, p. 583.
52. NT, My Inventions, p. 71.
53. NT, October 19, 1931, quoted in “Tesla Says Edison Was…” October 19, 1931.
54. NT, My Inventions, p. 72.
55. NT, October 19, 1931, quoted in “Tesla Says Edison Was…” October 19, 1931.
56. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, p. 9.
57. Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 180.
58. Carole Klein, Gramercy Park: An American Bloomsbury (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987).
59. T. Edison, “Pearl Street,” Electrical Review, January 12, 1901, pp. 60-62 [condensed].
60. R. Conot, Streak of Luck: The Life Story of Edison (New York: Bantam, 1981), p. 305.
61. Ibid., p. 259.
62. David Woodbury, Beloved Scientist: Elihu Thomson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944), pp. 155-57.
63. F. Dyer and T. C. Martin, Edison: His Life and Inventions (New York: Harper Bros., 1910), p. 391.
64. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, pp. 230-32.
65. Edison, “Pearl Street,” January 12, 1901.
66. Dickson and Dickson, Life and Inventions, p. 236.
67. NT, My Inventions, p. 72.
68. Kenneth Swezey, “Nikola Tesla,” Science, May 16, 1958, pp. 1147-58; NT, My Inventions, p. 72.
69. Ibid., p. 41.
70. Alfred Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: Dutton, 1938), p. 147.
71. Batchelor correspondence, July 14, 1884 [TAE].
72. Tate, Edison’s Open Door, 146-47.
73. NT, “Some Personal Recollections,” Scientific American, June 5, 1915, pp. 537, 576-77.
74. NT, Letter to National Institute…May 11, 1938, in Tesla Said, p. 280.
75. Kenneth Swezey, archival material, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
76. Conot, Streak of Luck, pp. 272x73 [condensed].
1. NT, “Tesla Has Plan to Signal Mars,” New York Sun, July 12, 1937, p. 6.
2. Leland Anderson, ed., Nikola Tesla: On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power (Denver, Colo.: Sun Publishing, 1992). This work contains Tesla’s original testimony before his patent attorneys on the origins of the invention of the wireless in 1916.
3. NT, March 18, 1891/1980, p. 15; NT, 1959, p. P-199; R. Conot, Streak of Luck: The Life Story of Edison (New York: Bantam, 1981), p. 597.
4. “Tesla Electric Co.” (advertisement), Electrical Review, September 14, 1886, p. 14.
5. NT, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Ben Johnston, ed., p. 72; Anderson, Nikola Tesla, p. 12.
6. “Tesla Electric Co.,” September 14, 1886, p. 14.
7. Kulishich, “Tesla Nearly Missed His Career,” 1931.
8. NT, Letter to the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare (May 11, 1938), in Tesla Said, 1984, p. 280.
9. NT, My Inventions, p. 72.
10. NT, Letter to the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare (May 11, 1938), in Tesla Said, 1984, p. 280.
11. Ibid.
12. Alfred S. Brown, “Arc Lamp Patents,” Electrician and Electrical Engineer, 1886.
13. NT. 12/1931, p. 78.
14. Hugo Gernsback, “Tesla’s Egg of Columbus,” Electrical Experimenter, March 19, 1919, p. 775 [paraphrased].
15. NT. Nikola Tesla: Lectures, Patents, Articles (Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Museum, 1956).
16. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 67.
17. TCM, Nikola Tesla, 1890, p. 106.
18. “Thomas Commerford Martin Dies,” Electrical World, May 24, 1924, p. 1100.
19. Ibid.; Who’s Who of Electrical Engineers, 1924 ed.
20. W. J. Johnston, “Mr. Martin’s Lawsuit: Why and How It Failed,” Electrical World, Part I, September 30, 1893, pp. 253-54; Part VII, November 11, 1893, pp. 382-87.
21. “Thomas Commerford Martin Dies,” Electrical World, May 24, 1924.
22. Ibid., p. 5.
23. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 356.
24. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888 [GWA].
25. Leonard Curtis in Henry Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 101.
26. Prout, pp. 101-4.
27. Charles F. Scott, “Early Days in the Westinghouse Shop,” Electrical World, September 20, 1924, p. 586.
28. T. Hughes, Network of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 101-3.
29. Prout, George Westinghouse, p. 95.
30. Scott, “Early Days.”
31. Robert Silverberg, Light for the World (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1967), p. 233.
32. Alfred O. Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: Dutton, 1938), p. 148.
33. Laurence Hawkins, William Stanley: His Life and Times (New York: Newcomen Society, 1939).
34. George Westinghouse, “No Special Danger,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, 5:3.
35. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, p. 346.
36. David Woodbury, Beloved Scientist: Elihu Thomson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944), pp. 169, 179.
37. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, p. 346.
38. N. Tesla, “A New Alternating Current Motor,” Electrician, June 15, 1888, p. 173.
39. Leland Anderson, Nikola Tesla (slide presentation) (Colorado Springs, Colo.: International Tesla Society, 1988) symposium. August 1988.
40. William Anthony, quoted in NT, “A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers,” (May 16, 1888), in Lectures, Patents and Articles (1956), p. Lll.
41. Elihu Thomson, quoted in NT, i bid., p. L12.
42. Ibid., p. L12.
43. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888.[GWA].
44. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888 [GWA].
45. Ibid.; see also Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 175.
46. H. Byllesby to GW, December 13, 1888.
47. C. C. Chesney and Charles F. Scott, “Early History of the AC System in America,” Electrical Engineering, March 1936, pp. 228-35.
48. NT. “Mr. Tesla on Alternating Current Motors,” letter to the editor, Electrical World, May 25, 1888, pp. 297-98; NT, Tesla Said, (1984), p. 4.
49. Henry Carhart, “Professor Galileo Ferraris,” Electrical World, February 1887, p. 284, “as I understand it, there is a gigantic step from Ferraris’ whirling pool to Tesla’s whirling magnetic field,” Pupin to Tesla, December 19, 1891 [NTM].
50. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 177.
51. G. Westinghouse, internal memorandum. July 5, 1888 [GWA].
52. Ibid.; see also Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, pp. 277-78.
1. N. Tesla, “Death of Westinghouse,” Electrical World, March 21, 1914, p. 637.
2. Charles F. Scott, “Early Days in the Westinghouse Shops,” Electrical World, September 20, 1924, pp. 585-87.
3. Ibid., p. 586.
4. NT, “Tribute to George Westinghouse,” Electrical World & Engineer, March 21, 1914, p. 637.
5. H. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 279.
6. G. Westinghouse, memorandum, July 11, 1888 [GWA].
7. Undated memorandum [GWA]; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, said that the author was Byllesby, July 7, 1888.
8. NT to GW, January 2, 1900 [LC].
9. NT to GW, September 12, 1892; November 29, 1898 [LC].
10. NT to JJA. January 6, 1899 [NTM].
11. Westinghouse Co. annual report, Electrical Review, June 30, 1897, p. 313.
12. The figure most often noted is $1 million, and the source is O’Neill. This same amount was mentioned by R. U. Johnson in his chapter on Tesla in his autobiography, “This to the man who had sold the inventions used at Niagara to the Westinghouse Company for a million dollars and lived to rue the bargain!” (Remembered Yesterdays [Boston: Little Brown, 1923], 401). As Johnson was Tesla’s closest confidant, the figure must have originally come from Tesla.
13. Letter to Westinghouse Corporation, February 6, 1898 [LC]; Tesla may have also been influenced by the consensus concerning the noble profession of scientist. For instance, Louis Pasteur also refused to seek financial compensation for his discoveries. To do so, Pasteur said, a scientist would “lower himself…A man of pure science would complicate his life and risk paralyzing his inventive faculties” (quoted in M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959], p. 336).
14. Leland Anderson, ed., Nikola Tesla: On His Work With Alternating Currents… (1916), pp. 64-65.
15. P. Callahan, “Tesla Stationary Obtained from Tesla Museum.”
16. Scott, September 20, 1924.
17. Charles F. Scott, to NT, July 10, 1931 [BCU].
18. Ibid.
19. L. Hawkings, William Stanley: His Life and Times (New York: Newcomen Society, 1939), p. 32; Stanley advertisement, “The S.K.C. Two Phase System,” Electrical Review, January 16, 1895, p. vii.
20. Charles F. Scott, George Westinghouse Commemoration (New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1936, 1985), p. 21.
21. Henry Prout, W. Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 129.
22. NT, My Inventions, p. 23.
23. “Brown Executes Dogs,” New York Times, July 31, 1888, 4:7.
24. “A Humane Method of Capital Punishment,” Electrical Review, December 24, 1887; “One Dead Dog,” ibid., July 20, 1889, p. 2.
25. “Edison and Capital Punishment,” Electrical Review, June 30, 1888, p. 1; “Edison Says It Will Kill,” New York Sun, July 4, 1889.
26. “Electricity on Animals,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, p. 2.
27. George Westinghouse, “No Special Danger,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, p. 5.
28. Harold P. Brown, “Electric Currents,” New York Times, December 18, 1888, p. 5.
29. “Cockran Debates McKinley at Madison Square Garden,” New York Press, August 19, 1896, pp. 1-2.
30. “Electricity as a Means of Execution,” Elecrical Review, August 3, 1889; “Edison Says It Will Kill,” New York Sun, July 24, 1889.
31. “Electricity as a Means,” Electrical Review, August 3, 1889.
32. “Electrical Execution a Failure,” Electrical Review, August 16, 1890, pp. 1-2.
33. “Kemmler Dies in Electric Chair,” New York Times, August 6, 1890, p. 1.
34. B. Lamme, An Autobiography (New York: Putnam’s, 1926), p. 60.
35. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 83.
36. B. Lamme, Autobiography, p. 60.
37. Ibid., p. v.
38. Francis Jehl, Menlo Park Reminiscences (Dearborn, Mich.: Edison Institute, 1939), p. 336.
39. Charles F. Scott, “Nikola Tesla’s Achievements in the Electrical Art,” AIEE Transactions, 1943, p. 3.
1. “Who Is the Greatest Genius of Our Age?” Review of Reviews, July 1890, p. 45.
2. Nikola Tesla, “The True Wireless,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 28, in NT, Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, J. Ratzlaff, ed. (1981), p. 62.
3. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius (New York: Ives Washburn, 1944), p. 77.
4. NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC]
5. NT, “On the Dissipation of the Electrical Energy of the Hertz Resonator,” Elecrical Engineer, December 21, 1892; in NT, Tesla Said, J. Ratzlaff, ed. (Milbrae, Calif.: Tesla Book Co., 1984), p. 22.
6. J. G. O’Hara and W. Pricha, Hertz and the Maxwellians (London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. in assoc. with the Science Museum, 1987), p. 42.
7. NT, December 21, 1892; “New Radio Theories,” New York Herald Tribune, Sepember 22, 1929, in NT, Tesla Said, pp. 225-26.
8. Nikola Pribic, “Nikola Tesla: The Human Side of a Scientist,” Tesla Journal no. 2/3, 1982-83, p. 25.
9. 1889 newspaper clipping, Edison Archives, Menlo Park, N.J.
10. R. Conot. Streak of Luck (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), pp. 344-46; M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 335-37.
11. Ambrose Fleming, “Nikola Tesla,” in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla: Letters, Articles (1961), p. A-222.
12. Louis Hamon, My Life With the Occult (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1933, 1972), p. 243.
13. Review of Reviews, July 1890, p. 45.
14. “Was Keely a Charlatan?” Public Opinion, December 1, 1898, p. 684.
15. T. Carpenter Smith, “Our View of the Keely Motor,” Engineering Magazine, vol. 2, 1891-92, pp. 14-19.
16. “Keely Not Yet in Jail,” New York Times, September 19, 1888, p. 1.
17. “Keely’s Latest Move,” New York Times, August 24, 1888, p. 5.
18. “Keely in Contempt,” New York Times, November 11, 1888, p. 6.
19. “Inventor Keely in Jail,” New York Times, November 18, 1888, p. 3.
20. Francis Lynde Stetson, quoted in William Birch Rankine, deLancy Rankine, ed. (Niagara Falls, N.Y.: Power City Press, 1926), p. 30.
21. “Science and Sensationalism,” Public Opinion, December 1, 1898, pp. 684-85.
22. W. Barrett, “John W. Keely,” in R. Bourne, ed., The Smithsonian Book of Invention (New York: Norton, 1978), pp. 120-21.
23. Ibid.
24. NT to RUJ, June 12, 1900 [BLCU].
1. Joseph Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed From Space, and Flames That Do Not Consume,” Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1891, p. 524.
2. NT to Petar Mandic, August 18, 1890, in Nicholas Kosanovich, ed. and trans., Nikola Tesla: Correspondence with Relatives (1995), p. 15.
3. Ibid., May 17, 1894.
4. Ibid. Angelina Trbojevic to NT, January 2, 1897, p. 65.
5. Ibid. Jovo Trbojevic to Nikola Tesla, February 27, 1890; Milutin Tesla (a cousin) to Nikola Kosanovic, November 10, 1892.
6. Ibid. NT to Petar Mandic, December 8, 1893, p. 41.
7. Ibid. NT to Pajo Mandic, January 23, 1894, p. 42.
8. Ibid. Milkin Radivoj to NT, September 24, 1895, p. 51.
9. Karl Marx, “The Materialist Conception of History;” in P. Gardiner, ed., Theories of History (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959), p. 134.
10. NT, “Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 178-79.
11. T. C. Martin to NT, August 5, 1890 [NTM].
12. William Anthony, “A Review of Modern Electrical Theories,” AIEE Transactions, February 1890, pp. 33-42. See also J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography, 1884-1978 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Ragusen Press, 1979), p. 6.
13. M. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor (New York: Scribners, 1923), p. 144.
14. Oscar May, “The High-Pressure Transmission of Power Experiments at Oerlikon,” Electrical World, April 18, 1891, p. 291.
15. Louis Duncan, “Portrait,” Electrical World, April 5, 1890, p. 236; “Alternating Current Motors, Part 2,” June 16, 1891, pp. 357-58; Ratzlaff and Anderson, Bibliography, p. 7.
16. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, pp. 283-84.
17. Elihu Thomson, “Phenomena of Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency,” Electrical World, April 4, 1891, p. 254.For previous aspects of the debate, see also E. Thomson, “Notes on Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency, Electrical World, March 14, 1891, pp. 204-5; “Phenomena of Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency,” Electrical World, April II, 1891, pp. 223-24.
18. NT, “High Frequency Experiments,” Electrical World, February 21, 1891, pp. 128-30.
19. Electrical World, February 21, 1891, pp. 128-30.
20. Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed From Space,” Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1891, p. 524.
21. Ibid.
22. E. Raverot, “Tesla’s Experiments in High Frequency,” Electrical World, March 26, 1892.
23. Gano Dunn to NT, June 1931, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla: Letters, Articles (1961), LS-54.
24. It was the term “without effort” which I believe has been misinterpreted. From Tesla’s point of view, energy was not truly available without effort. Machines instead of humans could be constructed that would extract this “free energy.” Solar, wind, and water power are all ways to extract “free energy” without the exertion of human effort.
25. Sperry’s gyroscope, of course, is based upon the principles inherent in the Tesla rotating egg, and Tesla should therefore be considered ahead of Sperry in this invention.
26. Electrical World, May 20, 1891, p. 288.
27. Robert Millikan to NT, 1931, in NT, Tribute to Tesla, p. LS-30.
28. Petkovich, p. 3.
29. Michael Pupin to NT, December 19, 1891, in NT, Tribute to Tesla, p. LS-11.
1. Charles Steinmetz, Alternating Current Phenomena (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1900), pp. i-ii [condensed].
2. Oscar May, “The High-Pressure Transmission of Power Experiments at Oerlikon,” Electrical World, April 18, 1891, p. 291.
3. T. Hughes, Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 131-33.
4. Ibid.
5. Dragislov Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla,” Politika, April 27, 1927, p. 3.
6. Hughes, Network of Power.
7. “C. E. L. Brown Portrait,” Electrical World, October 12, 1891, p. 284.
8. M. Dobrowolsky, “Electrical Transmission of Power by Alternating Currents,” Electrical World, September 14, 1891, p. 268.
9. Carl Hering, “Comments on Mr. Brown’s Letter,” Electrical World, November 7, 1891, p. 346.
10. Jonathan Leonard, Loki: The Life of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1932), p. 109.
11. John Winthrop Hammond, Charles Proteus Steinmetz (New York: Century Co., 1924).
12. “Charles Steinmetz,” in M. Pupin, “Pupin on Polyphasal Generators,” AIEE Transactions, December 16, 1891, pp. 591-92.
13. Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufcturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953).
14. NT to Villard, October 10, 1892 [Houghton Library, Harvard University].
15. M. Josephson, Edison: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 361.
16. Ibid., p. 392.
17. Ibid.
18. J. Leonard, Loki: The Life of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1928), p. 202.
19. H. Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 125.
20. Electrical World, September 16, 1893, p. 208, cited in Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 292.
21. Charles Steinmetz, Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1902), pp. iii-iv.
22. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, pp. 285-86.
23. Ibid., p. 289.
24. Gisbert Kapp to NT, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. LS-6.
25. B. A. Behrend, The Induction Motor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921), p. 1.
26. C. E. L. Brown, “Reasons for the Use of the Three-Phase Current in the Lauffen-Frankfort Transmission,” Electrical World, November 7, 1891, p. 346.
27. Carl Hering, “Comments on Mr. Brown’s Letter,” in ibid., p. 346.
28. W. H. Johnston, “Mr. Tesla and the Drehstrom Systems,” Electrical World, February 6, 1892, p. 83.
29. Carl Hering, “Mr. Tesla and the Drehstrom System,” Electrical World, February 6, 1892, p. 84.
30. Behrend, Induction Motor, pp. xiii-xiv.
31. Ibid., p. 261.
1. “Mr. Tesla Before the Royal Institution, London,” Electrical Review, March 19, 1892, p. 57.
2. The Tesla oscillator conceived at this time became the basis for all of his later transmitters, such as at Colorado Springs and also Wardenclyffe (see especially, patent nos. 462,418—November 13, 1891; 514,168—February 6, 1894; and 568,178—September 22, 1896).
3. NT, “Electric Oscillators,” Electrical Experimentation (July 7, 1919), in NT, Nikola Tesla: Lectures, 1956, p. A-78-93.
4. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, p. 203.
5. T. C. Martin, “Tesla’s Oscillator and Other Inventions,” Century, April 1895.In NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. A-16.
