There is a tremendous trove of available research on the Nixon administration and the activities of Alexander Haig. Most of the White House tapes collected by the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum are available to listen to online, and others are available at the website of the Miller Center at the University of Virginia. They enabled me to listen to and transcribe the taped interviews. In other cases, the tapes were transcribed by historians Douglas Brinkley and Luke Nichter for their two books about the Nixon tapes. I used those transcripts and matched them with the tapes, when available. In some cases, I used the transcripts in Stanley Kutler’s Abuse of Power, but in many instances, the transcripts were incomplete. As an editor at the Tampa Tribune in 1997, I supervised the reporting of an article that demonstrated that Kutler’s transcripts were out of order, particularly those about the March 1973 conversations between Richard Nixon and John Dean. Kutler denied that had occurred, but he eventually acknowledged it in a 2009 New York Times article. As a result, I have cited his transcripts as a last resort and only in limited instances.
As often as possible, I have include URLs to guide researchers to the online locations of these documents. In the case of interviews with the Colodny Collection at Texas A&M University, the website and search functions are not complete. I obtained those interviews from author Len Colodny personally and have confirmed with Texas A&M officials that they are indeed in his collection. Luke Nichter at Texas A&M is an inexhaustible source of documents through his research. In some cases, he provided me information he obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests.
I accessed the Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas by using the library’s finding aid and then making a written request for the documents in a PDF document sent via email. The same is true for the Lowell Weicker Papers at the University of Virginia Library.
1. Steven Weisman, “Bush Flies Back from Texas Set to Take Charge in Crisis,” New York Times, March 31, 1981.
2. James Hohmann, “Alexander Haig, 85; Soldier-Statesman Managed Nixon Resignation,” Washington Post, February 21, 2010.
3. Witcover quoted in Morris, Haig, 194–95.
4. Brinkley and Nichter, The Nixon Tapes, 327. See also Nixon, Ehrlichman, Haldeman, and Mitchell conversation, December 21, 1971, White House tape 639-30, Nixon Presidential Materials Staff: Tape Subject Log, 36–45, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum (hereafter RNPLM), https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/finding_aids/tapesubjectlogs/oval639.pdf.
5. Alexander Haig, interview by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, September 10, 1974, Series 1, Woodward, Subseries B, The Final Days, container 76.5, Woodward and Bernstein Watergate Papers, http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00365&kw=woodward.
1. Morris, Haig, 10.
2. Morris, Haig, 15, 16.
3. Morris, Haig, 28.
4. Morris, Haig, 61.
5. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 74.
6. Califano, Inside, 116.
7. Walter Elder to William Colby, “Special Activities,” June 1, 1973, “The Family Jewels,” 468, Freedom of Information Act Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/family-jewels.
8. Morris Leibman to J. Edgar Hoover, October 6, 1963, vol. 13, American Bar Association FBI Files.
9. Joseph Califano, interview by author, January 22, 2015.
10. William Sullivan to Alan Belmont, “Dr. Fritz G. A. Kraemer, Office of Chief of Staff,” May 7, 1963, FBI Records.
11. Rogers, Vietnam Studies, 143.
12. Califano, interview by author.
13. Document 11, “National Security Decision Memorandum 2,” January 20, 1969, in Humphrey and Miller, Organization and Management, 30–33.
14. Document 22, “Memorandum from the President’s Military Assistant (Haig) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger),” Washington DC, February 7, 1969, in Humphrey and Miller, Organization and Management, 50–51.
15. General Earle Wheeler to Melvin Laird, “Japan Policy as Pertains to Okinawa Reversion,” March 29, 1969, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/releases/may15/okinawa02.pdf.
16. Charles Colson, interview by Len Colodny, October 2, 1989, transcript, Colodny Collection.
17. Hedrick Smith, “U.S. Perplexed by Okinawa Issue,” New York Times, March 31, 1969.
18. Hersh, Price of Power, 88.
19. William Beecher, “Raids in Cambodia by U.S. Unprotested,” New York Times, May 9, 1969.
20. Isaacson, Kissinger, 213.
21. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 215.
22. Document 46, “Memorandum from the Assistant Director (Domestic Intelligence), Federal Bureau of Investigation (Sullivan) to the Director (Hoover), May 20, 1969,” in Humphrey and Miller, Organization and Management, 134.
23. William Sullivan to C. D. DeLoach, “Black Bag Jobs,” July 19, 1966, vol. 14, 77, FBI Surreptitious Entries Files, https://vault.fbi.gov/Surreptitious%20Entries%20(Black%20Bag%20Jobs)%20/Surreptitious%20Entries%20(Black%20Bag%20Jobs)%20Part%2014%20of%2030.