6. “NT and J.J. Thomson” (1891), in NT, Nikola Tesla: Lectures, 1956, pp. A-16-21.
7. NT, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes,” Electrical Engineer, November 17, 1898, pp. 477-81.
8. T. C. Martin, J. Wetzler, and G. Sheep to Tesla, January 8, 1892 [NTM].
9. William Preece to NT, January 16, 1892 [NTM].
10. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 275-77; E. C. Baker, Sir William Preece: Victorial Engineer Extaordinary (London: Hutchinson, 1976), pp. 185-86.
11. “Mr. Tesla Before the Royal Institution, London,” Electrical Review, March 19, 1892, p. 57; NT, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, T. C. Martin, ed. (New York: Electrical Review Publishing Company, republished, Mokelumne Hill, Calif.: Health Research, 1970), p. 200.
12. Most of the titles of these distinguished scientists were obtained later in their career; for example, Dewar became knighted in 1904; Fleming in 1924.William Thomson became Baron or Lord Kelvin a few months after Tesla’s lecture.
13. Ibid., p. 198 [paraphrased].
14. Ibid., p. 200.
15. Ibid., p. 186.
16. Ibid.
17. NT, Inventions, Researches, pp. 130-131; 228-229 [paraphrased in part].
18. Ibid., pp. 287-88 [paraphrased].
19. Ibid., p. 235.
20. W. Kock, Engineering Applications of Lasers and Holography (New York: Plenum Press, 1975), pp. 28-35. I Hunt and W. Draper, Lightning in His Hands: The Life Story of Tesla (Hawthorne, Calif.: Omni Publications, 1964), were the first to suggest that Tesla invented the laser.
21. NT, “On Electrical Resonance,” Electrical Engineer, June 21, 1893, pp. 603-5.
22. NT, “On Light and High Frequency Phenomena,” Electrical Engineer, March 8, 1893, pp. 248-49.
23. NT, 1916/1992, on his work with alternating currents, p. 62.
24. NT, “Mr. Tesla Before the Royal Institution,” pp. 247-49.
25. Ibid., pp. 250-52.
26. Ibid., p. 292.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid. [paraphrased in part].
29. Isaac Asimov, Asimov’s Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), p. 347.
30. NT, My Inventions, p. 82.
31. Leland Anderson, Slide presentation and lecture before the International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, Colo., August 1988.
32. NT, My Inventions, p. 82 [condensed].
33. J. A. Fleming to NT, February 5, 1892, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla 1961, p. LS-13.
34. Asimov, Asimov’s Biographical Encyclopedia, p. 364.
35. William Crookes to NT, March 5, 1892, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. LS-12.
26. William Crookes, “Some Possibilities of Electricity,” Fortnightly Review, February 1892, pp. 173-81.
37. Crookes became president of the Society of Psychical Research in 1896; Lodge, in 1901; and Rayleigh, in 1919.J. J. Thomson was a vice president. See A. Koestler, Roots of Coincidence (New York: Vintage, 1972), pp. 32-34.
38. William Crookes, “D.D. Home,” Quarterly Journal of Science, January 1874 [condensed]. See also C. J. Ducasse, “The Philosophical Importance of Psychic Phenomena,” in J. Ludwig, ed., Philosophy and Parapsychology (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1978), p. 138.
39. Crookes to NT, March 5, 1892.
40. NT, “Elliott Cresson Gold Medal Presentation,” in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. D-4.
41. NT, “Mechanical Therapy” (undated), in Tesla Said, p. 286.
42. Robert O. Becker, “Direct Current Neural Systems,” Psychoenergetic Systems 2 (1976), pp. 190-91.
43. “Tesla’s Experiments,” Electrical Review, April 9, 1892, p. 1.
44. NT to GW, September 12, 1892 [LC].
45. NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. LS-69; see also B. A. Behrend, The Induction Motor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921), pp. 6-7.
46. NT, My Inventions, pp. 94-95.
48. Ibid., p. 104.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid., pp. 104-5.
51. William Broad to author, 1986.
52. “Honors to Nikola Tesla from King Alexander I,” in Electrical Engineer, February 1, 1893, p. 125.
53. N. Pribic, “Nikola Tesla: The Human Side of a Scientist,” Tesla Journal November 2 and 3, 1982/1983, p. 25.
54. Ambrose Fleming, “Nikola Tesla,” Journal of Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 91, February 1944, in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. A-215.
55. J. G. O’Hara and W. Pricha, Hertz and the Maxwellians (London: Peter Peregrinus, 1987), p. 5.
56. Hertz’s decision to eliminate scalar potentials was also a puzzlement to Oliver Heaviside, who corresponded frequently with the German scientist during this same period. “I am quite of your opinion, that you have gone further on than Maxwell,” Heaviside wrote in 1889, “[but] electrostatical (scalar) potential and magnetical (scalar) potential ought to remain I think.” Heaviside, however, like Hertz, was in agreement with the idea of dispensing with vector potentials.
57. NT, “On the Dissipation of the Electrical Energy of the Hertz Resonator,” Electrical Engineer, December 21, 1892, p. 587-88, in Tesla Said, pp. 22-23.
58. “NT tells of New Radio Theories,” New York Herald Tribune, September 22, 1929, pp. 1, 29; in NT, Tesla Said, pp. 225-26.
59. NT, “The True Wireless,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 28.
60. Tesla researcher Tom Bearden has gone so far as to say that the Hertzian decision to eliminate scalar waves and vector potentials from Maxwell’s equations created a flaw in the next theoretical development called quantum mechanics. It was for this reason, Bearden speculates, that Einstein could not create a unified field theory. Bearden suggests bringing back these components along with another abandoned aspect called quaternion theory. He further suggests that by utilizing Tesla transmitters to produce converging powerfully pumped scalar waves, spinners and twisters can be created, that is, local space/time can be curved, and large amounts of power can be transmitted wirelessly over long distances (Tom Bearden, “Scalar Waves and Tesla Technology,” paper presented at the International Tesla Society Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colo., August 1988).
61. NT, My Inventions, p. 83.
1. NT, The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla, T. C. Martin, ed. (1893), p. 149.
2. J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography, 1884-1978 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Ragusen Press, 1970), p. 21.
3. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius: The Life Story of N. Tesla (New York: Ives Washburn, 1944), p. 101.
4. Moses King, King’s Handbook of New York (New York: F. A. Ferris & Co., 1894), p. 230
5. Walter Stephenson, “Nikola Tesla and the Electric Light of the Future,” Scientific American Supplement, March 30, 1895, pp. 16408-09; NT to Simp. Majstorovic, Jan. 2, 1893, in Correspondence with Relatives, p. 31.
6. NT, “On the Dissipation of Electrical Energy of the Hertz Resolution,” (Dec. 21, 1892), in Tesla Said, pp. 22-23.
7. NT, Inventions, Researches and Writings, p. 347.
8. NT to Fodor, September 9, 1892; November 27, 1892; January 1, 1893; March 19, 1893 [LC].
9. NT to Petar Mandic, Dec. 8, 1893, in Correspondence with Relatives, p. 41.
10. NT to Thurston, November 4, 1892; January 23, 1893; February 21, 1893; October 23, 1893 [WBP].
11. NT to GW, September 27, 1892 [LC].
12. Henry Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 143.
13. Reconstructed from NT to GW, September 12, 1892 [LC].
14. Benjamin Lamme, An Autobiography (New York: Putnam’s, 1926), p. 66.
15. NT to GW, September 12, 1892 [LC].
16. Page Smith, The Rise of Industrial America. vol. 6 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. 486-88.
17. NT, “On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena” (Feb./Mar. 1893), in Inventions, Researches, pp. 294-95.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 299.
20. Ibid., p. 299.
21. James Coleman, Relativity for the Layman. New York: Mentor Books, 1958, p. 44.
22. NT, “Radio Power Will Revolutionize the World,” Modern Mechanix & Invention, 71, 1934, pp. 40-42, 117-19.
23. T. C. Martin, “The Tesla Lecture in St. Louis,” Electrical Engineer, March 18, 1893, pp. 248-49.
24. NT, “Experiments with Alternate Currents…” (May 20, 1891), in Inventions, Researches, p. 148.
25. “An infinitesimal world, with molecules and their atoms spinning and moving in orbits, in much the same manner as celesial bodies, carrying with them and probably spinning with them ether, or in other words, carrying with them static charges, seems to my mind the most probable view, and one which in a plausible manner, accounts for most of the phenomena observed. The spinning of the molecules and their ether sets up the ether tensions or electrostatic strains; the equalization of ether tensions sets up ether motions or electric currents, and the orbital movements produce the effects of electro and permanent magnetism.” NT, “Experiments With Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination,” lecture delivered before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College (May 20, 1891). In T. C. Martin, ed., The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla (New York: Electrical Engineer, 1893), p. 149.
26. Orrin Dunlop, Radio’s 100 Men of Science (New York: Harper and Bros., 1944), pp. 156-58.
27. NT, “How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destiny,” New York American, February 27, 1925, in Lectures, Patents, Articles, p. A-172.
28. Ibid.
29. NT, “On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena,” (Feb/March 1893), in Inventions, Researches, p. 301.
30. Ibid., p. 347.
31. Ibid., p. 347.
32. William Broughton Jr., “William Broughton Dedication Speech,” Schenectady Museum, Schenectady, N.Y., February 6, 1976 [Nick Basura Archives].
33. NT, Inventions, Researches and Writings, p. 348.
34. NT, My Inventions, p. 29.
35. William Preece, “On the Transmission of Electrical Signals Through Space,” Electrical Engineer, August 30, 1893, p. 209.
36. O. E. Dunlap, 1944, pp. 58-59; also James Corum lecture, One Hundred Years of Resonator Development, ITS Conference, Colorado Springs, Colo., 1992.
37. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 128.
38. R. Conot, Streak of Luck (New York: Bantam, 1981), p. 95.
39. Preece, “On the Transmission of Electrical Signals.”
40. A. Slaby, “The New Telegraphy,” Century, 1897, pp. 867-77.
41. Oliver Lodge, Talks About Wireless (New York: Cassell, 1925), p. 32.
42. NT, “The True Wireless,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, pp. 28-30, 61-63, 87; in Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, pp. 62-68.
1. “New Electric Inventions,” New York Recorder, June 15; 1891.
2. NT, “Nikola Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” Electrical World, April 29, 1893, pp. 323-24.
3. “Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” New York Herald, April 23, 1893; NT, “Nikola Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” pp. 323-24.
4. [WBP].
5. TCM, “Tesla’s Lecture in St. Louis,” Electrcial Engineer, March 8, 1893, pp. 248-49.
7. TCM, “Tesla’s Lecture in St. Louis,” Electrical Engineer, March 8, 1893.
8. NT, “On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena,” Electrical Engineer, June 28, 1893, p. 627.
9. NT, “Nikola Tesla & His Wonderful Discoveries,” Electrical World, April 29, 1893, pp. 323-24.
10. Ibid.
11. NT, “On Phenomena Produced by Electric Force,” in Inventions, Researches and Writings, February/March 1893, p. 318.
12. Ibid., p. 318-19.
13. TCM, “A New Edison on the Horizon,” Review of Reviews, March 1894, p. 355.
14. Martin, “Tesla’s Lecture in St. Louis,” March 8, 1893.
15. NT, Inventions, Researches and Writings, p. 349.
16. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), p. 235.
17. Thomas Edison, “A Long Chat With the Most Interesting Man in the World,” Morning Journal, July 26, 1891 [TAE].
18. NT, “Nikola Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” Electrical World, April 29, 1893, from New York Herald, April 23, 1893.
19. NT, My Inventions, p. 41.
20. Ibid., p. 83.
21. TCM, “Tesla’s Oscillator and Other Inventions,” Century, April 1895, pp. 916-33.
22. Ibid. See also NT, Nikola Tesla: Lectures 1956, pp. P-141-145, P-225-231.
23. NT, “On Phenomena Produced by Electrostatic Force,” in Inventions, Researches, and Writings, February/March, 1893, pp. 319-21.
24. William Cameron. The World’s Fair: A Pictorial History of the Columbian Exposition (New Haven, Conn.: James Brennan & Co., 1894), pp. 108, 669-70; Stanley Applebaum, The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893: A Pictorial Record (New York: Dover, 1980), pp. 96-97, 106.
25. W. E. Cameron, World’s Fair, pp. 641-85.
26. Ibid., p. 316.
27. Ibid., p. 318.
28. J. Barrett, Electricity at the Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Donnelley & Sons, 1894), pp. 168-69; “Mr. Tesla’s Personal Exhibit at the World’s Fair,” Electrical Engineer, November 29, 1893, pp. 466-68.
29. Cameron, World’s Fair, p. 325; G. R. Davis, World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 (Philadelphia: W. Houston & Co., 1893), p. 127; World’s Fair Youth Companion (Boston: 1893), p. 19.
30. “Electricians Listen in Wonder to the ‘Wizard of Physics,’” Chicago Tribune, August 26, 1893 (Edison Archives).
31. “Tesla’s Egg of Columbus,” Electrical Experimenter, March 1919, p. 775.
1. TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, pp. 582-85.
2. “Electricians Listen in Wonder to the ‘Wizard of Physics’,” August 26, 1893.
3. TCM, “A New on the Horizon,” Review of Reviews, March 1894, p. 355.
4. Arthur Brisbane, “Our Foremost Electrician, Nikola Tesla,” World, July 22, 1894.
5. Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Boston: Little Brown, 1923).
6. W. T. Stephenson, “Electric Light of the Future,” Outlook March 9, 1895, pp. 384-356.
7. Ibid. [The experience of this reporter was adapted to the Johnson meeting]
8. Ibid.
9. NT to RUJ, January 8, 1894 [BCU].
10. NT to RUJ, December 7, 1893 [BCU].
11. NT, “Introductory Note on Zmai,” in R. U. Johnson, Songs of Liberty and Other Poems (New York: Century, 1897), pp. 43-47.
12. KJ to NT [NTM].
13. Ibid., April 3, 1896.
14. Ibid., December 6, 1897.
15. Ibid., June 6, 1898.
16. TCM to KJ, January 8, 1894 [BLCU].
17. TCM to NT, January 22, 1894 [NTM].
18. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, p. 400.
19. Ibid.
20. Mark Twain to NT, March 4, 1894; RUJ to NT, March 5, 1894; NT to RUJ, April 26, 1894 [BLCU].
21. Mark Twain Papers [BLCU].
22. F. Anderson, ed., Mark Twain’s Notebooks and Journals, vol. 3, 1883-1891 (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1979), p. 431.
23. Ibid.
24. NT, My Inventions, p. 53.
25. NT, 1897, pp. 286-87.
26. NT to RUJ, May 2, 1894 [BLCU].
27. NT to KJ, May 2, 1894 [BLCU].
28. TCM to NT, February 17, 1894 [NTM].
29. Nicholas Pribic, “Nikola Tesla: The Human Side of a Scientist,” Tesla Journal, nos. 2 & 3 (1982-83), p. 25.
30. TCM to NT, February 6, 1894 [NTM].
31. J. Abraham and R. Savin, Elihu Thomson Correspondence (New York: Academic Press, 1971), p. 352.
32. TCM to RUJ, February 7, 1894 [BLCU].
33. NT, “Elliott Cresson Gold Medal Award,” Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. D-5.
34. RUJ to H. G. Osborn, May 7, 1894 [BLCU].
35. H. G. Osborn to Seth Low, January 30, 1894 [BLCU].
1. NT, My Inventions, p. 48.
2. E. D. Adams, Niagara Power: 1886-1918 (New York: Niagara Falls Power Co., 1927), pp. 148-49; H. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 283-84.
3. Ibid.
4. T. Hughes, Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 97-98, 238-39.
5. J. A. Fleming, “Nikola Tesla,” in Tribute to Nikola Tesla (1961), p. A-222.
6. Hughes, in Networks of Power, wrote, “It is difficult to understand why he [Ferranti] and his financial backers took such a great leap beyond the state of existing technology in their Depford project.” Hughes, loath to give Tesla unequivocal credit, was therefore unable to make the connection.
7. H. Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Macmillan, 1939), pp. 194, 221, 228, 269, 300, 307, 325.
8. R. Conot, Streak of Luck: The Life Story of Edison (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), p. 340.
9. H. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 285.
10. E. D. Adams, Niagara Power, pp. 173, 176, 185.
11. Charles Scott, “Nikola Tesla’s Achievements in the Electrical Art,” AIEE Transactions, 1943 [Archives, Westinghouse Corp.].
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., pp. 179-87.
14. David Woodbury, Beloved Scientist: Elihu Thomson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944), p. 214.
15. Electrical World, May 25, 1895, p. 603.
16. H. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 292.
17. H. Prout, p. 144.
18. H. Passer, p. 298.
19. Woodbury; Abraham and Savin. Interestingly, Passer, 1953, whose work is a primary source for this event, completely misunderstood Tesla’s central role in the Niagara project, even though he had access to the files of G.E. and Westinghouse. Passer could not understand why the contract was given to Westinghouse over G.E.
20. H. Passer, p. 292.
21. F. L. Stetson, in de Lancey Rankine, Memorabilia of William Birch Rankine, (Niagara Falls: Power City Press, 1926), p. 28.
22. “Nikola Tesla and His Works,” Review of Reviews, August 8, 1894, p. 215.
23. “Nikola Tesla and His Work,” New York Times, September 16, 1894, 20:1-4.
24. “Tesla’s Work at Niagara,” New York Times, July 16, 1895, 10:5.
25. NT to JJA, January 6, 1899 [NTM].
26. “The Nikola Tesla Company,” Electrical Engineering, February 13, 1895, p. 149.
27. NT to JJA, January 6, 1899 [NTM].
1. D. McFarlan Moore to NT, June 13, 1931.In Tribute to Tesla 1961, p. LS-41.
2. TCM to NT, February 6, 1894 (some paraphrasing for readability’s sake).
3. TCM to NT, May 7, 1894.
4. T. C. Martin, “Tesla’s Oscillator and Other Inventions,” Century, April 1895, in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, 1961, pp. A-11-32.
5. Ibid., July 18, 1894.
6. NT to RUJ, December 4, 1894 [BLCU].
7. Ibid., p. A-20.
8. EE. “American Electr-Therapeutic Association”; “An Evening in Tesla’s Laboratory,” Electrical Engineering, October 3, 1894, pp. 278-79.
9. NT vs. Reginald A. Fessenden, Interference, 21:701, April 16, 1902, p. 20 [Scherff papers, BLCU].
10. Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology (New York: Appleton, 1896).
11. NT, April 16, 1902, p. 19; “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires As a Means for Furthering Peace,” Electrical World, January 1905, pp. 21-24.
12. T. C. Martin, op. cit. April 1895, in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, 1961, pp. A-31-32.
13. Ibid.
14. “NT and his works,” Review of Reviews, August 1894, p. 215.
15. “Tesla and Edison,” Watertower Times, April 24, 1895 [TAE].
16. “Nikola Tesla,” Electrical World, April 14, 1894, p. 489.
17. F. Jarvis Patten, “Nikola Tesla and His Work,” Electrical World, April 14, 1894, pp. 496-99; “Tesla and Edison,” Watertower Times, April 24, 1895 [TAE].
16. Arthur Brisbane, “Our Foremost Electrician,” New York World, July 22, 1894, Sunday supplement.
17. “Tesla’s Triumphs,” St. Louis Daily Globe Democrat, March 2, 1893, p. 4.
20. NT, “Tuned Lightning,” English Mechanic and World of Science, March 8, 1907, pp. 107-108.
21. W. T. Stephenson, “Electrical Light of the Future,” Outlook, March 9, 1895, pp. 384-86.
22. NT vs. Fessenden, April 16, 1902, p. 14.
23. Ibid., Scherffs testimony, p. 89.
24. Patents 454,622 (June 23, 1891); 462, 418 (November 3, 1891); 514,168 (February 6, 1894). In Lectures, Patents, Articles, pp. P-221-27.
25. Michael Pupin papers [BLCU].
26. NT, “High Frequency and High Potential Currents,” February 1892, in Inventions, Researches and Writings (1894), p. 292.
27. Pupin papers, March 28, 1894 [BLCU].
28. Ibid., August 23, 1895.
29. Ibid., May 21, 1895.
30. Ibid., July 25, 1896.
31. NT to RUJ, December 21, 1894 [BLCU].
1. Charles Dana, “The Destruction of Tesla’s Workshop,” New York Sun, March 13, 1895; in Tribute, 1961, p. LS-18.
2. D. McFarlan Moore to NT, June 13, 1931; in Tribute, 1961, p. LS-41.
3. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, 1944.
4. J. Ratzlaff and Leland Anderson, eds., Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography (Palo Alto, CA: Ragusen Press, 1979), p. 34.
5. T. C. Martin, “The Burning of Tesla’s Laboratory,” Engineering Magazine, April 1895, pp. 101-4.
6. “A Calamitous Fire,” Current Literature, May 1895 [TAE].
7. Michael Boro Petrovich, A History of Modern Serbia (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1976), p. 523.
8. T. C. Martin, “The Burning…”
9. J. Ratslaff and L. Anderson, Tesla Bibliography, p. 34.
10. J. Abraham and R. Savin, Elihu Thomson Correspondence (New York: Academic Press, 1971), p. 352.
11. TCM to NT, May 20, 1895; May 21, 1895; May 28, 1895 [NTM].
12. H. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 297.
13. “Westinghouse Electric. Ad on Tesla polyphase system.” Review of Reviews, June 1895, p. viii.
14. J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Tesla Bibliography, p. 34.
15. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 123. Concerning Tesla’s expenses, including the loss from the fire and the construction of another lab, Tesla wrote, “Before I ever saw Colorado—I think my secretary knows that—I have expended certainly not less than $750,000,” NT, On His Work With A.C., p. 172.
16. NT to RUJ, February 14, 1895 [BLCU].
17. Ernest Heinreich to NT, February 13, 1895 [LC].
18. “Tesla in Jersey,” Rochester Express, April 5, 1895 [TAE].
19. NT to A. Schmid (two letters combined), March 23, 1895; April 3, 1895 [LC].
20. Samuel Bannister to NT, April 8, 1895 [LC].
21. Brisbane, June 22, 1894.
22. “Edison’s Rival,” Troy Press, April 20, 1895 [TAE]. 22. J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Tesla Bibliography, p. 36.
24. “Tesla Solved the Problem,” Philadelphia Press, June 24, 1895 [TAE].
25. “The Electric Combinations,” NY Com. Bulletin, April 18, 1895 [TAE].
26. TCM to NT, May 22, 1895 [NTM].
27. TCM to NT, March 12, 1896 [NTM].
28. “Nikola Tesla and the Electrical Outlook,” Review of Reviews, September 1895, pp. 293-94.
29. Ibid.
1. Quoted in New York Sun, March 25, 1896.
2. John D. Gates, The Astor Family (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 112-13.
3. Ibid.
4. Camille Flammarion, “Mars and Its Inhabitants,” North American Review 162 (1896), p. 549.
5. William Pickering, “Pickering’s Idea for Signaling Mars,” New York Times, April 25, 1909, Pt. 5, 1:1-6 [some paraphrasing to improve readability].
6. NT to JJA, February 6, 1895 [NTM].
7. John Jacob Astor, A Journey in Other Worlds (New York: D. Appleton, 1894), pp. 115-16.
8. Ibid., p. 161.
9. George DuMaurier, The Martian (Boston: Little Brown, 1896).
10. Camille Flammarion, Stories of Infinity (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1873).
11. Carl Jung, The Portable Jung (New York: Viking Press, 1961), p. 311.
12. D. Cohan, “Heavenly Hoax,” Air & Space 4-5 (1986), pp. 86-92.
13. E. Morse, Mars and Its Mystery (Boston: Little Brown, 1906), pp. 52-53.
14. Camille Flammarion, “Mars and Its Inhabitants,” North American Review 162 (1896), pp. 546-57.
15. “Strange Lights on Mars,” Nature, August 2, 1894; “Mars Inhabited Says Prof. Lowell,” New York Times, August 30, 1907, 1:7; “Signalling to Mars,” Scientific American, May 8, 1909.
16. Perceival Lowell, The Canals of Mars (New York: Macmillan, 1906), pp. 376-77.
17. W. Von Braun et al., The Exploration of Mars (New York: Viking Press, 1956), pp. 84-85.
18. Ibid.; J. Abrahams and R. Savin, Elihu Thomson Correspondence.
19. NT, Tribute, p. LS-18.
20. “Is Tesla to Signal the Stars?” Electrical World, April 4, 1896, p. 369.
1. Quoted in Paul Baker, Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White (New York: Free Press, 1989), p. 137, circa February 25, 1894.
2. Frederick Finch Strong, “Electricity and Life,” Electrical Experimenter, March 1917, pp. 798, 831.
3. Jennie Melvene Davis, “Great Master Magician Is Nikola Tesla,” Comfort, May 1896 [NTM].
4. “The Field of Electricity: Edison, Tesla and Moore at Work,” untitled newspaper clipping, Omaha, Nebraska, June 14, 1896 [TAE].
5. SW to E. D. Adams, May 14, 1891; August 16, 1892 [ALCU].
6. SW to Adams, December 1891; October 1891 [ALCU].
7. SW to NT, February 25, 1894 [ALCU].
8. SW to NT, February 5, 1895 [ALCU].
9. Ibid.
10. Michael Mooney, Evelyn Nisbet and Stanford White (New York: Morrow, 1976), pp. 193-99; Paul Baker, Stanny, pp. 249-50.
11. SW to NT, November 30, 1895 [ACU].
12. George Wheeler, Pierpont Morgan and Friends: Anatomy of a Myth (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), p. 17.
13. G. Scherff, 1902 [BLCU].
14. R. U. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, pp. 480-81; “True Buddhism, Brooklyn Standard Union,” February 4, 1895, in The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, vol. 2 (Calcutta, India: Advaita Ashram, 1970); Tad Wise to author, April 10, 1996.
15. RUJ to NT, October 25, 1895 [BLCU].
16. NT to KJ, October 23, 1895 [BLCU].
17. Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (New York: J. J. Little & Ives Co., 1934), pp. 332-34.
18. H. J. Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan, p. 214.
19. TCM to NT, November 7, 1895; November 17, 1895 [NTM].
20. NT to JJA, December 20, 1895 [NTM].
21. NT to RUJ, December 13, 1895; December 22, 1895 [NTM].
22. NT to SW, January 4, 1896 [NTM].
23. NT to RUJ, January 10, 1896 [BLCU].
24. Swami Vivekananda to W. T. Stead (ed., Review of Reviews), in Letters of Swami Vivekananda (Pithoragarth, Himalays: Advaita Ashrama, 1981), pp. 281-83; The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (Calcutta, India: Advaita Ashrama, 1979).
25. JJA to NT, January 18, 1896 [NTM].
1. “Phosphorescent Light,” New York Mail and Express, May 22, 1896 [TAE].
2. Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor (New York: Scribners, 1925), p. 306.
3. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, 1944.
4. Søren Kierkegaard, Either or Or, 1848, translated by David and Lillian Svenson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944).
5. NT, “On Roentgen Rays,” Electrical Review, March 11, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-27.
6. Ibid., p. A-29.
7. Ibid., p. A-30.
8. NT, “On Roentgen Radiations,” Electrical Review, April 8, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-43.
9. NT, “Roentgen Rays or Streams,” Electrical Review, , December 1, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-52.
10. Ibid.; “On the Roentgen Streams,” Electrical Review, December 1, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-56.Tesla also associated this idea to Kelvin’s “ether vortexes.”
11. NT, “On Roentgen Rays: Latest Results,” Electrical Review, March 18, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), pp. A-32-38; “On Roentgen Radiations,” Electrical Review, April 8, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-41.
12. NT. “On the Roentgen Streams,” Electrical Review, December 1, 1896; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-58.
13. NT. “On the Hurtful Actions of Lenard and Roentgen Tubes,” Electrical Review, May 5, 1897; in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-65.
14. “Tesla Opposes Edison,” NY Evening Journal, December 2, 1896 [TAE].
15. “Tesla Says ‘Let us hope’.” Philadelphia Press, November 20, 1896 [TAE].
16. “Scoffs at X rays for the blind,” NY Morning Journal, December 3, 1896 [TAE].
17. “Combined Devices,” NY Evening Journal, December 2, 1896; “Triumph of Science: Combination of Tesla and Edison contrivances,” Louisville KY Courier Journal, November 24, 1896 [TAE].
18. “Edison Caught a Fluke,” NY Morning Journal, August 10, 1897 [TAE].
1. Charles Barnard, “Nikola Tesla, the Electrician,” The Chautauguan 25, (1897), pp. 380-84.
2. “Nikola Tesla: An Interesting Talk With America’s Great Electrical Idealist,” Niagara Falls Gazette, July 20, 1896, 1:1.See also T. Valone, “Tesla’s History in Western New York,” in S. Elswick, ed., Tesla Proceedings (1986), pp. 27-51.
3. William Preece to NT, 1896 [NTM].
4. E. C. Baker, Sir William Preece: Victorian Engineer Extraordinary (London: Hutchinson, 1976), pp. 269-70.
5. NT, “Marconi and Preece,” New York World, April 13, 1930, p. 229, in J. Ratzlaff, Tesla Said, p. 229.
6. KJ to NJ, August 6, 1896 [NTM].
7. RUJ to NT, July 28, 1896 [LC].
8. RUJ to NT, November 7, 1896.
9. “History Making Celebration of the Only Electrical Banquet the World Has Ever Seen,” Buffalo Evening News, January 13, 1897, 1:1-2; 4:2-5.
10. Nikola Tesla, “Niagara Falls Speech,” Electrical World, February 6, 1897, pp. 210-11. Reprinted in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), pp. A101-8.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Buffalo Evening News, January 12, 1897; see also D. Dumych, “Nikola Tesla and the Development of Electric Power at Niagara Falls,” Tesla Journal 6, 7, 1989-90, pp. 4-10.
14. Ibid.
1. R. U. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, p. 402.
2. Ibid., March 13, 1896.
3. JJA to NT, January 29, 1897 [NTM].
4. SW to NT, January 29, 1897 [ACU].
5. NT to RUJ, March 28, 1896; salutation, March 12, 1896 [BLCU].
6. NT to RUJ, April 8, 1896 [BLCU].
7. R. U. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, pp. 402-3.
8. Ignace Paderewski and Mary Lawton, The Paderewski Memoirs (New York: Scribners, 1938), p. 205-6.
9. NT to KJ, April 8, 1896; April 9, 1896 [BLCU].
10. NT to KJ, April 10, 1896 [BLCU].
11. NT to R. Kipling, April 1, 1901 [BLCU].
12. NT to KJ, March 10, 1899 [BLCU].
13. NT to KJ, March 9, 1899 [BLCU].
14. Peter Browning, ed., John Muir in His Own Words (Lafayette, Calif.: Great West Books, 1988).
15. NT to KJ, November 3, 1898 [BLCU].
16. P. Browning, John Muir in His Own Words, p. 12.
1. “Tesla Electrifies the Whole Earth,” New York Journal, August 4, 1897, 1:1-3.
2. Lee DeForest, Father of Radio: An Autobiography (Chicago: Wilcox & Follett, 1950), pp. 76, 81, 85.
3. NT, Nikola Tesla: Lectures, (1956). Essential patents for oscillators and transmitters: 454622 June 23, 1891; 462418 November 3, 1891; 514168 August 2, 1893; 568176-180 April 20, 1896-July 9, 1896; remote control: 613809 July 1, 1898; wireless communication: 649621 September 2, 1897; 1119732 January 18, 1902.
4. “Wizard Edison Here,” Buffalo (N.Y.) News, August 30, 1896 [TAE].
5. “Nikola Tesla on Far Seeing—The Inventor Talks Interestingly on the Transmission of Sight by Wire,” New York Herald, August 30, 1896. See also Ratzlaff & Anderson, 1979, p. 45.
6. NT, “Developments in Practice and Art of Telephotography,” Electrical Review, December 11, 1920, in Lectures (1956), pp. A-94-97.
7. A. Korn to NT, May 1931, in Tribute (1961) pp. 25-27.
8. NT, “Developments in Practice and Art of Telephotography,” Electrical Review, December 11, 1920, in Lectures (1956), p. A-97.
9. Chauncey Montgomery McGovern, “The New Wizard of the West,” Pearson’s Magazine, May 1899, pp. 291-97.
10. NT to Parker W. Page, August 8, 1897 [KSP].
11. Patent no. 649621, September 2, 1897; in Lectures (1956) pp. P293-96; C. M. McGovern, “The New Wizard of the West,” p. 294.
12. Ibid., pp. P293-96.
13. Preece quoted in E. C. Baker, Sir William Preece 1976, p. 270.
14. Vyvyan quoted in D. Marconi, My Father, Marconi (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962), p. 138.
15. W. Jolly, Marconi (New York: Stein & Day, 1972), p. 48.
16. D. E. W. Gibb, Lloyds of London (London: Lloyds of London Press, 1957), p. 158.
17. Frank Jenkins, “Nikola Tesla: The Man, Engineer, Inventor, Humanist and Innovator,” in Nikola Tesla: Life and Work of a Genius (Belgrade: Yugoslav Society for the Promotion of Scientific Knowledge, 1976), pp. 10-21. Original source, O’Neill, 1944.
18. NT vs. Marconi, court transcripts, pp. 440-41 [LA].
19. C. M. McGovern, op. cit., 1899, p. 297.
20. “A Crowd to Hear Tesla,” New York Times, April 7, 1897, 12:2; J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Tesla Bibliography, p. 49.
21. For a discussion of this unpublished lecture, see L. Anderson (ed.), On His Work with Alternating Currents 1916/1992.
22. “Telegraphy without wires,” Scribners Monthly, 1897, pp. 527x28.
23. NT vs. Reginald Fessenden litigation, op. cit., 1902 [BLCU].
24. Westinghouse Co. annual report, Electrical Review, June 30, 1897, p. 313.
25. Westinghouse memorandum, July 7, 1888.
26. NT to JJA, January 6, 1899 [NTM].
27. NT to E. Heinreich, December 4, 1897 [LC].
28. Marica to NT, March 27, 1891, in A. Marincic, ed., Tesla’s Correspondence with Relatives (Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Museum) [Zoran Bobic, transl.].
29. “Tesla at 79 Discovers New Message Wave,” Brooklyn Eagle, July 11, 1935, 1:1, 3:4; see also O’Neill, 1944, pp. 158-64.
30. Allan Benson, “Nikola Tesla: Dreamer,” The World To-Day, 1915, pp. 1763-67 [Archives, Health Research, Mokelumne Hill, Calif].
1. Edward Bulwer-Lytton, The Coming Race (London: Routledge, 1871).
2. NT, “Tesla’s Latest Invention: Electrical Circuits and Apparatus of Electrically Controlled Vessels,” Electrical Review, November 16, 1898, pp. 305-12.
3. NT to RUJ, July 12, 1900 [BCU].
4. This connection between Tesla and Bulwer-Lytton was originally noticed by Desire Stanton, a newspaper columnist in Colorado Springs in 1899. See I. Hunt and W. Draper, Lightning in His Hands: The Life Story of Nikola Tesla (Hawthorne, Calif.: Omni Publications, 1964.
5. Bulwer-Lytton, Coming Race.
6. NT to JJA, January 27, 1897; July 3, 1897 [NTM].
7. NT to JJA, December 2, 1898 [NTM].
8. Virginia Cowles, The Astors (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 130-31.
9. NT, My Inventions, pp. 107-9.
10. John Oliver Ashton to Lee Anderson, July 17, 1953 [LA].
11. “Tom Edison’s Son Explodes Desk by Accident,” New York Times, May 3, 1898, 7:1.
12. “Tesla’s Latest Invention,” Electrical Review, November 9 and 16, 1898.
13. NT, “Torpedo Boat Without a Crew,” Current Literature, February 1899, pp. 136-37.
14. “Mr. Tesla and the Czar,” Electrical Engineering, November 17, 1898, pp. 486-87.
15. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, p. 188.
16. M. Huart, “The Genius of Destruction,” Electrical Review, December 7, 1898, p. 36.
17. Mark Twain to NT, November 17, 1898 [NTM].
18. “Mr. Tesla and the Czar,” Electrical Engineering, November 17, 1898, pp. 486-87.
19. “Was Keely a Charlatan?” and “Science and Sensationalism,” Public Opinion, December 1, 1898, pp. 684-85.