24. Beverly Gage, “What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals,” New York Times, November 11, 2014.
25. William Sullivan to Vernon Walters, “Personal and Confidential,” February 6, 1973, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80R01731R002000050003-6.pdf.
26. Novak, The Prince of Darkness, 208.
27. Hersh, Price of Power, 97.
28. E. S. Miller to Alex Rosen, “Sensitive Coverage Placed at Request of the White House,” October 20, 1971, vol. 11, FBI William Sullivan Files, https://archive.org/details/foia_Sullivan_William_C._-11.
29. Thomas Moorer, interview by Robert Gettlin, October 4, 1989, transcript, Colodny Collection; Melvin Laird, interview by Robert Gettlin, September 5, 1990, Colodny Collection.
30. Moorer, interview by Gettlin.
31. Laird, interview by Gettlin.
32. Poole, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 8.
33. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 200.
34. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 45.
35. Van Atta, With Honor, 298.
36. Elmo Zumwalt, interview by Alfred Goldberg and Maurice Matloff, October 22, 1991, transcript, Historical Office of the Secretary of Defense, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/oral_history/OH_Trans_Zumwalt,%20Elmo%2010-22-1991.pdf?ver=2016-06-20-114138-600.
37. Document 42, “Memorandum of Conversation,” Palm Springs, California, May 7, 1971, 2:50–5:45 p.m., in Smith, South Asia Crisis, 106–9.
38. Hersh, Price of Power, 110.
39. Neil Sheehan, “Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement,” New York Times, June 13, 1971.
40. Brinkley and Nichter, The Nixon Tapes, 170–71; Haig and Nixon conversation, June 13, 1971, White House tape 5-50, RNPLM, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/it-s-a-pentagon-study-huh.
41. The details of the contents of the Pentagon Papers, the creation of the White House Plumbers, and their activities were detailed in Lukas, Nightmare; Hersh, Price of Power; and Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup.
42. Jack Anderson, “U.S., Soviet Vessels in Bay of Bengal,” Washington Post, December 14, 1971.
43. Brinkley and Nichter, The Nixon Tapes, 327; Nixon, Ehrlichman, Haldeman, and Mitchell conversation, December 21, 1971, White House tape 639-30, RNPLM.
44. Robert Welander, interview by John Ehrlichman and David Young, December 23, 1971, David R. Young, Staff Member and Office Files, box 18, folder 10, White House Special Files, RNPLM.
45. David Young to John Ehrlichman, “Meeting with Admiral Welander re Anderson Leak of December 14 and Subsequent Investigation,” December 22, 1971, box 18, David R. Young Files, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/textual/special/smof/young.php.
46. John Ehrlichman, interview by Len Colodny, September 18, 1990, transcript, Colodny Collection.
47. Laird, interview by Gettlin.
48. John Ehrlichman and Melvin Laird, telephone call, December 23, 1971, transcript, Colodny Collection.
49. W. Donald Stewart, interview with Len Colodny, October 28, 1986, transcript, Colodny Collection.
50. Clodfelter, Vietnam in Military Statistics, 224.
51. Lukas, Nightmare, 227–28.
52. Lukas, Nightmare, 252–56.
1. Robert Semple Jr., “End of an Era in Nixon Presidency,” New York Times, May 1, 1973.
2. Nixon and Haldeman conversation, May 2, 1973, White House tape 910-3, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape910/910-003.mp3.
3. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 332.
4. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 286.
5. Nixon and Kissinger conversation, May 3, 1973, White House tape 911-1, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape911/911-003.mp3.
6. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 334.
7. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 3, 1973, White House tape 911-31, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape9 11/911-031.mp3.
8. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Wiretaps Put on Phones of 2 Reporters,” Washington Post, May 3, 1973.
9. Woodward, Secret Man, 12.
10. Holland, Leak, 31.
11. Martin Arnold, “Ellsberg Judge Wants Hunt Data,” New York Times, May 4, 1973.
12. Daniel Ellsberg was a former Pentagon consultant who worked at the RAND Corporation when it had a copy of a secret military history of the Vietnam War that detailed the multiple lies behind U.S. policy. With his colleague Anthony Russo, Ellsberg stole the documents from RAND, copied them, and gave them to the New York Times. The documents, which first appeared in June 1971, became known as the Pentagon Papers.
13. Bill Kovach, “Interim Choice,” New York Times, May 5, 1973.
14. Nixon, RN, 857.
15. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 338.
16. Kovach, “Interim Choice.”
17. Marjorie Hunter, “4-Star Diplomat in White House,” New York Times, May 5, 1973.
18. William Ruckelshaus to Mark Felt, “Wiretaps on Newspapermen,” May 4, 1973, in “FBI Files,” 11. http://www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/NixonJournalistsWiretapsFBIFiles.pdf.
19. O. T. Jacobson to Bucky Walters, “Wiretaps on Newspapermen,” Robert Mardian interview, May 11, 1973, in “FBI Files.”
20. Nixon and Haldeman conversation, October 19, 1972, White House tape 370-5, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape370/370-009a.mp3.
21. Nixon and Colson conversation, February 13, 1973, White House tape 854-17, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape854/854-017a.mp3.
22. Nixon, Ehrlichman, and Gray conversation, February 16, 1973, White House tape 858-3, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape858/858-003.mp3.
23. Nixon and Dean conversation, February 27, 1973, White House tape 864-4, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape864/864-004.mp3.
24. “John Dean Points a Finger,” Newsweek, May 5, 1973.
25. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 339.
26. Nick Thimmesch, “The Iron Mentor of the Pentagon,” Washington Post, March 2, 1975.
27. Seymour Hersh, “Cushman Named,” New York Times, May 7, 1973.
28. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 345.
29. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 8, 1973, White House tape 913-8, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape913/913-008.mp3.
30. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 8, 1973, White House tape 913-8.
31. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 340.
32. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 346.
33. Leonard Garment, interview by Robert Gettlin, October 4, 1989, transcript, Colodny Collection.
34. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 8, 1973, White House tape 433-73, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape433/433-073.mp3.
35. Woodward, The Last of the President’s Men, 77–78.
36. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 8, 1973, White House tape 433-73, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape433/433-073.mp3.
37. Nixon and Dean conversation, March 13, 1973, White House tape 878-14, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape878/878-014.mp3.
38. Haig, interview by Woodward and Bernstein, September 10, 1974.
39. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 373.
40. Alexander Haig to Rembrandt Robinson, March 27, 1971, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 81.
41. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 8, 1973, White House tape 433-73.
42. Holland, Leak, 6.
43. Marjorie Hunter, “CIA Head Admits ‘Ill-Advised’ Act,” New York Times, May 10, 1973.
44. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 338.
45. Elder to Colby, “Special Activities,” June 1, 1973, 465. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/family-jewels.
46. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 343.
47. Nixon, Buzhardt, and Haig conversation, May 9, 1973, White House tape 434-9, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape434/434-009a.mp3.
48. Document 256, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between President Nixon, His Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) and the Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee (Stennis),” April 24, 1970, 876-77, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v06/d256.
49. Nixon, Buzhardt, and Haig conversation, May 9, 1973, White House tape 434-9.
50. David E. Rosenbaum, “Senate Panel Contends Cox and Courts Have No Authority to Restrict Its Hearing,” New York Times, June 8, 1973.
51. Nixon, Buzhardt, and Haig conversation, May 9, 1973, White House tape 434-9.
52. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 9, 1973, White House tape 45-185, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape045/045-185.mp3.
53. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 344.
54. “Same Men, New Jobs,” New York Times, May 12, 1973.
55. David E. Rosenbaum, “Richardson Feels He Was Betrayed,” New York Times, May 11, 1973.
56. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-011.mp3.
57. Martin Arnold, “FBI Tap Picked Up Calls Ellsberg Made in 1969–70,” New York Times, May 11, 1973.
58. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11.
59. John M. Crewdson, “’69 Phone Taps Reported on Newsmen at 3 Papers,” New York Times, May 11, 1973.
60. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11.
61. Nixon and Kissinger conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-14, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-014.mp3.
62. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-6, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-006.mp3.
63. Nixon and Haldeman conversation, June 23, 1972, White House tape 343-36, transcript, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/exhibit_01.pdf.
64. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11.
65. Nixon, Haldeman, and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-19, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-019.mp3.
66. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11.
67. Marjorie Hunter, “Cushman Says Helms ‘Assented’ to CIA Aid to Hunt for Break-In on Coast,” New York Times, May 12, 1973.
68. Martin Arnold, “New Trial Barred,” New York Times, May 13, 1973.
69. Jacobson to Walters, “Wiretaps on Newspapermen,” John Mitchell interview, 54, http://www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/NixonJournalistsWiretapsFBIFiles.pdf.
70. Jacobson to Walters, “Wiretaps on Newspapermen,” Robert Mardian interview, 53, http://www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/NixonJournalistsWiretapsFBIFiles.pdf.
71. William C. Sullivan to William Ruckelshaus, “Sensitive Coverage Placed at Request of the White House,” May 11, 1973, in “FBI Files,” 50, http://www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/NixonJournalistsWiretapsFBIFiles.pdf.
72. O. T. Jacobson to Bucky Walters, “Wiretaps on Newspapermen,” Alexander Haig interview, May 12, 1973, in “FBI Files,” 76, http://www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/NixonJournalistsWiretapsFBIFiles.pdf.
73. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 165-4, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape165/165-004.mp3.
74. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 165-4.
75. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 12, 1973, White House tape 165-19, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape165/165-019.mp3.
76. Hersh, Price of Power, 400.
77. Seymour Hersh, “Dean Tied to Plan for Ring to Spy on 1972 Protests,” New York Times, May 14, 1973.
78. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 13, 1973, White House tape 165-40, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape165/165-040.mp3.
79. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 13, 1973, White House tape 165-40.
80. Holland, Leak, 6.
81. William Ruckelshaus, interview by Timothy Naftali, April 12, 2007, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/ruckelshaus-2007-04-12.pdf.
82. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “FBI Officials Warned Gray of Cover-Up,” Washington Post, May 14, 1973.
83. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 14, 1973, White House tape 917-2, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape917/917-002.mp3.
84. William Ruckelshaus, interview by Timothy Naftali.
85. John Crewdson, “Ruckelshaus Says FBI Tap File, Including the Data on Ellsberg, Was Found in Ehrlichman’s Safe,” New York Times, May 15, 1973.
86. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 308.
87. “Sirica Holds Dean Papers Brought from Bank Vault,” New York Times, May 15, 1973.
88. Marjorie Hunter, “Bid to CIA Cited,” New York Times, May 15, 1973.
89. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 14, 1973, White House tape 426-15, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape426/426-015.mp3.
90. Laurence Stern, “CIA Resisted Lengthy Cover-Up Attempt by White House, Hill Account Reveals,” Washington Post, May 16, 1973.
91. T. J. Smith to E. S. Miller, “Interagency Committee on Intelligence (ad hoc),” May 22, 1973, FBI Files, Luke Nichter private collection.
92. Nixon, Haig, Ziegler, and Buzhardt conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 921-8, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape921/921-008.mp3.
93. Hersh, Price of Power, 400.
94. Seymour Hersh, “President Linked to Taps on Aides,” New York Times, May 16, 1973.
95. Stern, “CIA Resisted Lengthy Cover-Up.”
96. Smith to Miller, “Interagency Committee.”
97. Nixon, Haig, and Buzhardt conversation, May 16, 1973, White House tape 919-32, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape919/919-032.mp3.
98. Nixon, Haig, and Buzhardt conversation, May 16, 1973, White House tape 919-32.
99. Nixon, Haig, and Buzhardt conversation, May 16, 1973, White House tape 920-13, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape920/920-013.mp3.
100. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 318.
101. Downie, New Muckrakers, 44.
102. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, “Vast GOP Undercover Operation Originated in 1969,” Washington Post, May 17, 1973.
103. Nixon, Haig, Buzhardt, and Ziegler conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 921-8, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape921/921-008.mp3.
104. Nixon, Haig, and Buzhardt conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 921-3, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape921/921-003.mp3.
105. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 330.
106. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 438-22, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape438/438-022.mp3.
107. Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 768.
108. Nixon, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman conversation, April 14, 1973, White House tape 428-19, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape428/428-019.mp3.
109. Nixon, Kissinger, and Rogers conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-14, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-014.mp3.
110. Colodny and Shachtman, Forty Years War, 172.
111. Cohen and Witcover, A Heartbeat Away, 78.
112. Spiro Agnew collection, FBI Records, https://vault.fbi.gov/Spiro%20Agnew.
113. James Naughton, “A Low-Key Beginning,” New York Times, May 18, 1973.
114. Nixon, Haig, and Buzhardt conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 921-3.
115. Nixon and Buzhardt conversation, May 17, 1973, White House tape 921-3, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape921/921-003.mp3.
116. Marjorie Hunter, “Symington Cites New Data by CIA,” New York Times, May 19, 1973.
117. Seymour Hersh, “Broad Role Cited,” New York Times, May 17, 1973.
118. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 18, 1973, White House tape 922-7, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape922/922-007.mp3.
119. Robert Welander, interview with Len Colodny, March 28, 1987, transcript, Colodny Collection.
120. Welander, interview with Colodny.
121. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 18, 1973, White House tape 46-116, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape046/046-116.mp3.
122. Nixon and Haldeman conversation, May 18, 1973, White House tape 46-116, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape046/046-116.mp3.
123. Leonard Garment, interview by Timothy Naftali, April 6, 2007, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/garment-2007-04-06.pdf.
124. Presidential daily diary, May 21, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/100%20May%2016-31%201973.pdf.
125. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 21, 1973, White House tape 439-2, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape439/439-002.mp3.
126. William Claiborne, “Nixon Aide Proposed Espionage, Burglaries,” Washington Post, May 22, 1973.
127. Smith to Miller, “Interagency Committee.”
128. “Text of a Statement by the President on Allegations Surrounding Watergate Inquiry,” New York Times, May 23, 1973.