20. NT to RUJ, January 1, 1898 [BLCU].
21. NT to RUJ, January 1, 1898 [BLCU].
22. NT to RUJ, November 28, 1898 [BLCU].
23. NT, “Mr. Tesla’s reply,” Electrical Engineer, November 24, 1898, p. 514.
24. Marc Seifer, Nikola Tesla: Psychohistory, 1986, p. 272. Survey derived from Ratzlaff and Anderson, 1979.
25. “His Friends to Mr. Tesla,” Electrical Engineer, November 24, 1898, p. 514.
26. TCM to Elihu Thomson, January 16, 1917, in H. Abrahams and M. Savin, Selections from the Scientific Correspondence of Elihu Thomson (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), p. 352.
27. T. C. Martin, “The Burning of Tesla’s Laboratory,” Engineering, 11:1, April 1895.
28. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 175-211.
29. NT, “How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destiny,” 1915, in Nikola Tesla: Lectures (1956), p. A-122.
30. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 173-74.
31. NT, “How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destiny,” 1915/1956, p. A-172.
32. Ibid.
33. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 184-85.
34. Ibid., pp. 185-86.
35. NT, My Inventions. It should also be noted that for many years, in order for a patent to be granted, the inventor had to demonstrate his invention.
1. NT to RUJ, November 29, 1897 [BLCU].
2. Virginia Cowles, The Astors (New York: Knopf, 1979), p. 126.
3. Albin Dearing, The Elegant Inn (Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart, 1986), pp. 75, 78, 87.
4. Ibid., p. 81.
5. NT to U.S. Navy, September 27, 1899 [NAR].
6. P. Delaney, “Telegraphing From a Balloon in War,” Electrical Review, October 1898, p. 68.
7. NT to JJA, January 3, 1901 [NTM].
8. General Dynamics advertisement, Smithsonian, 1990.
9. “Offer of the Holland Owners,” New York Times, June 4, 1898, 1:4.
10. NT to U.S. Navy, 1899 [NAR].
11. “The Patience of Hobson,” New York Times, April 20, 1908.
12. “The Merrimac Destroyed?” New York Times, June 4, 1898, 1:4.
13. Martha Young, “Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson,” Chautauguan 27, 1898, p. 561.
14. “Lieut. Hobson’s Promotion,” New York Times, June 21, 1898, 1:4.
15. KJ to NT, December 6, 1897 [NTM].
16. Ibid., June 6, 1898.
17. NT, “Tesla’s Latest Advances in Vacuum Tubes,” Electrical Review, January 5, 1898, p. 9.
18. Cheiro (Louis Hamon), Cheiro’s Language of the Hand (New York: Transatlantic Publishing Co., 1895).
19. Sphynx. Analysis of Tesla’s palm. Private correspondence, August 1990.
20. KJ to NT, February 8, 1898 [NTM].
21. Ibid., March 12, 1898; March 25, 1898.
22. NK to KJ, March 12, 1898 [BLCU].
23. Ibid., December 3, 1898.
24. NK to KJ, November 3, 1898 [BLCU].
25. Ibid., March 9, 1899.
26. Marguerite Merrington papers, Museum of New York City; John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 302.
27. Virginia Cowles, The Astors (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 124-25.
28. Ibid., p. 135.
29. NT to JJA, December 2, 1898; January 6, 1899 [NTM].
30. Ibid., December 2, 1898 [NTM].
31. NT to JJA, January 6, 1899 [NTM].
32. Ibid., January 6, 1899; January 10, 1899; March 27, 1899 [NTM]. Whether Tesla actually received the full amount is unknown.
33. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 176.
34. NK to KJ, November 3, 1898 [BLCU].
35. R. U. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, pp. 418-19.
36. “The Gentle Art of Kissing,” New York Times, August 15, 1899, 6:2-4.
37. NT to RUJ, December 6, 1898 [BLCU].
38. Ibid., November 8, 1898.
39. “Lieut. Hobson’s Career,” New York Times, June 5, 1898, 2:4.
1. Desire Stanton, “Nikola Tesla Experiments in the Mountains,” Mountain Sunshine, Jul-Aug 1899, pp. 33-34.(Real name: Mrs. Gilbert McClurg.) Tesla’s 1896 trip to Colorado was discovered by James Corum while researching articles at the Tesla Museum, Belgrade.
2. NT/Reginald Fessenden litigation, August 5, 1902 [BLCU].
3. NT. “Some Experiments in Tesla’s Laboratory With Currents of High Potential and High Frequency,” Electrical Review, March 29, 1899, pp. 193-97, 204.
4. T. Hunt and M. Draper, Lightning, p. 110.
5. Ibid.; NT, On His Work in A.C., 1916/1992, p. 109.
6. T. Hunt and M. Draper, Lightning, p. 110.
7. Ibid.
8. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, p. 12 [BLCU].
9. Drawings pertaining to the design of the Colorado Springs experimental station were created in 1896 and 1897. In the same manner, while at Colorado, Tesla also worked out plans for his next transmitter, which was erected on Long Island. NT, My Inventions, pp. 116-17.
10. T. Hunt and M. Draper, Lightning, p. 108.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. According to present-day understanding, the ionosphere, or Kennelly-Heaviside layer, does not act as a carrier of the electrical waves, as Tesla hypothesized, but as a reflector, causing the energy “to bounce back and forth rapidly for long-distance transmission,” and that is how it goes around the entire curve of the earth (Stanley Seifer, private correspondence, 1985).
14. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, p. 51 [BLCU].
15. Alexander Marincic, “Research on Nikola Tesla in Long Island Laboratory.” Tesla Journal 6, no. 7 (1988/89) pp. 25-28.
16. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, [BLCU].
17. NT to George Scherff, June 22, 1899 [LC].
18. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, p. 26 [BLCU].
19. The primary of the coil was a specially prepared cable spanning the inside perimeter of the building itself, and the secondary was a tubular shaped smaller coil in the center of the structure which encircled a transmission tower that rose from a support column as a single spire. With a removable roof to augment the adjustment of the aerial, and a small bulb at its apex, the transmitter could be extended to a variable length that could reach a maximum of 200 feet from the ground. A. Marincic, Colorado Springs Notes Commentary, in Nikola Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes, A. Marincic, ed. (Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Nikola Tesla Museum, 1979).
20. Due to Tesla’s extraordinary powers of eidetic imagery, a myth, perpetuated by O’Neill and Tesla’s own autobiography, arose suggesting that the inventor worked out all designs and calculations solely in his mind. The original curators of the Tesla Museum therefore kept the Colorado notebook a secret, as they did not want to destroy this image of the inventor’s extraordinary mental abilities. According to the present curator, Dr. Marincic, “The appearance of the Colorado notebook would show Tesla to be human, that he made mistakes, and so on.” Marincic’s position was totally different. He felt that the more people understood the real Tesla, the better would be the appreciation of his accomplishments. It was for this reason that Marincic prepared the notebook which was published by the musuem in 1979 (Tesla Museum, A. Marincic, Colorado Springs, August, 1990.)
21. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, [BLCU].
22. NT, My Inventions, p. 86. See also Colorado Springs Notes, p. 174: “Now it was of importance to increase the magnifying factor…”
23. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902, p. 30 [BLCU].
24. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, pp. 28, 34.
25. NT to JJA, September 10, 1900 [NTM].
26. GS to NT, June 14, 1990 [LC].
27. GS to NT, June 22, 1899 [LC].
28. NT to GS, June 6, 1899 [LC].
29. A. Marincic, in Colorado Springs Notes, p. 15.
30. NT/RF litigation, Lowenstein testimony, August 5, 1902, pp. 99-101, 106 [BLCU].
31. NT, CSN, 1979, p. 37.
32. NT/RF litigation, Lowenstein testimony, August 5, 1902, pp. 106-8 [BLCU].
33. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, p. 61.
34. Ibid.
35. NT to GS, July 4 and 6, 1899 [LC].
1. NT to RUJ, January 25, 1901 [BLCU].
2. NT to JH, December 8, 1899, in Colorado Springs Notes, p. 314.
3. NT, “Talking With the Planets,” Current Literature, March 1901, p. 360.
4. Pyramid Guide, 1977 [LA].
5. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, pp. 109-110.
6. NT/RF litigation, August 5, 1902 [BLCU].
7. Ibid., pp. 127-33.
8. NT, “Talking With the Planets,” February 9, 1901, Colliers, pp. 405-6; Current Literature, March 1901, pp. 429-31.
9. NT, “Interplanetary Communication,” Electrical World, September 24, 1921, p. 620.
10. NT, “Signalling to Mars,” Harvard Illustrated, March 1907, in Tesla Said, pp. 92-93.
11. GS to NT, July 1, 1899 [LC].
12. New York Times articles on wireles operators: D’Azar, September 3, 1899, 17:7; Marble November 7, 1899, 1:3; Riccia September 10, 1899, 10:4.
13. GS to NT, October 2, 1899 [LC].
14. NT to GS, September 27, 1899 [LC].
15. On July 28, in the Colorado Springs Notes Tesla also utilizes the word feeble. This same word appears in the 1901 article “Talking With the Planets.” See also, Marc Seifer, 1979; 1984; 1986.
16. W. Jolly, Marconi (New York: Stein & Day, 1972), pp. 65-66.
17. Recent biographers, such as Hunt and Draper, attributed the impulses to “radio waves coming from the stars” or to pulsars. Tesla researcher Prof. James Corum suggests that he may have intercepted pulsed frequencies emanating from Jupiter or “the morning chorus,” which are charged particles that “slosh back and forth between the North and South poles in the early morning.” Additional possibilities include other natural phenomena associated with the lightning storms or telluric currents, faulty equipment, or self-delusion.
18. NT. Interplanetary communication. EW, September 9, 1921, p. 620.
19. R. Conot, Streak of Luck: The Life Story of Edison (N.Y.: Bantam Books, 1981), pp. 415-17.
20. Charles Batchelor, papers [TAE].
21. R. Conot, Streak of Luck, pp. 415-17.
22. Julian Hawthorne, “And How Will Tesla Respond to Those Signals From Mars?” Philadelphia North American, 1901 [BLCA].
23. Ibid.
24. Anonymous, “Mr. Tesla’s Science,” Popular Science Monthly, February 1901, pp. 436-37.The Tesla quotes are from NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900.
25. NT to U.S. Navy, September 16, 1916 [NAR].
26. Francis J. Higginson to NT, May 11, 1899 [NAR].
27. NT to U.S. Navy, July 11, 1899 [NAR].
28. Ibid., August 20, 1899.
29. Ibid., September 14, 1899.
30. Ibid., September 27, 1899.
1. NT, “Tesla’s reply to Edison,” English Mechanic & World Science, July 14, 1905, p. 515, in Tesla Said, pp. 88-89.
2. Ibid., August 3, 1899.
3. Ibid., November 6, 1899.
4. John Ratzlaff and Fred Josst, Dr. Nikola Tesla: English/Serbo-Croatian Diary Comparisons, Commentary and Tesla/Scherff Colorado Springs Correspondence. (Millbrae, Calif.: Tesla Book Co., 1979), p. 73.
5. NT to GS, September 6, 1899 [LC].
6. NT to GS, September 22, 1899, in Ratzlaff and Jost, Dr. Nikola Tesla, p. 114.
7. Nancy Czito, Personal interview, November 1983, Inventor Commemoration Day, Washington, D.C.
8. NT, October 1919, p. 516; in Tesla Said, p. 216.
9. Leland Anderson, “John Stone on Nikola Tesla’s Priority in Radio and Continuous-Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus,” Antique Wireless Association Review, 1:1, 1986.
10. NT to GS, October 29, 1899 [LC].
11. Alexander Marincic, Colorado Springs Notes, 1979, p. 421.
12. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, 1979, p. 111.
13. John O’Neill, “Tesla Tries to Prevent World War II” (Originally unpublished chapter from Tesla biography), Tesla Coil Builders Association, July—August, 1988, pp. 13-14.
14. NT to RUJ, October 1, 1899 [BLCU].
15. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, 1979, p. 219.
16. O’Neill, 1988, p. 14.This work has been replicated by Professor James Corum by setting up two coils near each other, one with a low frequency (90 KH) and the other with a high frequency (200 KH). When exciting both coils, small fireballs sometimes appear. Placing a “thumbprint of carbon” on one of the coils also helps augment the process. It is possible, in this latter case, that the microparticles of carbon, when electrified, attract additional charges. Robert Golka, another Tesla researcher, has also produced fireballs. He suggests that rotational motion of a boundary layer of charges may be involved in the process. James Corum, “Cavity Resonator Developments,” lecture before the International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, August 1990.
17. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, 1979, p. 228.
18. NT, “Can Radio Ignite Balloons?” Electrical Experimenter, October 1919, pp. 516, 591-92.(Archives, Gernsback Publications, Farmingdale, NY).
19. As “the loss [of propagated waves] is proportional to the cube of the frequency…with waves 300 meters in length, economic transmission of energy is out of the question, the loss being too great. With wave-lengths of 12,000 meters [loss] becomes quite insignificant and on this fortunate fact rests the future of wireless transmission of energy.” NT, “The Disturbing Influence of Solar Radiation on the Wireless Transmission of Energy,” Electrical Review and Western Electrician, July 6, 1912; in Tesla Said, pp. 121-27.
20. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, 1979, p. 76.
21. H. Winfield Secor, “The Tesla High Frequency Oscillator,” Electrical Experimenter, March 1916, pp. 614-15, 663.
22. NT, “Can Radio Ignite Balloons?” Electrical Experimenter, October 1919, p. 591.
23. Ibid.
24. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 187; NT, Colorado Springs Notes, 1899/1979, p. 348.
25. KJ to NT, December 22, 1899 [NTM].
1. RUJ to NT, July 7, 1900 [LC].
2. Colorado Springs Gazette, “Nikola Tesla to Come Here,” October 30, 1903, 1:7; Tesla Sued for $180 by Electrical Co.,” April 6, 1904, 3:1; “NT Says He Is Not Indebted to Duffner,” September 6, 1905, 1:2.See also Ratzlaff and Anderson, pp. 79, 81, 86.
3. “Signor Marconi Arrival from Europe,” New York Times, January 3, 1900, 1:3.
4. Dragislav Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla,” Politika, vol. XXIV, no. 6824, April 27, 1927 [LA].
5. Stanko Stoilovic, “Portrait of a Person, a Creator and a Friend,” Tesla Journal, 4/5, 1986/87, pp. 26-29.
6. Pupin papers, patent no. 652,231, June 19, 1900 [BLCU].
7. Stanko, “Portrait,” Tesla Journal, pp. 26-29.
8. U.S. patent letters to Pupin, June 30, 1896; July 25, 1896, Pupin papers [BLCU]; see also Inventions, Researches, and Writings, 1894, p. 292, and previous discussion in chapter 15.
9. NT, “Tesla’s Wireless Torpedo,” New York Times, March 20, 1907, 8:5, in Tesla Said, p. 96.
10. NT, “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace,” Electrical World & Engineer, January 7, 1905, p. 22.
11. Admiral Higginson to NT, October 8, 1900 [NAR].
12. Vojin Popovic, “NT, true founder of radio communications,” in Nikola Tesla: Life and Work of a Genius (Belgrade: Yugoslavia Society for the Promotion of Scientific Knowledge, 1976), V. Popovic, ed., p. 82.
13. The letter also makes reference to Tesla’s continuing partnership with Peck and Brown, Tesla owning 4/9ths of all royalties on the invention. NT to GW, January 22, 1900 [LC].
14. Bernard A. Behrend, The Induction Motor and Other Alternating Current Motors: Their Theory and Principles of Design (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921), pp. 261-62.
15. “The Tesla Patents,” Electrical Review, September 19, 1900, pp. 288-92; see also discussions on priority of AC in earlier chapter.
16. GW to NT, September 5, 1900 [LC].
17. 685,012; 787,412; 725,605.
18. Swami Vivekananda to E. T. Sturdy, February 13, 1896, in Letters of Swami Vivekananda (Pithoragarth Himalayas: Advaita Ashrama May Avati, 1981), pp. 281-83.
19. RUJ to NT, March 6, 1900 [LC].
20. NT to RUJ, March 6, 1900 [LC].
21. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 175-211.
22. NT to Corinne Robinson, [HL].
23. NT to JJA, May 2, 1900; March 30, 1900.
24. NT to RUJ, June 21, 1900; June 29, 1900 [LC].
25. “A Tesla Patent in Wireless Transmission,” Electrical World and Engineer, March 26, 1900, p. 792.
26. NT to RUJ, June 15, 1900 [LC].
27. “Science and Fiction,” Popular Science Monthly, July 1900, pp. 324-26.
28. NT to RUJ, July 12, 1900 [BLCU].
29. R. A. Fessenden, “Wireless Telegraphy,” Electrical World and Engineer, January 26, 1901, pp. 165-66.
30. KJ to NT, August 2, 1900 [NTM].
31. NT to KJ, August 12, 1900 [BLCU].
32. JJA to NT, September 1900 [NTM].
33. NT to JJA, October 29, 1900 [NTM].
1. NT, “Our Future Motive Power,” Everyday Science and Mechanics, December 1931, pp. 78-81, 86.
2. Ibid.
3. H. Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan, An Intimate Portrait, p. 344.
4. NT to RUJ, January 29, 1900 [BLCU].
5. Werner Wolff, Diagrams of the Unconscious (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1948), p. 267.
6. H. Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan, Morgan, An Intimate Portrait, p. 344.
7. NT to JPM, November 26, 1900 [LC].
8. H. Satterlee and J. P. Morgan, An Intimate Portrait, p. 345.
9. Cass Canfield, The Incredible Pierpont Morgan: Financier and Art Collector (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
10. A. Satterlee and J. P. Morgan, An Intimate Portrait, p. 343-44.
11. G. Wheeler, Pierpont Morgan and Friends: Anatomy of a Myth (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), pp. 61-62.
12. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
13. Note: All conversations between Tesla and Morgan have been recreated from their correspondence. Some literary license has been taken when in conversation form. Blocked quotes are verbatim. NT to JPM, November 26, 1900 [LC].
14. NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC].
15. “Marconi’s Signals,” New York Times, April 8, 1899, in Jolly, p. 66.
16. “New Electric Inventions: Nikola Tesla’s Remarkable Discoveries,” New York Recorder, June 15, 1891.
17. “Besides, in this country, I have protected myself, though not quite so completely, in England, Victoria, New South Wales, Austria, Hungary, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Russia and Switzerland” NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC].
18. Robert Hessen, Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 116-17.
19. M. Josephson, The Robber Barrons (New York: J. J. Little, 1934), p. 426 and Satterlee, J. Pierpont Morgan, p. 347.
20. Satterlee, p. 348.
21. Wheeler, p. 233.
22. E. Hoyt, The House of Morgan (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966), p. 245.
23. NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC].
24. NT to JPM, September 7, 1902 [LC].
25. NT to JPM, March 5, 1901 [LC].
26. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
27. NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC].
28. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 (size calculated from point 8) [LC].
29. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
30. Ibid.
31. JPM to NT, February 15, 1901 [LC].
32. NT to JJA, January 3, 1901 [NTM].
33. JPM to NT, March 5, 1901 [LC].
34. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
35. NT to JPM, February 18, 1901 [LC].
36. NT to JJA, January 11, 1901 [NTM].
37. NT to JJA, January 22, 1901 [NTM].
38. One curious feature to this episode is that aside from lighting patents dating from 1890 to 1992, no circa-1900 Tesla patents have been uncovered which are specifically written up to describe fluorescent or neon lighting. This conclusion is corroborated by correspondence with other Tesla researchers (e.g., Leland Anderson and John Ratzlaff). If Tesla drafted patents on this invention, they were never filed in Washington. There may be copies in Morgan’s archives or the Tesla Museum, or the invention might be somehow linked to other patents. A congressional investigation provides tangential evidence that Morgan purposely squelched this invention: “The introduction of fluorescent lighting in this country was slowed up by GE and Westinghouse, through control of patents, lest its efficiency cut too drastically the demand for current.” (Invention and the Patent System, Report of Joint Economic Committee Congress of the United States, 88th Cong., 2d sess., December 1964, p. 100.)
39. NT to JPM, March 5, 1901 [LC].
40. NT to GW, March 13, 1901 [LC].
1. NT to JPM, February 12, 1901 [LC].
2. NT to RUJ, March 8, 1900; March 9, 1900 [BLCU].
3. EH to NT, February 25, 1901 [LC].
4. NT to TCM, December 12, 1900 [NTM].
5. TCM to NT, December 13, 1900 [NTM].
6. TCM to NT, December 18, 1900; December 17, 1900 [NTM].
7. NT to Miss Emma C. Thursby, March 3, 1901 [NHS].
8. Julian Hawthorne, “Tesla’s New Surprise,” Philadelphia North American circa 1900 [BLCU].
9. NT to JH, January 16, 1901 [BLCU].
10. Paul Baker, Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White (New York: Free Press, 1989), p. 15.
11. Ibid., p. 289.
12. Ibid., p. 321.
13. Literary license taken on conversation. Adapted from R. Fleischer, director, The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (film), 1955; Michael Macdonald Mooney, Evelyn Nesbit and Stanford White: Love and Death in the Gilded Age (New York: Morrow, 1976), pp. 45-46.
14. NT to KJ, June 11, 1900 [BLCU].
15. J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, p. 70.
16. O’Neill.
17. NT to RUJ, January 1, 1901 [BLCU].
18. Interview with Mrs. Robert Underwood Johnson, July 1, 1990.
19. “Nikola Tesla Inventor,” Long Island Democrat, August 27, 1901, 1:3.
20. O’Neill.
21. Historical Sketches of Northern Brookhaven Town: Shoreham, p. 68 [KSP].
22. “Mr. Tesla at Wardenclyffe, L.I.” Electrical World and Engineer, September 28, 1901, pp. 509-10.
23. Ibid.: Warden’s quote: “the ultimate number spoken of is 2000 to 2500 [workers].”
24. “When the Man Who Talked to Mars Came to Shoreham,” Port Jefferson Record, March 25, 1971, p. 3.
25. W. Shadwell, McKim, Mead & White: A Building List, #818, NY, 1978.
26. SW to JPM, February 6, 1901; February 7, 1901 [SWP].
27. SW to NT, April 26, 1901 [SWP].
28. SW to NT, June 1, 1901 [SWP].
29. GS to NT, July 23, 1901 [LC].
30. SW to NT, January 1, 1901 [SWP].
31. G. Marconi, “Wireless Telegraphy and the Earth,” Electrical Review, January 12, 1901; Recent Electrical Patents: “Marconi has been granted another patent on an improved receiver for electrical oscillations in his wireless telegraphy system…Electrical Review, March 2, 1901; quotation in text is from “Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy,” Electrical Review, part I, June 15, 1901, p. 755; part II, June 22, 1901, pp. 781-83.
32. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
33. NT, Wardenclyffe drawing and notes, May 29, 1901 [NTM].
34. Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd (New York: Pocket Books, 1977). See also Satterlee, 1939 and Wheeler, 1973.
35. “Fear and Ruin in a Falling Market,” New York Times, May 10, 1901, 1:6.
36. Edwin Hoyt, The House of Morgan, p. 251.
37. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
1. Thomas Edison, private notebook, March 18, 1902 [TAE, Reel M94].
2. O’Neill.
3. NT to RUJ, June 14, 1901 [BLCU].
4. SW to NT, June 1, 1901 [SWP].
5. “Long Island Automobiles,” Electrical World and Engineer, January 26, 1901, p. 165.
6. Paul Baker, p. 318.
7. Lawrence Grant White letter to Kenneth Swezey, December 21, 1955 [KSP]. Lawrence had provided Swezey with three letters from Tesla, copies of which are in the Library of Congress and the Swezey Collection. He had asked for their return, but the originals are missing and copies do not exist in the Stanford White papers at the Avery Library.
8. The Tesla Museum has a photo of Tesla in one of these bill-board photos.
9. NT to KJ, August 8, 1901 [NTM].
10. The Johnsons went to Maine every August for a number of years. Tesla probably joined them during one of these sojourns.
11. Satterlee, p. 360.
12. New York Times, May 2, 1901, 7:1.
13. NT to JPM, February 8, 1903 [LC].
14. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
15. Sketch of Thomas F. Ryan (description of JPM). New York World, June 18, 1905, 1:3.
16. NT to JPM, August 8, 1901 [LC].
17. NT to SW, August 16, 1901 [SWP].
18. Paul Baker, Stanny, p. 326.
19. NT to SW, August 28, 1901 [LC].
20. NT to SW, August 30, 1901 [NTM].
21. Satterlee, p. 363.
22. NT to JPM, September 13, 1901 [LC].
23. NT to SW, September 13, 1901 [LC].
24. NT to SW, September 14, 1901 [NTM].
25. Shoreham, in Historical Sketches of Northern Brookhaven Town, pp. 69-70 [KSP].
26. Ibid.
27. NT to KJ, October 13, 1901 [BLCU].
28. NT to JPM, November 11, 1901 [LC].
29. NT to RUJ, November 28, 1901 [BLCU].
30. W. Jolly, Marconi, pp. 103-4.
1. Lee DeForest, “Passage From Private Notebook,” in Father of Radio: An Autobiography (Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1950).
2. NT, “Tesla on Marconi’s Feat,” April 13, 1930, New York World.
3. JAF to ET, January 11, 1927, in Abraham and Savin, p. 239. Fleming’s connection with Tesla actually began a year earlier, when he wrote the inventor that “I have been charged with [your] description…on alternating currents of high frequency [and] am very anxious to repeat these in England.” (JAF to NT, July 22, 1891, NTM).
4. NT, “Tesla on Marconi’s Feat,” April 13, 1930, New York World.
5. ET to Alba Johnson, January 29, 1930, in Abraham and Savin, p. 325; Jolly, p. 111.
6. “The Institute Annual Dinner and Mr. Marconi,” Electrical World and Engineer, January 18, 1902, pp. 107-8, 124-26.
7. Charles Steinmetz, Alternating Current Phenomena (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1900), preface; see also preface of Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1902).
8. Ronald Kline, “Professionalism and the Corporate Engineer: Charles P. Steinmetz and the AIEE,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. E-23, 3, August 1980.
9. Electrical World and Engineer, January 18, 1902, pp. 107-8, 124-26.
10. R. Conot, p. 413.
11. “Marconi Tells of His Wireless Tests,” New York Times, January 14, 1902, p. 1.
12. Electrical World and Engineer, January 18, 1902, pp. 107-8, 124-26.
13. Ibid.
14. NT to JPM, January 9, 1902 [LC].
15. [KSP].
16. Lee DeForest, “A Quarter Century of Radio,” Electrical World, September 20, 1924, pp. 579-80; D. McFarlane Moore quote from DeForest, 1950, p. 220.
17. Isaac Asimov, Asimov’s Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 464-65.
18. DeForest, Electrical World, September 20, 1924, p. 580.
19. R. Conot, pp. 413-14, 444.
20. Tesla-Fessenden U.S. Patent Interference Case, August, 1902, pp. 87, 97-98.
21. Ibid., pp. 99, 102.
22. NT to GS, August 9, 1902 [BLCU].
1. “Cloudborn Electric Wavelets to Encircle the Globe,” New York Times, March 27, 1904 [condensed].
2. Alexander Marincic, “Research on Nikola Tesla in Long Island Laboratory,” Tesla Journal, 6/7, 1988/89, pp. 25-28, 44-48.
3. P. Baker, p. 326; TCM to NT, March 21, 1895 [NTM].
4. RUJ to NT, June 19, 1902 [BLCU].
5. NT to JPM, July 3, 1903 [LC]; NT, On His Work with AC, 1916/1992, pp. 152, 169.
6. Arthlyn Ferguson, “When the Man Who Talked to Mars Came to Shoreham,” Port Jefferson Record, March 25, 1971, p. 3; Natalie Stiefel to M. Seifer, April 10, 1997.
7. NT to JPM, September 5, 1902 [LC].
8. NT to JPM, September 7, 1902.Obviously, some people knew of Morgan’s interest at this time (e.g., the Johnsons, Astor), and The Echo, August 1901, a local Port Jefferson paper, had revealed Morgan’s interest, but his connection at this time was at the level of rumor. Details of Morgan’s connection were never revealed until well after Tesla’s death with the publication of the Hunt and Draper biography in 1967.
9. Mr. Steele (JPM) to NT, October 21, 1902.
10. NT to KJ, September 25, 1902 [BLCU]; interview with Mrs. R. U. Johnson Jr., New York City, 1886.
11. NT to Agnes, January 2, 1903 [BLCU].
12. The biography, coauthored with Frank Oyer, took ten years to complete.
13. T. C. Martin, “The Edison of To-day,” Harper’s Weekly, 47, Jan/Jun, 1903, p. 630.
14. NT to TCM, June 3, 1903 [NTM].
15. NT to RUJ, January 24, 1904 [BLCU].
16. NT to RUJ and GS corresp., March 14, 1905; January 10, 1909; March 24, 1909 [BLCU].
17. GS to NT, December 19, 1910; December 31, 1910 [BLCU].
18. NT to JPM, April 22, 1903; April 1, 1904 [LC].
19. “Cloudborn Electric Wavelets to Encircle the Globe,” New York Times, March 27, 1904.
20. The workers included Mr. Hartman, Mr. Clark, Mr. Johannessen, Mr. Merckling, and Mr. Beers [GS to NT, April 14, 1903, BLCU].
21. These machines were probably hydraulically operated. Concerning the cupola, Tesla testified that one of his most important discoveries was that “any amount of electricity within reason could be stored provided [it was made] in a certain shape…That construction enabled me to produce…the effect that could be produced by an ordinary plant of a hundred times the size,” NT, On His Work With AC, pp. 170-77.
22. Mitchel Freedman, “Dig for Mystery Tunnel Ends With Scientist’s Secret Intact,” February 13, 1979, p. 24; “Famed Inventor, Mystery Tunnels Linked,” March 10, 1979, p. 19. Both in Newsday. Also, personal interview with Edwin J. Binney, West Babylon, who as a boy, climbed down into the tunnels; personal inspection of site by author, 1984. Tesla was also conducting experiments with use of liquid nitrogen and energy transmission during his last days in Colorado.
23. KSP.
24. NT to GS, May 14, 1911 [BLCU].
25. A. Ferguson, op. cit., March 25, 1971.
26. Marnicic, 1989/90.
27. Strange Light at Tesla’s Tower. New York Herald Tribune, July 19, 1903, 2:4.
1. JPM to NT, July 16, 1903 [LC].
2. NT to GS, August 17, 1903 [BLCU].
3. NT to Dickson D. Alley, May 26, 1903 [BLCU].
4. Petar Mandic to NT, September 2, 1903, in Tesla’s Correspondence With Relatives, p. 134 [NTM].
5. NT to JPM, September 13, 1903 [LC].
6. NT to GS, July 30, 1903 [BLCU].
7. NT to GS, August 17, 1903 [BLCU].
8. Virginia Cowles, The Astors (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 134-35.
9. JJA to NT, October 6, 1903 [NTM].
10. NT prospectus, January 1, 1904 [SWP].
11. NT to RUJ, September 22, 1903 [BLCU].
12. “NT Says We Will Be Soon Taking Around the World,” New York World, July 14, 1905.
13. “The Reasons Why 5,000,000 Persons Demand that Higgins Investigate the Equitable,” New York World, July 13, 1905, 1: 3-4.
14. Ibid.
15. “Eymard Seminary, Suffern, New York, Supported by Mrs. Ryan,” New York World, July 1, 1905.
16. What John Skelton Williams Thinks of Thomas F. Ryan,” New York World, June 18, 1905, Editorial Sec., p. 1.[Williams was critical of Ryan. This section of article was compiled by the editors of the newspaper.]
17. NT to TFR, December 20, 1905? [NTM].
18. NT to JPM, October 13, 1903 [LC].
19. R. U. Johnson, p. 482.
20. NT to RUJ, December 2, 1903 [BLCU].
21. G. Wheeler, p. 263.
22. Ibid.
23. “What J. Skelton William Thinks of T. F. Ryan,” New York World, June 18, 1905, Editorial Sec., p. 1.
24. H. Satterlee, p. 426.
25. Stephen Birmingham, p. 328.
26. G. Wheeler, p. 266.
27. Marc Seifer and Howard Smukler, “The Tesla/Matthews Outer Space Connection: An Interview With Andrija Puharich,” Pyramid Guide, Parts I & II, May and July, 1978.
28. Andrija Puharich, in The Zenith Factor, video by Sky Fabin, 1984.
29. New York World, Sunday sec., March 8, 1896.
30. Robert McCabe, personal correspondence, January 15, 1991, Flint, Michigan.
31. On a number of occasions, Tesla stated that Wardenclyffe was set up primarily for transmitting telephone conversations. Apparently his plan was to create identical magnifying transmitter-receivers at strategic points around the globe. These would be connected by means of wireless; however, individual subscribers could be linked to the central stations by means of conventional wires although a wireless connection to the local central station was also possible. So, for instance, a subscriber in Australia calling up America would make the wireless connection via the main intercontinental trunk line. Thus, the problem of providing free electricity was easily circumvented (My Inventions, p. 178).
32. Margaret Coit, Mr. Baruch (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 123.
33. “From 1905…to 1931 inclusive, the output was $2,871,300,000.” John Hays Hammond Sr., Autobiography (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), p. 518.
34. Edwin Hoyt, The Guggenheims and the American Dream (United States: Funk and Wagnalls, 1967), p. 158.
35. NT to JPM, December 7, 1903 [LC].
36. R. Chernow, p. 140.
37. Ann Morgan to NT, April 26, 1928 [NTM]. Literary license taken on conversation. Adapted from John Kennedy, “When Woman Is Boss—An Interview with NT,” Colliers, January 30, 1926.
38. Conversation recreated from NT to JPM December 11, 1903 and two undated communiques from the same period [LC].
39. Robert was publishing a paper by Madam Curie which Tesla was reading over. Tesla also conferred with Curie through the mail concerning her most recent discovery of radiant energy.
40. KJ to NT, December 20, 1903 [NTM].
41. NT to JPM, January 13, 1904 [LC].
42. NT to JPM, January 14, 1904 [LC].
43. NT to William Rankine, April 10, 1904 [Profiles in History Archives, Beverly Hills, Calif.].
44. NT, “The Transmission of Electric Energy Without Wires,” Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904, p. 429-31 [condensed].
1. NT, “The House of Morgan,” in Tesla Said, p. 243.
2. K. Mannheim, The Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan, Paul, 1952).
3. J. Goethe, Faust, C. Brooks, ed./transl. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1856).
4. NT, “Man’s Greatest Wonder,” circa 1930 [KSP].
5. NT to JPM, possibly not sent, circa 1903 [LC].
6. “Langley Airship Proves a Failure,” New York Herald, January 8, 1903, 5:2.
7. NT, “Mr. Tesla Praises Professor Langley,” New York Herald, October 9, 1903, 8:6.
8. Marincic, “Research on L. I. Laboratory,” 1989/90, p. 26.
9. NT to GS, December 9, 1903 [BLCU].
10. Ibid.
11. P. Baker, p. 339.
12. NT to GS, March 21, 1904 [BLCU].
13. NT to John S. Barnes, April 20, 1904 [NYHS].
14. John Flynn, God’s Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932).
15. P. Baker, p. 313; literary license taken on conversations between White and Tesla.
16. Alfred Cowles, “Harnessing the Lightning,” The Cleveland Leader, March 27, 1904.
17. NT to Kerr, Page and Cooper, April 8, 1904 [NYHS].
18. NT to GS, June 1, 1904 [BLCU].
19. GW announcement, October 28, 1958 [KSP].
20. NT to JPM, July 22, 1904 [LC].
21. NT to GS, June 1, 1904 [BLCU].
22. NT to JPM, September 9, 1904 [LC].
23. H. Satterlee, p. 413.
24. NT to JPM, October 13, 1904 [LC].
25. JPM to NT, October 15, 1904 [LC].
26. NT to JPM, October 17, 1904 [LC].
27. Ibid., December 16, 1904.
28. JPM to NT, December 17, 1904 [LC].
29. NT to JPM, December 19, 1904 [LC].
30. NT, “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires As a Means for Furthering Peace,” Electrical World and Engineer, January 7, 1905, pp. 21-24, in Tesla Said, pp. 78-86.
31. NT to JPM, February 17, 1905 [LC].
32. NT to GS, January 23, 1905 [BLCU].
33. NT to RUJ, March 10, 1910 [BLCU].
34. Ibid., March 22, 1905; March 24, 1905; March 28, 1905.
35. Ibid., April 5, 1905; April 12, 1905.
36. Hobson to NT, May 1, 1905 [KSP].
37. Ginzelda Hull Hobson to K. Swezey, February 14, 1955 [KSP].
38. NT to GS, July 25, 1905 [BLCU].
39. NT to GS, November 13, 1905 [BLCU].
40. JPM to NT, December 14, 1905 [LC].
41. NT to JPM, December 15, 1905 [LC].
42. TCM to NT, December 24, 1905 [NTM].
43. NT to JPM, January 24, 1906 [LC].
44. KJ to Mrs. Hearst, March 15, 1906.
[Bancroft Library, Berkeley, Calif.]