129. “More of the Truth,” New York Times, May 23, 1973.
130. Nixon, RN, 871.
131. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 23, 1973, White House tape 926-4, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape926/926-004a.mp3.
132. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 24, 1973, White House tape 39-16, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape039/039-016.mp3.
133. Nixon and Richardson conversation, May 25, 1973, White House tape 928-12, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape928/928-012.mp3.
1. Van Atta, With Honor, 441.
2. Linda Charlton, “Symington Presses Challenge on Haig,” New York Times, June 3, 1973.
3. Seymour Hersh, “Offers to Talk,” New York Times, June 3, 1973; Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, “Dean Alleges Nixon Knew of Cover-up Plan,” Washington Post, June 3, 1973.
4. Nixon, RN, 874.
5. Nixon and Ziegler conversation, June 3, 1973, White House tape 168-24, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape168/168-024.mp3.
6. Nixon and Haig conversation, June 3, 1973, White House tape 168-36, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape168/168-036.mp3.
7. Nixon and Dean conversation, March 16, 1973, White House tape 37-134, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape037/037-134.mp3.
8. Nixon and Haig conversation, June 3, 1973, White House tape 168-36, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape168/168-036.mp3.
9. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 348.
10. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 349.
11. Nixon and Bull conversation, June 4, 1973, White House tape 441-9, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape441/441-009.mp3.
12. Nixon and Haig conversation, June 4, 1973, White House tape 931-1, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape931/931-001.mp3.
13. Nixon and Haig conversation, June 4, 1973, White House tape 931-1.
14. John Crewdson, “Richardson Bars Security as Issue,” New York Times, June 5, 1973.
15. Senator Lowell Weicker to William Ruckelshaus, June 4, 1973, box 1671, folder 1, Weicker Papers, https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu04106.xml.
16. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 350.
17. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 350.
18. Presidential daily diary, June 11, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/101%20June%201-15%201973.pdf.
19. Nixon, Agnew, and Haig conversation, June 14, 1973, White House tape 940-2, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape940/940-002.mp3.
20. Nixon and Haig conversation, June 18, 1973, White House tape 943-2, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape943/943-002.mp3.
21. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 914.
22. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 916.
23. U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations, Book 3, 974.
24. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 929.
25. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 947.
26. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 998.
27. Nixon and Dean conversation, March 21, 1973, White House tape 886-8, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape886/886-008.mp3.
28. Nixon, RN, 890.
29. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 307.
30. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 1071.
31. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 4, 1368.
32. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 308.
33. Nixon, RN, 893.
34. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 119.
35. Len Garment to Elliot Richardson, June 29, 1973, Len Colodny private collection.
36. Van Atta, With Honor, 445.
37. Van Atta, With Honor, 445.
38. Presidential daily diaries, June 21–July 13, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/102%20June%2016-30%201973.pdf, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/103%20July%201-15%201973.pdf.
1. “Cox Probes Nixon House Purchase,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1973.
2. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 110–12.
3. Larry Higby, interview by Len Colodny, March 26, 1987, transcript, Colodny Collection.
4. Higby, interview by Colodny.
5. Higby, interview by Colodny.
6. Lukas, Nightmare, 410.
7. Thompson, At That Point, 68.
8. William Sullivan interview notes, July 9, 1973, box 1671, folder 1, Weicker Papers.
9. Scott Armstrong to Terry Lenzner, William Sullivan interview notes, July 12, 1973, container B68, U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
10. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 309.
11. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 1823.
12. Nixon, RN, 898.
13. Nixon, RN, 898.
14. Nixon and Haig conversation, July 12, 1973, White House tape 949-12, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape949/949-012.mp3.
15. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 1945.
16. Nixon and Haig conversation, July 12, 1973, White House tape 949-17, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape949/949-017.mp3.
17. Nixon, Haig, Ziegler, and Tkach conversation, July 12, 1973, White House tape 949-12, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape949/949-012.mp3.
18. Presidential daily diary, June 11, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/103%20July%201-15%201973.pdf.
19. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 2066.
20. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 326.
21. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 214.
22. Woodward, Last of the President’s Men, 149.
23. Author’s notes on Scott Armstrong and James Hamilton remarks, June 17, 2017, fortieth anniversary of Watergate panel discussion, Washington DC.
24. Alexander Butterfield, interview with Senate committee staff, transcript, July 13, 1973, container B305, U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
25. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 3, 1016.
26. Butterfield, interview with Senate committee staff.
27. Dash, Chief Counsel, 180.
28. Presidential daily diary, July 13, 1973.
29. Dash, Chief Counsel, 180.
30. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 331.
31. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 331.
32. Nixon and Haig conversation, May 11, 1973, White House tape 916-11, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape916/916-011.mp3.
33. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 391.
34. Alexander Butterfield, pretestimony notes, container C12, U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
35. Alexander Butterfield, interview by Timothy Naftali, June 12, 2008, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/butterfield-2008-06-12.pdf.
36. Dash, Chief Counsel, 180.
37. Thompson, At That Point, 87.
38. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 331.
39. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 333.
40. Presidential daily diary, July 15, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/104%20July%2016-31%201973.pdf.
41. Nixon, RN, 899.
42. Presidential daily diary, July 16, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/104%20July%2016-31%201973.pdf.
43. Dash, Chief Counsel, 181.
44. Califano, Inside, 288.
45. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 2074.
46. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 2090.
47. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 374.
48. Lukas, Nightmare, 420.
49. W. Donald Stewart to Martin Hoffmann, July 16, 1973, Colodny Collection.
50. James Naughton, “Surprise Witness,” New York Times, July 17, 1973.
51. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 5, 2136.
52. Lukas, Nightmare, 420.
53. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 380; Agnew, Go Quietly, 87.
54. Nixon, RN, 901.
55. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 375.
56. Presidential daily diary, July 18, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/104%20July%2016-31%201973.pdf.
57. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 379.
58. Lukas, Nightmare, 420.
59. Lukas, Nightmare, 420.
60. Nixon, RN, 901.
61. R. W. Apple Jr., “Aide Declares President Won’t Turn Over Tapes,” New York Times, July 20, 1973.
62. Nixon, RN, 902.
63. Anthony Ripley, “Special Prosecutor Decides to Take Legal Action Rather Than Resign over Move to Block His Inquiry,” New York Times, July 24, 1973.
64. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 340.
65. Sirica, To Set the Record Straight, 138.
66. Sirica, To Set the Record Straight, 138.
67. Jack Anderson, “My Journal on Watergate,” Parade, July 22, 1973.
68. W. Donald Stewart, memorandum for the record, July 22, 1973, Colodny Collection.
69. Stewart, memorandum for the record.
70. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 340.
71. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 7, 2708.
72. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 7, 2708.
73. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings, Book 7, 2708.
74. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 314.
75. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 314.
76. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 134.
1. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 134–35.
2. Agnew, Go Quietly, 94.
3. Agnew, Go Quietly, 95.
4. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 146.
5. Alfred Hantman to Carl Belcher, “Letter from Leonard Garment Recommending Investigation of W. Donald Stewart,” August 2, 1973, Colodny Collection.
6. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 310.
7. Van Atta, With Honor, 454.
8. Van Atta, With Honor, 454.
9. Ford, A Time to Heal, 101.
10. Agnew, Go Quietly, 96.
11. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 355.
12. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 142.
13. Copaken, Target Culebra, 162.
14. Copaken, Target Culebra, 162.
15. Presidential daily diary, August 6, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/105%20August%201-15%201973.pdf.
16. Agnew, Go Quietly, 103.
17. Presidential daily diary, August 6, 1973.
18. Presidential daily diary, August 7, 1973, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/105%20August%201-15%201973.pdf.
19. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 358.
20. Agnew, Go Quietly, 108; Nixon, RN, 914.
21. Agnew, Go Quietly, 108.
22. Agnew, Go Quietly, 109.
23. Spiro Agnew, interview by Len Colodny, July 28, 1986, transcript, Colodny Collection.
24. Christopher Lydon, “Agnew Says ‘Damned Lies’ to Report of Kickbacks; Doubts He’ll Be Indicted,” New York Times, August 9, 1973.
25. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 355.
26. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 358.
27. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 358.
28. Nixon, Agnew, and Haig conversation, June 14, 1973, White House tape 940-2, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape940/940-002.mp3.
29. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 358.
30. Seymour Hersh, “Laird Approved False Reporting of Secret Raids,” New York Times, August 10, 1973.
31. Seymour Hersh, “Secret 1969 Foray into Laos Reported,” New York Times, August 12, 1973.
32. Dave Philipps, “Secrets, Denial, and Decades Later, a Medal of Honor for a Vietnam Medic,” New York Times, July 30, 2016.
33. Lukas, Nightmare, 420.
34. “Haig’s Job—Officially, Is Illegal,” San Francisco Examiner, July 22, 1973.
35. John Herbers, “Nixon’s Mood Stirs Anxiety; Some Find Him Distraught, Others Say His Spirits Are High,” New York Times, August 14, 1973.
36. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 360.
37. R. W. Apple Jr., “Nixon Asks Watergate Be Left to Courts and Nation,” New York Times, August 16, 1973.
38. William Sullivan, interview by Donald Sanders, August 18, 1973, notes, container B105, U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
39. Agnew, Go Quietly, 132.
40. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 197.
41. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 385.
42. Nixon, RN, 910.
43. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 1973, 722, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/ppotpus/4731942.1973.001/776?rgn=full+text;view=image.
44. Lukas, Nightmare, 434.
45. Sirica, To Set the Record Straight, 159.
1. Presidential daily diary, September 1, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/107%20September%201-15%201973.pdf.
2. Nixon, RN, 915.
3. “Transcript of President News Conference on Foreign and Domestic Matters,” New York Times, September 6, 1973.
4. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 361.
5. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 360.
6. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 360.
7. Nixon, RN, 102.
8. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 360.
9. Lukas, Nightmare, 447.
10. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 220.
11. Agnew, Go Quietly, 142.
12. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 220.
13. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 222; Agnew, Go Quietly, 145; Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 358.
14. Agnew, Go Quietly, 146.
15. Bernard Gwertzman, “Kissinger’s Role in Wiretaps Told to Senate Panel,” New York Times, September 11, 1973.
16. Agnew, Go Quietly, 158.
17. Agnew, Go Quietly, 150.
18. Agnew, Go Quietly, 151.
19. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 363.
20. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 231.
21. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 236.
22. Lukas, Nightmare, 456.
23. Bernard Gwertzman, “Wiretaps Termed No Bar to Approval of Kissinger,” New York Times, September 18, 1973.
24. Carroll Kilpatrick and Lou Cannon, “Agnew Pressure Denied,” Washington Post, September 20, 1973.
25. Kilpatrick and Cannon, “Agnew Pressure Denied.”
26. Agnew, Go Quietly, 155.
27. Agnew, Go Quietly, 157.
28. Agnew, Go Quietly, 158.
29. Presidential daily diary, September 20, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/108%20September%2016-30%201973.pdf.
30. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 244.
31. Lukas, Nightmare, 456.
32. Presidential daily diary, September 21, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/108%20September%2016-30%201973.pdf.
33. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 248.
34. Agnew, Go Quietly, 163.
35. Presidential daily diary, September 25, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/108%20September%2016-30%201973.pdf.
36. Nixon, RN, 915.
37. Nixon, RN, 917; Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 256.
38. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 365.
39. Clare Crawford, “Carl Albert Doesn’t Want to Be President, but He’s Next in Line,” People, November 18, 1974.
40. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 361.
41. Steven Roberts, “Agnew Declares He Will Not Quit; Attacks Inquiry,” New York Times, September 30, 1973.
42. Agnew, Go Quietly, 181.
43. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 365.
44. Lukas, Nightmare, 503.
1. Nixon, RN, 920.
2. Lukas, Nightmare, 503; quote in Nixon, RN, 918; Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 428.
3. Agnew, Go Quietly, 182.
4. James Naughton, “President Backs Agnew’s Refusal to Resign Office,” New York Times, October 4, 1973.
5. Agnew, Go Quietly, 189.
6. Haig, Inner Circles, 366.
7. Agnew, Go Quietly, 190.
8. Agnew, Go Quietly, 190.
9. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 360.
10. Haig, interview by Woodward and Bernstein, September 10, 1974.
11. Document 112, “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” Washington DC, October 6, 1973, 7:22–8:27 p.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 324.
12. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 411.
13. Presidential daily diary, October 6, 1973, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
14. Document 106, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” October 6, 1973, 10:35 a.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 309–12.
15. Document 107, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” October 6, 1973, 12:45 p.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 313.
16. Agnew, Go Quietly, 194.
17. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 322.
18. Cohen and Witcover, Heartbeat Away, 293.
19. Document 107, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 314.
20. Document 107, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 314.
21. Agnew, Go Quietly, 194.
22. Agnew, Go Quietly, 195.
23. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Military Aide Phone Was Tapped,” Washington Post, October 10, 1973.
24. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 392.
25. Ervin, Whole Truth, 241.
26. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 368.
27. Nixon, RN, 926.
28. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 368.
29. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 370.
30. Presidential daily diary, October 10, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
31. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 392.
32. Document 134, “Memorandum of Conversation,” Washington DC, October 9, 1973, 8:20–8:40 a.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 392–96.
33. Presidential daily diary, October 11, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
34. Kissinger and Scowcroft telcon, October 11, 1973, Henry A. Kissinger Telephone Conversation Transcripts, box 22, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/textual/kissinger/telcons.pdf.
35. Lukas, Nightmare, 463.
36. Stephen Bull, interview by author, July 2, 2017.
37. Agnew, Go Quietly, 202.
38. Presidential daily diary, October 14, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
39. Lukas, Nightmare, 475.
40. Lukas, Nightmare, 465.
41. Nixon, RN, 932; Lukas, Nightmare, 465.
42. Lukas, Nightmare, 466.
43. Lukas, Nightmare, 466.
44. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 396.