45. Ibid., February 6, 1906.
46. NT to JPM, February 15, 1906 [LC].
47. GS to NT, April 10, 1906 [LC].
48. SW, April 24, 1906 [SWP].
49. B. Baker, 1989.
50. Marc Seifer, “Forty Years of the Handwriting of Nikola Tesla,” Lecture before the National Society of Graphology, N.Y., 1979; “The Lost Wizard,” in T. Grotz and E. Raucher, eds., Tesla Centennial Symposium (Colorado Springs, Colo.: International Tesla Society, 1984); Nikola Tesla: Psychohistory of a Forgotten Inventor (San Francisco: Saybrook Institute, 1986) doctoral diss.
51. NT to JPM, October 15, 1906 [LC].
1. NT, “The People’s Forum,” The World, May 16, 1907.
2. “Tesla Tower to be Sold,” New York Times, October 27, 1907, 6:4 (literary license on phone conversation).
3. NT to KJ, October 16, 1907 [LA].
4. “Miss Merrington, Long an Author,” obituary column, New York Times, June 21, 1951.The play opened up in 1906 (literary license taken on related chain of events).
5. NT, “Sleep From Electricity,” New York Times, October 16, 1907, 8:5.
6. NT, Tribute, p. D-11.
7. “Nikola Tesla Sued,” New York Times, July 21, 1912, 7:2; “Syndicate Sues Nikola Tesla,” New York Sun, July 21, 1912, 1:3; “Tesla Property May Go for Debt,” New York City Telegram, April 17, 1922.Tesla’s mortgage with the Waldorf Astoria was consummated in May 1908.
8. H. Satterlee, p. 456.
9. John Davis, The Guggenheims: An American Epic (New York: William Morrow, 1978), p. 106.
10. R. Chernow, pp. 123-26.
11. NT to GS, November 20, 1907 [BLCU].
12. NT to GS, April 1, 1907 [BLCU].
13. NT, “Tesla on the Peary North Pole Expedition,” New York Sun, July 16, 1907, in Tesla Said, pp. 90-91.
14. NT, “Signalling to Mars,” Harvard Illustrated, March 1907; in Tesla Said, pp. 92-93.
15. NT, “Tesla’s Tidal Wave to Make War Impossible,” English Mechanic and World of Science, May 3, 1907; in Tesla Said, pp. 98-102.
16. NT, “Tesla’s Wireless Torpedo,” New York Times, March 20, 1907, 8:5; in Tesla Said, pp. 96-97.
17. NT, Tesla Said, pp. 96-105.
18. NT, “Can Bridge Gap to Mars,” New York Times, June 23, 1907, in Tesla Said, pp. 103-4.
19. O’Neill, 1944.
20. NT to J. O’Neill, February 26, 1916 [NTM]; “O’Neill Writes on Tesla’s Life,” Nassau Daily Review Star, 1944, p. 16; “Life of a Self-Made Superman,” Book review of Prodigal Genius, New York Times, November 19, 1944 [KSP].
21. “Sheriff Takes Tesla Tower,” New York Sun, June 13, 1907, 3:3.
22. NT to JJA, June 8, 1908 [NTM].
23. NT, “Nikola Tesla’s Forecast for 1908,” New York World, January 6, 1908; “Aerial Warships Coming, Tesla Tells,” New York Times, March 11, 1908, 1:2; “Little Aeroplane Progress: So Says Nikola Tesla,” New York Times, June 6, 1908, 6:5.
24. Ibid.
25. “Zeppelin Flies Over 24 Hours,” New York Times, May 30, 1908, 1:1,2.
26. Carl Dienstback, “The Brucker Transatlantic Airship Expedition,” Scientific American, January 21, 1911, pp. 1, 62.
27. R. U. Johnson, p. 580.
28. Dennis Eskow, “Silent Running,” Popular Mechanics, July 1986, pp. 75-77.
29. Ibid.
30. Branimir, Jovanovic, Tesla I Svet Vasduhoplovstva (Belgrade: Tesla Museum, 1988), p. 42.
31. Frank Parker Stockbridge, “Tesla’s New Monarch of Mechanics,” New York Herald Tribune, October 15, 1911, p. 1.
32. Illustrated World Encyclopedia (Woodbury, N.Y.: Bobley Pub. Co., 1977).
33. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol. 1, p. 288.
34. O. Chanute, “Progress in Aerial Navigation,” Engineering Magazine, 2, 1891-92, pp. 1-15.
35. B. Jovanovic, Tesla I Svet Vasduhoplovstva, pp. 49-50.
36. John P. Campbell, “Vertical-Takeoff Aircraft,” Scientific American, August 8, 1960, p. 48.
37. “A New Version of Space Shuttle,” Newsweek, July 1, 1996, p. 69.
38. Wallace Cloud, “Vertical Takeoff Planes,” Popular Science, August 1965, pp. 42-45; 176-77; Wings, [TV show], 1991.
39. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol. 19, p. 203.
40. “The Allies’ Firepower,” Newsweek, February 18, 1991 (insert).
41. William Broad, “Flying on a Beam of Energy: New Kind of Aircraft Is on Horizon as Designers Try Microwave Power,” New York Times, July 21, 1987, Cl.
42. “Tesla Designs Weird Craft,” Brooklyn Eagle, 8:2.
43. NT, “Method of Aerial Transportation,” patent numbers 1,655,113 and 1,655,114, filed September 9, 1921, accepted January 3, 1928.
44. “The New Weapons,” Newsweek, September 10, 1990, p. 28.
1. NT to JJA, March 22, 1909 [NTM].
2. Literary license taken. “Messages From Dead Now Made Public; Sir Oliver Lodge Advertised,” New York Times, September 15, 1908, 1:5; “Talk of Signals to Mars, Astronomers Gather in Paris,” New York Times, April 21, 1909, 1:2; “How to Signal Mars, says N. Tesla,” New York Times, May 23, 1909.
3. NT, “Tesla Predicts More Wonders,” New York Sun, April 7, 1912, 1:3,4,5; 2:5.
4. O’Neill, 1944.
5. “French to Establish Wireless Station on Eiffel Tower,” New York Times, January 26, 1908, 1:6.
6. “DeForest Tells of New Wireless,” New York Times, February 14, 1909, 1:3.
7. “Dr. DeForest in Philadelphia. Wireless Telephone Soon,” New York Times, March 23, 1909, 18:4.
8. “Steel Towers for Waldorf Wireless,” New York Times, March 6, 1909, 14:2.
9. Technical World Magazine, circa 1911; in Jeffery Hayes, ed., Tesla’s Engine: A New Dimension For Power (Milwaukee, WI: Tesla Engine Builders Assoc., 1994), p. 58.
10. NT, “New Inventions by Tesla,” Address at NELA. Electric Review and Western Electrician, May 20, 1911, pp. 986-87.
11. F. P. Stockbridge, “Tesla’s New Monarch of Mechanics,” New York Herald Tribune, October 15, 1911, p. 1, in Hayes, ed., pp. 23-37.
12. Ibid.
13. GS to NT, January 10, 1909 [LC].
14. NT to GS, March 26, 1909 [LC].
15. GS to NT, November 11, 1909; November 4, 1910 [LC].
16. “Tesla Propulsion Company,” Electrical World, May 27, 1909, p. 1263.
17. G. Freibott, “History and Uses of Tesla’s Inventions in Medicine,” Talk before International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, Colo., 1984; M. Seifer, Psychohistory, p. 429; Frederick Sweet, Ming-Shian Kao, and Song-Chiau Lee, “Ozone Selectively Inhibits Growth of Human Cancer,” Science, August 22, 1980, pp. 931-32.
18. NT to GS, February 22, 1910 [LC].
19. NT to GS, February 19, 1909; November 23, 1909; the company in Providence was Corliss NT to GW Co., January 12, 1909 [LC].
20. “Col. Astor Estate,” New York Times, June 22, 1913, V, p. 2.
21. NT to Charles Scott, December 30, 1908[LC].
1. NT to JHH Jr., November 8, 1910 [LC].
2. John O’Neill, p. 175.
3. Hammond Jr. to Swezey, May 11, 1956 [KSP]. Note: No letters between NT and Hammond Sr. were discovered at the Gloucester or Tesla Museums or in Hammond Sr.’s Yale papers.
4. John Hays Hammond, Sr., Autobiography of John Hays Hammond (New York: Farrar & Rhinehart, 1935).
5. M. Josephson, Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), p. 292.
6. NT to JJA, January 6, 1899 [NTM].
7. John Hays Hammond, Jr., “The Future in Wireless,” National Press Reporter, vol. XV, no. 110, May 1912.
8. John Hays Hammond Sr., Literary Digest, June 20, 1936, p. 27.
9. John Hays Hammond Sr., Autobiography, p. 129.
10. Ibid.
11. “Hammond’s First Job,” New York Times, December 31, 1915, 3:6.
12. “JHH Explains Why Is Ambitious to Become Vice President,” New York Times, June 7, 1908, v, p. 11.
13. Nancy Rubin, John Hays Hammond, Jr.: A Renaissance Man in the Twentieth Century (Gloucester, Mass.: Hammond Museum, 1987), p. 4.
14. John Hays Hammond Sr., Autobiography, pp. 481-82.
15. Rubin, John Hays Hammond, Jr., p. 8.
16. “John Hays Hammond, Jr.,” Franklin Institute, April 15, 1959 [HC].
17. Mort Weisinger, “Hammond: Wizard of Patents,” Coronet, May 1949, pp. 67-72.
18. Rubin, op. cit.; Weisinger, ibid., pp. 67-68.
19. JHH Jr. to NT, February 16, 1911 [NTM].
20. JHH Jr. to JHH Sr., September 17, 1909 [HC].
21. NT to JHH Jr. September 27, 1909; September 29, 1909 [NTM].
22. Rubin, op. cit., p. 8.
22. JHH Jr. to NT, November 10, 1910 [NTM].
24. NT to Harris Hammond, December 19, 1901 [NTM]. The Nobel Prize for achievements in wireless was shared with Carl F. Braun, an electrical inventor working for Marconi competitor Telefunken of Germany.
25. Rubin, John Hays Hammond, p. 4; guest book, John Hays Hammond Jr. Estate [HC].
26. John Hays Hammond Jr., “The Future of Wireless,” National Press Reporter, May 1912 [HC].
27. NT to JHH Jr., November 12, 1910 [LC].
28. JHH Jr. to NT, November 10, 1910 [LC].
29. NT to JHH Jr., November 12, 1910 [LC].
30. John Hays Hammond Jr., op. cit., May 1912.
31. Ibid.
32. NT, “Possibilities of Wireless,” New York Times, October 22, 1907, 8:6; in Ratzlaff, op. cit., p. 107.
33. Miessner to NT, November 8, 1915 [LC].
34. Swezey collection [KSP].
35. JHH Jr. to NT, February 16, 1911 [NTM].
36. NT to JHH Jr., February 18, 1911 [LC].
37. “New Inventions by Tesla,” Electrical Review and Western Electrician, May 20, 1911, pp. 986-88.
38. “Tesla Tells of Wonders,” New York Times, May 16, 1911, 22:5.
39. “Tesla’s Plan for ‘Wireless’ Electric Lightning,” Electrical Review and Western Electrician, January 8, 1910, p. 91.
40. NT to JHH Jr., February 28, 1911 [NTM].
41. Ibid., April 22, 1911; February 14, 1913.
42. Cleveland Moffett, “Steered by Wireless: The Triumph of a Man of Twenty-five,” McClure’s Magazine, March 1914, pp. 27-33.
43. JHH Jr. to NT, January 1, 1912 [LC]; Kaempffert, W., A Popular History of American Invention (New York: Scribners, 1924).
44. NT to JHH Jr., February 1913 [NTM].
45. Ibid., July 16, 1913.
46. Moffett, “Steered by Wireless,” McClure’s, March 1914.
47. JHH Jr. to JHH Sr., December 2, 1914 [HC].
48. JHH Jr. to Secretary of Navy, October 11, 1924 [NAR].
49. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
50. “World Court for Peace says John Hays Hammond,” New York Times, March 22, 1915, 4:2; “To Test Hammond Torpedo,” New York Times, August 29, 1916, 9:2; “Control Ships with Radio,” New York Times, February 15, 1919, 3:8.
51. Rubin, John Hays Hammond, p. 12.
52. Hammond Jr., October 11, 1924.
53. NT, On His Work in A.C., 1916/1992, pp. 19, 158.
54. Rubin, John Hays Hammond, p. 16.
55. Guest book [HC].
56. Andrija Puharich, Beyond Telepathy (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962).
1. Fritz Lowenstein to NT, April 18, 1912 [KSP].
2. “Electrified Schoolroom to Brighten Dull Pupils,” New York Times, August 18, 1912. 5, p. 1; “Tesla Predicts More Wonders,” New York Times, April 7, 1912, 5, 1:4-6.
3. “Marconi Lecture Before NY Electrical Soc.” Electrical World, April 20, 1912, p. 835.
4. Erik Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcast United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), pp. 76-77.
5. Robert Sobel, RCA (New York: Stein & Day, 1986), pp. 19-20; Robert Harding, George H. Clark Radiona Collection (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1990).
6. NT to GS, January 18, 1913 [LC].
7. W. Jolly, Marconi, p. 190.
8. NT to JPM Jr., March 19, 1914 [JPM].
9. NT to JPM Jr., July 23, 1913 (re: Girardeau, M. E. testimony), [JPM].
10. “Judgment Against NT,” New York Sun, March 24, 1912, 1:3; “Syndicate [Stallo, Jacobash, Levy, and Sherwood Jr.] sues NT,” New York Sun, July 21, 1912, 1:3; “NT Sued,” July 21, 1912, New York Times, 7:2; “Wireless Litigation,” Electrical World, June 28, 1913.
11. NT to JPM Jr., June 11, 1915 [LC].
12. NT to TAE, February 24, 1912 [TAE].
13. NT to GW, August 10, 1910; August 19, 1910; GW to NT, August 18, 1910 [LC].
14. Tesla received royalties of 5%, approximately $1200/month, until Tuckerton was seized in 1916, Tuckerton Radio Station to J. Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, July 3, 1916 [NA].
15. NT to JPM Jr., February 19, 1915 [JPM]; NT to Frank and NT to Pfund, circa 1912-1922 [NTM]; “19 More Taken as German Spies,” New York Times, I, 1:3; “Find Radio Outfit in Manhattan Tower,” New York Times, March 5, 1918, 4:4.
16. NT, On His Work in A.C., 1916/1992, p. 133.
17. “Col. Astor Estate,” New York Times, June 22, 1913, 5, p. 2.
18. NT to JPM Jr., sympathy letter, March 31, 1913 [LC]; NT to Anne Morgan, March 31, 1913 [NTM].
19. NT to JPM Jr., May 19, 1913; May 20, 1913 [LC].
20. R. U. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, p. 142.
21. NT to GS, July 13, 1913 [LC].
22. NT to JPM Jr., June 6, 1913 [LC].
23. JPM Jr. to NT, June 11, 1913 [JPM].
24. NT, “Open Letter to His Grace,” Electrical Magazine, March 18, 1912 [JPM].
25. NT to JPM Jr., June 15, 1913 [JPM].
26. NT to RUJ, December 24, 1914; December 27, 1914 [LC].
27. Josephson, Edison, 1959, p. 296.
28. JPM Jr. to NT, September 11, 1913 [JPM].
29. NT to JPM Jr., December 23, 1913 [LC].
30. There is some evidence that Tesla travelled to Krasnodar, Russia, east of the Black Sea, before the fall of the czar, circa 1914-16, where he lectured and gave demonstrations “at the circus building where the Kuban cinema is now,” according to Semyon Kirlian (1896-1978). If he had actually seen Tesla (as opposed to a “Teslaic” demonstration by another engineer), this would mean that Tesla traveled to Europe probably right before World War I broke out. As he was negotiating with the king of Belgium, the kaiser of Germany, and engineers in Italy and Russia, it is possible that Tesla did indeed make a grand tour then, and if so, he would have most likely also visited his sisters in Croatia/Bosnia. Further evidence would be needed to support this hypothesis. Source: Victor Adamenko, “In Memory of Semyon Kirlian.” MetaScience, 4 (1980): pp. 99-103, unpublished.
31. NT to JPM Jr., December 29, 1913 [LC]; NT to JPM Jr., January 6, 1914 [JPM]; Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990), p. 195.
32. NT to JPM Jr., March 14, 1914 [LC].
33. NT to RUJ, December 27, 1914 [LC].
34. Ron Chernow, House of Morgan, p. 190.
35. “Tribute of Former Associates for George Westinghouse.” Electrical World, March 21, 1914, p. 637.
1. FDR re: NT and wireless priority, September 14, 1916 [NAR].
2. W. Jolly, Marconi, 1972.
3. Niel M. Johnson, George Sylvester Viereck: German/American Propagandist (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1972).
4. “Nation to Take Over Tuckertown Plant,” New York Times, September 6, 1914, II, 14:1.
5. NT to JPM Jr., February 19, 1915 [JPM].
6. “Germans Treble Wireless Plant,” New York Times, April 23, 1915, 1:6.
7. “Tesla Sues Marconi,” New York Times, August 4, 1915, 8:1.
8. NT to JPM Jr., November 23, 1914; February 19, 1915 [JPM].
9. Erik Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), vol. 1, pp. 35-36.
10. Hammond collection, National Archives.
11. Jolly, Marconi, p. 225.
12. J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, p. 100.
13. “Marconi Loses Navy Suit,” New York Sun, October 3, 1914 [NT to JPM Jr. corresp., JPM].
14. “Prof. Pupin Now Claims Wireless His Invention,” Los Angeles Examiner, May 13, 1915; R & A, p. 100.
15. “When Powerful High-Frequency Electrical Generators Replace the Spark-Gap,” New York Times, October 6, 1912, VI, 4:1.
16. “Marconi Wireless vs. Atlantic Communications Co.,” 1915 [LA].
17. NT, On His Work in A.C., 1916/1992, p. 105.
18. Orin Dunlap, Radio’s 100 Men of Science (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944); Marconi Wireless vs. United States, Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court, October 1942, v. 320, p. 17.This feature was obviously also part of Tesla’s design, although the court eventually ruled Stone as the originator.
19. Leland Anderson, ed., “John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla’s Priority in Radio and Continuous-Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus,” The Antique Wireless Review, vol. 1, 1986.
20. E. F. Sweet and FDR correspondence re: Tesla, September 14, 1916; September 16, 1916; September 26, 1916 [NAR].
21. Leland Anderson, “Priority in the Invention of the Radio: Tesla vs. Marconi,” The Tesla Journal, vol. 2/3, 1982/83, pp. 17-20.
22. Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong (New York: Lippincott, 1956), pp. 42-43.
23. Ibid., pp. 66-80.
24. [KSP].
25. Lloyd Scott, Naval Consulting Board of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920).
26. Johnson, George Sylvester Viereck, pp. 23, 34.
27. “Germany to Sink the Armenian. Navy May Seize Sayville Wireless,” New York Times, July 1, 1915, 1:4-7.
28. NT to JPM Jr., July 1915 [LC].
29. “JP Morgan Shot by Man Who Set the Capitol Bomb,” New York Times, July 3, 1915.
30. “Wireless Controls German Air Torpedo,” New York Times, July 10, 1915, 3:6, 7.
31. NT, “Science and Discovery Are the Great Forces Which Will Lead to the Consummation of the War,” New York Sun, December 20, 1914, in Lectures, Patents, Articles, pp. A-162-171.
32. “Federal Agents Raid Offices Once Occupied by Telefunken. Former Employee Richard Pfund Charged; No Arrests Made,” New York Times, March 5, 1918, 4:4.
33. NT to GS, December 25, 1917 [LC].
34. Royalty check to NT for $1,567 from Hochfrequenz Maschienen Aktievgesell Schaft for drachlose Telegraphic, 1917 [Swezey Col.]. Tuckertown was still owned by the Germans, although seized by the U.S. Navy, and Tuckertown, with full knowledge of the “Director of Naval Communications,” had agreed to pay Tesla royalties, see NT to GS, October 12, 1917 [LC].
35. Lloyd Scott, Naval Consulting Board of the U.S. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920).
36. Interview with A. Puharich, 1984. According to Puharich, the Hammond/Tesla documents were removed from the Hammond Museum in Gloucester, Mass., after Hammond’s death, and classified as top secret sometime in 1965.This author has read through many of these documents from the National Archives through the FOIA.
1. RUJ to NT, March 1916 [LC].
2. NT to JPM Jr. [JPM].
3. Hunt and Draper, 1964/77, pp. 170-71.
4. For literature: Romain Rolland, Hendrik Pontoppidan, Troeln Lund, and Verner von Heidenstam were announced; Theodor Svedberg was named for chemistry. Rolland was the only winner that year out of that group, with the others, except for Lund, eventually also winning.
5. Nobel nominations for 1915 and 1937 [Archives, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]; L. Anderson corresp., 1991.
6. The date of 1912 in the O’Neill book, and often echoed in various magazine articles, was probably a typographical error in the biography. O’Neill, 1944, p. 229.
7. NT to Light House Board, September 27, 1899 [NAR].
8. NT to RUJ, November 10, 1915 [BLCU].
9. Hunt and Draper, 1964/77, p. 167.
10. RUJ to NT, March 1916 [LC].
11. Probably Karl Braun who shared the 1909 Prize with Marconi; NT, On His Work in A.C., p. 48.
12. “Tesla No Money; Wizard Swamped by Debts,” New York World, March 16, 1916.
13. NT’s Fountain,” Scientific American, 1915.
14. “Can’t Pay Taxes,” New York Tribune, March 18, 1916; “Wardenclyffe Property Foreclosure Proceedings,” NY Supreme Court, circa 1923 [L. Anderson files].
15. Abraham and Savin, 1971.
16. NT to GS, April 25, 1916 [LC].
17. NT, My Inventions, p. 103.
18. Leland Anderson, “Tesla Portrait by the Princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy,” The Tesla Journal, nos. 4/5, 1986/87, pp. 72-73.
19. Trbojevitch immigrated circa 1912. Interviews with William Terbo, 1984-1991.
20. John O’Neill to NT, February 23, 1916 (greatly condensed) [NTM].
21. NT to J. O’Neill, February 26, 1916 [NTM].
22. B. A. Behrend, “Edison Medal Award Speech, 1917,” in Tesla Said, p. 180.
23. NT to Waldorf-Astoria mgt., July 12, 1917 [LA].
24. Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the AIEE, May 18, 1917, in Tesla Said.
25. O’Neill, 1944.
26. Minutes of the AIEE, May 18, 1917, in Tesla Said, pp. 189.
27. Lester S. Holmes was represented for the hotel as owner of said Tesla property. Baldwin and Hutchins to NT, July 13, 1917, from: Wardenclyffe Property Foreclosure Proceedings, New York Supreme Court, circa 1923 [LA].
28. Quoted in J. B. Smiley to Frank Hutchins, July 16, 1917 [LA].
29. John B. Smiley to Frank Hutchins, July 13, 1917 [LA].
30. NT to Waldorf-Astoria, July 12, 1917 [LA].
31. “Tesla’s New Device Like Bolts of Thor,” New York Times, December 8, 1915, 8:3.
32. NT to JPM Jr., April 8, 1916 [LA].
33. “Reason for Seizing Wireless,” New York Times, February 9, 1917, 6:5.
34. “Spies on Ship Movements,” New York Times, February 17, 1917, 8:2.
35. “19 More taken as German spies,” New York Times, April 8, 1917, 1:3.
36. “Navy to Take Over All Radio Stations,” Enumeration, April 7, 1917, 2:2.
37. F. J. Higginson to NT, May 11, 1899 [NAR].
38. F. Higgenson to NT, August 8, 1900 [NAR]. For the full correspondence of this event, see chapter 26; R. P. Hobson to NT, May 6, 1902 [LA].
39. L. S. Howeth, History of Communications-Electronics in U.S. Navy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), pp. 518-19; A. Hezlet, Electronics & Sea Power (New York: Stein & Day, 1975), p. 41.
40. Howeth, History of Communications, p. 64.
41. Hezlet, Electronics & Sea Power, pp. 41-42.
42. Robert Sobel, p. 43; Hezlet, p. 77.
43. Howeth, p. 256.
44. Ibid., pp. 375-76; Scherff to NT [LC]. U.S. Navy to Tuckerton Counsel, April 29, 1919 [NA].
45. Howeth, pp. 577-80.
46. NT, “Electric Drive for Battleships,” New York Herald, February 25, 1917; in Lectures, Patents, Articles, p. A-185.
47. Patent no. 1,119,732, Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy, was applied for on January 16, 1902.The application was renewed on May 4, 1907 and granted on December 1, 1914. This patent, in essence, contains all of Tesla’s key ideas behind the construction of Wardenclyffe.
48. KJ to Mrs. Hearst, circa 1917 [BLCU].
49. NT to GS, July 26, 1917 [LC].
50. GS to NT, August 20, 1917 [LC].
51. Howeth, p. 354.
52. The breakdown was as follows: GE 30%, Westinghouse 20%, AT&T 10%, United Fruit 4%, others 34%. Sobel, 1986, pp. 32-35.
53. Tesla would also be cut out of a secret agreement between GE and Westinghouse to hold back production of efficient fluorescent lighting equipment, as they did not want to undermine the highly profitable sale of normal Edison lightbulbs or “cut too drastically the demand for current” (S. C. Gilfillan, Invention and the Patent System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), p. 100.
54. “U.S. Blows Up Tesla Radio Tower,” Electrical Experimenter, September 1917, p. 293.
55. “Destruction of Tesla’s Tower at Shoreham, LI Hints of Spies,” New York Sun, August 5, 1917.
56. Howeth, pp. 359-60.
57. Ibid., p. 361.
58. E. M. Herr to NT, November 16, 1920 [LC].
59. GW Corp. to NT, November 28, 1921 [LC].
60. NT to GW Corp., November 30, 1921 [LC].
1. NT, “Edison Medal Speech,” May 18, 1917, in Tesla Said, 181-82.
2. Hugo Gernsback, “Nikola Tesla and His Inventions,” Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, pp. 614-15; R. Hugo Lowndes, Gernsback: A Man With Vision, Radio Electronics, August 1984, pp. 73-75.
3. Erik Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcast USA (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), pp. 28-30.
4. [KSP].
5. H. Gernsback, “NT: The man,” Electrical Experimenter, February 1919, p. 697.
6. H. Winfield Secor, “The Tesla High Frequency Oscillator,” Electrical Experimenter, March 1916, pp. 614-15, 663; NT, “Some Personal Reflections,” Scientific American, June 5, 1915, pp. 537, 576-77.
7. Lester Del Ray, Fantastic Science Fiction Art: 1926-1954 (New York: Ballantine, 1975).
8. NT to JPM Jr., June 13, 1917 [LC].
9. NT to GS, September 25, 1917 [LC].
10. Ibid., December 25, 1917.
11. Ibid.
12. O’Neill, pp. 222-28.
13. NT to GS, December 25, 1917.
14. NT to GS, June 11, 1918 [LC].
15. NT to GS, June 12, 1918 [LC].
16. NT to GS, May 15, 1918; June 22, 1918 [LC].
17. Leland Anderson, Nikola Tesla’s Residences, Laboratories and Offices (Denver, Colo.: 1990).
18. GS to NT, March 29, 1918 [BLCU]; November 4, 1925 [LC].
19. Leland Anderson to M. Seifer, April 28, 1988; see International Science and Tech., November 1963, pp. 44-52, 103.
20. Waltham advertisements, New York Times, June 8, 1921, 36:4, 5.
21. NT to GS, December 6, 1922 [LC].
22. NT to GS, October 18, 1918 and circa 1925 [LC].
23. RUJ to NT, December 30, 1919 [LC].
24. J. Abraham and R. Savin, Elihu Thomson Correspondence (New York: Academic Press, 1971), p. 400.
25. “Radio to Stars, Marconi’s Hope,” New York Times, January 19, 1919.
26. NT, “Interplanetary Communication,” Electrical World, September 24, 1921, p. 620.
27. “Celestial Movies,” February 3, 1919, 14:3.
28. H. Gernsback, “Nikola Tesla: The man,” Electrical Experimenter, February 1919, p. 697.
29. Surmised in part from: “At Night and in Secret NT Lavishes Money and Love on Pigeons,” New York World, November 21, 1926, Metropolitan Sec., p. 1.
30. O’Neill, 1944.
31. Ibid., pp. 224-26.
32. L. Anderson to M. Seifer, July 29, 1991.
33. C. R. Possell to Marc J. Seifer, phone interview and written correspondence, May 29, 1991; June 10, 1991; Extraordinary Science, IV, 2, 1992.
34. Jeffery Hayes, Boundary-Layer Breakthrough (Security, Colo.: High Energy Enterprise, 1990).
35. Interview with L. Anderson, July 29, 1988, Colorado Springs, Colo., as told to him and Inez Hunt. Also see James Caufield, “Radioed Light, Heat and Power Perfected by Tesla,” Harrisburg Telegraph, March 22, 1924, Radio Sec., pp. 1-2: “The war was upon him and the gov’t requested that [Wardenclyffe] come down. After the war Prof. Tesla again started to prove his theory, but this time he chose Colorado Springs as the location of his laboratory. It was while at the ‘Springs’ that he first demonstrated power transmission without the aid of wires.”
1. Tesla quote as told to John O’Neill and Bill Lawrence, O’Neill, pp. 316-17.
2. D. Wallechensky, November 1928, quoted in C. Cerf and V. Navasky, The Experts Speak (New York: Pantheon, 1984), p. 259.
3. NT to Hugo Gernsback, November 30, 1921 [KSP].
4. NT. “Views on Thought Transference,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1911, p. 12.
5. Nikola Tesla v. George C. Bold Jr. Suffolk County Supreme Court, April 1921 [LA].
6. KJ to NT, April 24, 1920 [NTM].
7. Introduction compiled mostly from C. Daniel, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century (Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Chronicle, 1987); W. Langer, ed., New Illustrated Encyclopedia of World History (New York: Harry Abrams, 1975).
8. RUJ to NT, October 15, 1925 [LC].
9. W. Jolly, pp. 258-60.
10. Nancy Rubin, p. 25.
11. Dragislav Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla,” Politika, April 27, 1927, p. 6.
12. Adrian Potter, FBI report on Friends of Soviet Russia, 1921-1923 [FOIA].
13. George Seldes, Witness to a Century (New York: Ballantine, 1987), pp. 181-83.
14. Ronald Kline, “Professionalism and the Corporate Engineer: Charles P. Steinmetz,” IEEE Transactions, August 1980, pp. 144-50.
15. L. Fischer, The Life of Lenin (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 630.
16. There is a famous photo taken on April 3, 1921, during a trans-Atlantic wireless broadcast for RCA, GE, and AT&T. In a number of sources (M. Cheney, Tesla: Man Out of Time (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981); M. Seifer, “The Inventor and the Corporation: Tesla, Armstrong & Jobs,” 1986 Tesla Symposium Proceedings; R. G. Williams, Introducing Nikola Tesla Through Some of His Achievements (Mokelumne Hill, Calif.: Health Research, 1970) it has been suggested that the man standing between Albert Einstein and Charles Steinmetz was Nikola Tesla. Other people in the photo include Irving Langmuir and David Sarnoff. After reviewing the original caption and conferring with Tesla expert Leland Anderson, it has been ascertained that the man is not Tesla at all, but rather John Carson of AT&T. Coincidentally, this photo has been used by the GE public relations people on numerous occasions with all people but Einstein and Steinmetz airbrushed out. See Life Magazine, 1965 and B. Gorowitz, ed., The Steinmetz Era: 1892-1923: The GE Story (Schenectady, N.Y.: Schenectady Elfun Society, 1977), p. 39.
17. [KSP].
18. “Judgment [of $3,299] Filed Against Tesla by St. Regis,” New York Times, May 25, 1924, 14:1.
19. “At Night and in Secret Nikola Tesla Lavishes Money and Love on Pigeons,” New York World, Metropolitan Sec., November 21, 1926, 1:2-5.
20. M. Cheney, p. 84. Original source, Kenneth Swezey.
21. A. Nenadovic, “100 Years Since the Birth of Nikola Tesla,” Politika, July 8, 1956 [KSP].
22. K. Swezey, “How Tesla Evolved Epoch-Making Discoveries,” Brooklyn Eagle, April 4, 1926, pp. 8-9.
23. A. Nenadovic, July 8, 1956.
24. John B. Kennedy, “When Woman Is Boss,” Collier’s, January 30, 1926, pp. 17, 34.
25. Anne Morgan to NT, April 26, 1928 [NTM].
26. “At Night and in Secret Nikola Tesla Lavishes Money and Love on Pigeons,” New York World, Metropolitan sec., November 21, 1926, p. 1. Other sick birds that he could not care for, Tesla took to animal hospitals.
27. C. Hedetniemi to OAP, January 29, 1943 [FOIA].
28. “Dr. Tesla Picks Tunney,” New York Herald Tribune, September 27, 1927, 2:3.
29. Ginzelda Hull Hobson to K. Swezey, February 14, 1956 [KSP].
30. Petkovich, p. 4.
31. According to L. Anderson, Swezey said that the O’Neill stories of Tesla wiping his plates at the dinner table were untrue, the proof beign the pigeon link. “Meticulous,” Tesla was clearly obsessed with avoiding contaminated water, phobic and fearful of germs, and so it seems likely to this researcher that he did, indeed, clean off his silverware and plates with napkins at eating establishments. Caring for pigeons, even in one’s apartment (probably in a separate room where he kept a lab), is quite different than eating from unclean dishes.
32. NT to JPM Jr., November 21, 1924 [LC].
1. NT, 1960; translated from German by Edwin Gora.
2. NT to Flowers, 1917-1925 [NTM].
3. John B. Flowers, “Nikola Tesla’s Wireless Power System and Its Application to the Propulsion of Airplanes,” August 8, 1925 [Archives, Toby Grotz, Colorado Springs, Colo].
4. NT, “World System of Wireless Transmission of Energy,” Telegraph & Telephone Age, October 16, 1927, pp. 457-60; in Nikola Tesla, 1981, pp. 83-86.
5. “In a solar eclipse the moon comes between the sun and the earth…At a given moment, the shadow will just touch at a mathematical point, the earth, assuming it to be a sphere…Owing to the enormous radius of the earth, [it] is nearly a plane. [Thus,] that point where the shadow falls will immediately, on the slightest motion of the shadow downward, enlarge the circle at a terrific rate, and it can be shown mathematically that this rate is infinite” (NT, On His Work with AC, pp. 137-39).
6. NT to Mrs. A. Trbojevic, November 20, 1928 [Wm. Terbo archives]; NT to Nikola Trbojevich, September 13, 1928, October 3, 1928; January 28, 1929; May 29, 1929, in Correspondence with Relatives, pp. 128, 135.
7. W. Terbo, Opening remarks, in S. Elswick, ed., Proceedings of the 1988 Tesla Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colo., 1988, pp. 8-11.
8. Myron Taylor, memorandum, September 28, 1931 [Archives, US Steel, USX Corp., Pittsburgh, PA]; Sava Kosanovic, August 30, 1952 [KSP].
9. Derek Ahlers, interview with Peter Savo, September 16, 1967 [Archives, Ralph Bergstresser].
10. “Beam to Kill Army at 200 Miles, Tesla’s Claim on 78th Birthday,” New York Herald Tribune, July 11, 1934, 1:15; in Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, pp. 100-12.
11. Ronald Clark, Einstein: The Life & Times (New York: World Publishing—Times/Mirror, 1971).
12. Fritzof Capra, The Tao of Physics (Colo.: Shambhala, 1975), pp. 64, 208.
13. NT, New York paper on various theories, circa 1936 [KSP].
14. “Tesla Coil Used in Atom Splitting Machines,” N.Y. American, November 3, 1929; O’Neill to NT, August 1, 1935 [NTM].
15. NT, “Tesla ‘Harnesses’ Cosmic Energy,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, November 2, 1933; in Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, pp. 104-5.
16. “Tesla at 75,” Time, July 20, 1931, pp. 27-28.
17. [KSP].
18. “Tesla, 79, Promises to Transmit Force,” New York Times, July 11, 1935, 23:8.
19. “Sending Messages to Planets Predicted by Dr. Tesla on Birthday,” New York Times, July 11, 1937, 13:2; in NT, Solutions…, pp. 132-34.
20. Nancy Czito, private corresp., Washington, D.C., 1983.
21. Patent numbers 685,957; 685,958, in NT, Lectures, Patents, Articles, 1956, pp. P-343-51.Robert Millikan coined the term “cosmic rays” in the mid-1920s. Tesla originally referred to the rays as a form of radiant energy. Dr. James Corum suggested that even if the rays did not travel faster than lightspeed, these statements by Tesla must have been based upon some real effect that had occurred (interview, 1992, Colorado Springs).
22. NT, “Dr. Tesla Writes of Various Phases of His Discovery,” New York Times, February 6, 1932, 16:2; in Tesla Said, p. 237.
23. John O’Neill, “Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor,” Brooklyn Eagle, July 10, 1932, in NT, Solutions…, pp. 95-96.This may be the description of a solar energy machine.
24. Carol Bird, “Tremendous New Power Soon to Be Unleashed,” Kansas City Journal-Post, September 10, 1933; in Solutions…, pp. 101-2.
25. NT, “Tesla, 79, Promises…,” New York Times, July 11, 1935, 23:8.
26. NT, “Expanding Sun Will Explode Some Day Tesla Predicts,” New York Herald Tribune, August 18, 1935; in NT, Solutions…, pp. 130-32.
27. Joseph Alsop, “Beam to Kill Army at 200 Miles, Tesla’s Claim,” New York Times, July 11, 1934, pp. 1, 15; in Solutions, pp. 110-12; Walter Russell, The Russell Cosmology: A New Concept of Light, Matter and Energy (Waynesboro, Va.: The W. R. Foundation, 1953).
28. NT, “Expanding Sun,” August 18, 1935.
29. NT, “Tesla, 79, Promises,” July 11, 1935.
30. “Tesla at 78 Bares New ‘Death-Beam’,” New York Times, July 11, 1934, 18:1, 2.
31. H. Grindell-Mathews, “The Death Power of Diabolical Rays,” New York Times, May 21, 1924, 1:2; 3:4, 5.
32. H. Grindell-Mathews, “Diabolical Rays,” Popular Radio, August 8, 1924, pp. 149-54.
33. H. Gernsback, “The Diabolic Ray,” Practical Electrics, August 1924, pp. 554-55, 601.
34. H. Grindell-Mathews, “Three Nations Seek Diabolical Ray,” New York Times, May 28, 1924, 25:1,2.
35. Helen Welshimer, “Dr. Tesla Visions the End of Aircraft in War,” Everyday Week Magazine, October 21, 1934, p. 3; in NT, Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, pp. 116-18.
36. L. Anderson, NT’s Residences, Labs & Offices (Denver, Colo.: 1990). (Original source, a Dr. Watson of New York.)
37. Titus deBobula, Tesla tower blueprints, circa 1934 [NTM]; FBI archives [FOIA].
1. Hugo Gernsback, “NT and His Inventions,” Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, p. 614.
2. NT to GS, July 11, 1935 [LC].
3. Branning, 1981, p. A-3.
4. NT to Carl Laemmle, July 15, 1937, Profiles in History Archives, Beverly Hills, Calif.; Neal Gabler, An Empire of Their Own (New York: Anchor Books, 1988), pp. 58, 205-6.
5. Mark Siegel, Hugo Gernsback: Father of Modern Science Fiction (San Bernardino, Calif.: The Borgo Press, 1988).
6. Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong (New York: Lippincott, 1956).
7. “Tesla Is Provider of Pigeon Relief” [KSP].
8. Leland Anderson, “Nikola Tesla’s Patron Saint,” American Srbobran, August 14, 1991, p. 4; L. Anderson, NT’s Residences, Labs and Offices, 1990.
9. OAP files [FOIA].
10. NT to GW Co. circa Jan-July, 1930, written from the Hotel Pennsylvania [KSP]; $2,000 debt, OAP files [FOIA].
11. O’Neill, p. 274.
12. Hugo Gernsback, Westinghouse recollections [KSP].
13. NT to GW Co., January 29, 1930; February 1, 1930; February 14, 1930; February 17, 1930; February 18, 1930; April 18, 1930 [LC].
14. A. W. Robertson, About George Westinghouse and the Polyphase Electric Current (New York: Newcomen Society, 1939), p. 28.
15. “Nikola Tesla,” Scientific Progress, September 1934.
16. TdB to NT, November 1897; December 10, 1897 [NTM].
17. Ibid., July 26, 1901.
18. FBI deBobula files [FOIA].
19. TdB to NT, May 29, 1911; NT to TdB, May 31, 1911 [NTM].
20. Telephone interview with Robert Hessen, author of The Steel Titan: The Life Story of Charles Schwab (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)—teaching at Stanford University; “Schwab Answers Suit of deBobula,” New York Times, August 7, 1919, 15:6.
21. TdB to NT, July 11, 1935 [NTM].
22. NT to GS, June 17, 1937 [LC].
23. TdB to NT, November 25, 1935; July 6, 1936 [NTM].
24. deBobula FBI files, circa 1936-1949 [FOIA].
25. FBI deBobula files [FOIA]; “Tauscher Accuses Munitions Partner,” New York Times, July 25, 1934, 36:4.
26. OAP NT files [FOIA].
27. Hugo Gernsback, Westinghouse recollections [KSP].
28. GW Co. to NT, January 2, 1934 [LC].
29. Mildred McDonald, December 1, 1952 [GWA].
1. Elmer Gertz, Odyssey of a Barbarian: The Biography of G. S. Viereck (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1978).
2. M. Pupin to K. Swezey, May 29, 1931 [KSP].
3. D. Dunlap, Radio’s 100 Men of Science (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 124.
4. M. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor (New York: Scribners, 1930). Tesla is mentioned once on p. 285 within the phrase, “Tesla’s AC motor and Bradley’s rotary transformer…” (see chapter 10).
5. “Dr. Pupin Inspired,” New York Times, 1927 [KSP].
6. Stanko Stoilkovic, “Portrait of a Person, a Creator and a Friend,” The Tesla Journal, nos 4, 5, 1986/87, pp. 26-29.
7. NT to RUJ, circa 1929-1937 [LC]; Grizelda Hull Hobson to K. Swezey, February 14, 1955; Richmond P. Hobson Jr., in “Books of the Times,” New York Times, Decemer 21, 1955 [KSP].
8. A brief excerpt from “The Haunted House” by G. S. Viereck, circa 1907, from Gertz, 1978.
9. Niel Johnson, G. S. Viereck: German/American Propagandist (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1972), p. 143.
10. Ibid., pp. 138-42.
11. NT corresp., March 2, 1942 [LA].
12. NT, as told to G. S. Viereck, “A Machine to End War,” Liberty, February 1935, pp. 5-7.
13. Peter Viereck, phone interview, September 8, 1991.
14. Gertz, p. 24.
15. Elmer Gertz, June 1991 phone interview.
16. Cheney, p. 243.
17. NT to GSV, 1934 [from L. Anderson, “N. Tesla’s Patron Saint,” American Srbobran, August 14, 1991, p. 4]; NT to GSV, December 17, 1934 [in Cheney, p. 244].
18. “Sending of Messages to Planets Predicted by Dr. Tesla on Birthday,” New York Times, July 11, 1937, 1:2-3; 2:2-3.
19. “Immigrant Society Makes Three Awards: Frankfurter, Martinelli and Tesla,” New York Times, May 12, 1938, 26:1.
20. N. Johnson, pp. 204-10; GSV FBI files [FOIA].
21. “G. S. Viereck, 77, Pro-German Propagandist, Dies.” New York Times, March 21, 1962.
22. NT, “Tesla and the Future,” Serbian Newsletter, 1943.
23. O’Neill, 1944.
24. L. Anderson, August 14, 1991.
25. O’Neill, 1944.
26. “2000 Are Present at Tesla Funeral,” New York Times, January 13, 1943.
27. Hugo Gernsback, “NT: Father of Wireless, 1857-1943,” Radio Craft, February 1943, pp. 263-65, 307-10.
28. Serbian Newsletter, 1943, p. 5 [BLCU].
29. “NT Dead,” editorial, New York Sun, January 1943.
1. January 22, 1946, OAP report [FOIA].
2. J. Edgar Hoover, memorandum, January 21, 1943 [FBI, FOIA].
3. Cheney, p. 258.
4. M. Markovitch, personal interview, 1984.
5. As I rewrite this chapter in November 1995, Yugoslavia is in the midst of a civil war, with essentially all of the provinces having declared their independence. The most bellicose new nation is Serbia. It has attacked Bosnia repeatedly for over the last three years in attempts to drive out Croats and Muslims and capture as much land as possible. Many women have been raped, thousands of people have been killed, and over one million have had to flee their homes. At this point a solution appears to be futile.
6. Cheney, 1981, pp. 260-61.
7. J. Edgar Hoover, memorandum, January 21, 1943 [FBI, FOIA].
8. FBI, January 21, 1943 [FOIA].
9. “Floating Stretchers for Landings,” New York Times, August 27, 1944, IV, 9:6; “Company Volunteers $1,500,000 Refund,” New York Times, November 19, 1944, 1:3; “France’s Honors Heaped on Spanel,” New York Times, March 3, 1957, 26:5.
10. F. Cornels, January 9, 1943 [FBI, FOIA].
11. Fitzgerald to Tesla, March 8, 1939; December 20, 1942 [NTM]. MIT, however, had no record that Fitzgerald was a student in their school [M. Seifer to MIT, 1990]. Fitzgerald also met with Jack O’Neill to help on the biography. He also discussed with Jack the possibility of setting up a museum in the United States, perhaps with backing from Henry Ford.
12. J. O’Neill, “Tesla Tries to Prevent WWII,” TBCA News, 7, 3, 8-9/1988, p. 15.
13. F. Cornels, FBI report, January 9, 1943 [FOIA].
14. L. Anderson, files from Cheney, 1981, p. 264.
15. D. E. Foxworth, FBI report, January 8, 1943 [FOIA].
16. D. E. Foxworth, FBI report, January 8, 1943; Donegan, FBI report, November 14, 1943 [FOIA].
17. Personal correspondence from Irving Jurow, Washington, D.C., July 5, 1993.
18. Werner Heisenberg, for instance, was in charge of the Nazis’ version of the Manhattan Project. According to Heisenberg’s autobiography, he knew that Germany did not have enough heavy water to construct an atom bomb, and he was just hoping that the war would end before such a device would be invented. Werner von Braun, of course, was also implementing the highly destructive V-2 rocket, which was yet another ultimate weapon.
19. Phone conversations and personal correspondence with Irving Jurow, June, July, 1993.
20. OAP memorandum, January 12, 1943; January 12, 1942 [1943 typographical error] [FOIA].
21. Cheney, p. 270.
22. W. Gorsuch, OAP report, January 13, 1943 [FOIA].
23. Trump resort, January 30, 1943 [LC]; C. Hedetneimi, OAP report, January 29, 1943 [FOIA]; interview with a guard from Manhattan Storage, FBI report, April 17, 1950 [FOIA].
24. C. Hedetniemi, OAP report, January 29, 1943 [FOIA].
25. Trump’s conclusion, was that since the device was similar to the Van de Graaff electrostatic generator, Soviet engineers would find no ultimate value in it. This is somewhat astonishing, as Trump also enclosed an article written by Tesla in 1934 in Scientific American where he states explicitly that his device was, operationally, completely unlike the Van de Graaff generator. As Trump worked with Van de Graaff at MIT, it would seem that his cavalier dismissal of the particle-beam weapon was based on professional jealousy. To Trump’s credit, however, here we are, a half century later, and the Tesla weapon has yet to be perfected. (Trump report, FBI archives; N. Tesla, “Electrostatic Generators,” Scientific American, March 1934, pp. 132-34; 163-65.)
26. Homer Jones to Lawrence Smith, February 4, 194[3] [OAP, FOIA].
27. NT, “The New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy Through the Natural Media” (1937), in E. Raucher and T. Grotz, eds., 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium, pp. 144-50.
28. According to a letter to Sava Kosanovic, Tesla was planning on selling eight particle beam weapons to Yugoslavia, three to Serbia, three to Croatia and two to Slovenia. NT to SK, March 1, 1941, Correspondence with Relatives, p. 183.
29. “$3,500,000 Payment by Amtorg Today.” New York Times, November 15, 1932, 29:7; Amtorg and Bethlehem Steel, New York Times, April 30, 1935, 30:2; “To Catch a Spy,” Newsweek, May 19, 1986, p. 7; etc., Amtorg Trading Corp. to M. Seifer, April 4, 1988.
30. J. Trump, letter quoted in Cheney, p. 276.
31. FBI NT memorandum, January 12, 1943 [FOIA].
32. J. Alsop, “Beam to Kill Army at 200 Miles,” New York Herald Tribune, July 11, 1934, 1:15.
33. J. Corum and K. Corum, “A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data,” in E. Raucher and T. Grotz, eds., The 1984 Tesla Centennial Proceedings, pp. 50-58.
34. Alcoa Aluminum Co., private corresp., December 16, 1988.
35.NT, in Tesla Said, p. 278.
36. H. Welshimer, “Dr. Tesla Visions the End of Aircraft in War,” Every Week Magazine, October 21, 1934, p. 3.
37. Charlotte Muzar, “The Tesla Papers,” The Tesla Journal, 1982/83, pp. 39-42.
38. E. E. Conroy to J. Edgar Hoover, FBI, October 17, 1945 [FOIA].
39. Ralph Doty to OAP, January 22, 1946 [FBI, FOIA].
40. Cheney, p. 277.
M. Duffy to OAP, November 25, 1947 [FOIA]; FBI memorandum, April 17, 1950 [FOIA].
42. Andrija Puharich, phone interview, 1986; Ralph Bergstresser, phone interview, 1986.
43. “Are Soviets Testing Wireless Electric Power?” Washington Star, January 31, 1977, pp. 1, 5; “Russians Secretly Controlling World Climate,” Sunday Times, Scranton, Penn., November 6.1977, pp. 14-15.
44. Tom Bearden, “Tesla’s Secret and the Soviet Tesla Weapons,” Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, John Ratzlaff, ed., 1981, pp. 1-35; Tom Bearden, “The Fundamental Concepts of Scalar Electromagnetics,” Tesla Conference Proceedings, Steve Elswick, ed., 1986, pp. 7:1-20.
45. C. Robinson, “Soviet Push for a Beam Weapon,” Aviation Week, May 2, 1977, pp. 16-27; N. Wade, “Charged Debate Over Russian Beam Weapons,” Science, May 1977, pp. 957-59.
1. Lawrence P. Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong (New York: Lippincott, 1956, p. 286.
2. II. Fantel, “Armstsrong, Tragic Hero of Radio Music,” New York Times, June 10, 1973, pp. 23-28; Lessing, 1956; Marc Seifer, “The Inventor and the Corporation: Case Studies of Innovators Nikola Tesla, Steven Jobs and Edwin Armstrong,” 1986 Tesla Symposium, S. Elswick, ed., pp. 53-74.
3. W. Whyte, The Organization Man (New York: Doubleday, 1956).
4. David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1980).
5. Bill Gates; interview, Playboy, September 1994, p. 64. In 1996, Jobs reemerged as an overnight billionaire with a highly successful stock offering of his new computer graphics company Pixar in 1996, and, in an amazing turnabout, Jobs was further resurrected as replacement CEO of Apple in 1997. Further, IBM has agreed to produce a Macintosh compatible computer.
6. Henry Aiken, corresp., phone interview, April 1986.
7. Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (New York: 1957), p. 236.
8. M. Seifer and H. Smukler, “The Tesla/Matthews Outer Space Connection,” Pyramid Guide, part I, May 1978, p. 5; part II, July 1978, p. 5 [FBI, FOIA].
9. “Tesla in Japan,” Tesla Memorial Society Newsletter, Nicholas Kosanovich, ed., Fall-Winter 1995/96, pp. 2-3; David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, “The Cult at the End of the World,” Wired, July 1996, pp. 134-37, 176-84; Tom Bearden, “Tesla’s Secret and the Soviet Tesla Weapons,” Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, John Ratzlaff, ed., 1981, pp. 1-35.
10. P. O. Ouspensky, New Model of the Universe (New York: Vintage Books, 1971), pp. 29-31.
11. Dane Rudyar, Occult Preparations for a New Age (Wheaton, Ill.: Quest Books, 1975), p. 245; Robert Anton Wilson, Cosmic Trigger: The Final Secret of the Illumenati (New York: Pocket Books, 1975).
1. J. R. Johler to Leland Anderson, August 15, 1959, in Anderson, “Nikola Tesla’s Work in Wireless Power Transmission” (Denver, Colo., 1991, unpublished.
2. Eric Dollard, “Representations of Electric Induction: Nikola Tesla and the True Wireless,” In S. Elswick, ed., Proceedings of the 1986 Tesla Symposium (Colorado Springs, Colo.: International Tesla Society, 1986), pp. 2-25-2-82.
3. NT, 1916/1992, p. 138.
4. James Corum and A-Hamid Aidinejad, “The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity,” 1986 International Tesla Symposium Proceedings, pp. 3-1-3-12.
5. NT to KJ, April 19, 1907 [BLCU].
6. NT, “Terrestrial Night Light,” New York Herald Tribune, June 5, 1935, p. 38.
7. NT, 1984, p. 225.
8. NT, Colorado Springs Notes, pp. 180-183; patent no. 649,621 in NT, 1956, p. P-293.
9. NT, May 16, 1900; patent no. 787,412, in NT, 1956, pp. P-332-33.
10. NT, “Tesla’s New Discovery,” 1901; in NT, 1984, p. 57.
11. NT, patent no. 685,012, in NT, 1956, pp. P-327-30. It is doubtful but possible that he considered using superconductivity, as this property of elements involving the expulsion of magnetism occurs at temperatures almost twice as cold. This effect, which is an abrupt and discontinuous transition from a magnetic state to a nonmagnetic state was officially discovered a decade later in 1911 by Kamerlingh Onnes (see J. Blatt, Theories of Superconductivity [New York: Academic Press, 1964]).
12. Discussions with Stanley Seifer, February 1991.
13. Tom Bearden, “Tesla’s Secret,” Planetary Association for Clean Energy, 3, pp. 12-24.
14. NT, 1897, in NT 1956, pp. P-293-94.
15. NT, 1956, p. P-293.
16. Ibid., p. P-328.