45. Frank Van Riper, “FBI and Political Spying,” New York Daily News, October 14, 1973.
46. Richard McGowan to Lowell Weicker, undated, box 1671, folder 1, Weicker Papers.
47. Locker, Nixon’s Gamble, 200.
48. William Sullivan to Lowell Weicker, October 16, 1973, box 1671, folder 1, Weicker Papers.
49. William Sullivan to New York Daily News, October 16, 1973, box 1671, folder 1, Weicker Papers.
50. Lukas, Nightmare, 468.
51. “Ervin Panel Loses in Suit for Tapes,” New York Times, October 18, 1973.
52. Lukas, Nightmare, 469.
53. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 399; Lukas, Nightmare, 470.
54. Nixon, RN, 929.
55. Lukas, Nightmare, 471; Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 345.
56. Lukas, Nightmare, 473.
57. Lukas, Nightmare, 473.
58. Lukas, Nightmare, 474.
59. Nixon, RN, 931.
60. Lukas, Nightmare, 478.
61. Nixon, RN, 931.
62. Document 214, “Backchannel Message from Secretary of State Kissinger to the Egyptian Presidential Adviser for National Security Affairs (Ismail),” Washington DC, undated, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 622–23.
63. Lukas, Nightmare, 478.
64. Lukas, Nightmare, 476; Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 353.
65. Lukas, Nightmare, 477.
66. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 402.
67. Presidential daily diary, October 19, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
68. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 404.
69. Lukas, Nightmare, 478.
70. Lukas, Nightmare, 480.
71. William Ruckelshaus, interview by Timothy Naftali, April 12, 2007, RNPLM, 26, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/histories/ruckelshaus-2007-04-12.pdf.
72. Presidential daily diary, October 20, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
73. “Ziegler Statement and Texts of Letters,” New York Times, October 21, 1973.
74. Douglas Kneeland, “Bork Takes Over,” New York Times, October 21, 1973.
75. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 407.
76. Document 218, “Telegram from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to Secretary of State Kissinger,” October 20, 1973, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 628.
77. Document 220, “Telegram from Secretary of State Kissinger to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft),” October 21, 1973, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 633.
78. Document 223, “Telegram from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to Secretary of State Kissinger,” Washington DC, October 21, 1973, 1538Z, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 643–44.
79. Document 234, “Telegram from the White House Chief of Staff (Haig) to Secretary of State Kissinger in Tel Aviv,” Washington DC, October 22, 1973, 1754Z, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 668–69.
80. Alexander Haig, interview by Bob Woodward, October 22, 1973, Series 1, Woodward, Subseries B, The Final Days, container 76.5, Woodward and Bernstein Watergate Papers, http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00365&kw=woodward.
81. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Richardson Felt Nixon Curbed Probe,” Washington Post, October 23, 1973.
82. Haig, interview by Woodward.
83. Haig, Inner Circles, 323.
84. Benton Becker, interview by Richard Norton Smith, June 9, 2009, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum (hereafter GRFPLM), https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Benton-Becker.pdf.
85. John Crewdson, “Richardson Says White House Aides Suggested Ousting Cox before He Balked,” New York Times, October 24, 1973.
86. John Herbers, “President Talks to Press Tonight,” New York Times, October 25, 1973.
87. Lesley Oelsner, “Abrupt Reversal,” New York Times, October 24, 1973.
88. Nixon, RN, 936.
89. Document 259, “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” Washington DC, October 24, 1973, 10:21–11:11 a.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 711–19.
90. Document 262, “Message from Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev to President Nixon,” Moscow, October 24, 1973, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 727–28.
91. Nixon, RN, 938.
92. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 415.
93. Document 268, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 736–37.
94. Document 267, “Message from Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev to President Nixon,” Moscow, undated, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 734–35.
95. Kissinger, Crisis, 346; presidential daily diary, October 24, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
96. Document 269, “Memorandum for the Record,” CJCS Memo M-88-73, Washington DC, October 24/25, 1973, 10:30 p.m.–3:30 a.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 737–42.
97. Document 269, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 737–42.
98. Document 269, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 741.
99. John Herbers, “Nixon’s Motives Questioned and Defended,” New York Times, October 26, 1973.
100. John Herbers, “A Fatigued Nixon Asserts He Will Not Quit His Post,” New York Times, October 27, 1973.
101. Document 285, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” Washington DC, October 26, 1973, 7:55 p.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 764–65.
102. Kissinger, Crisis, 384.
103. Document 285, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 764–65.
104. Presidential daily diary, October 26, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1973/109%20October%201-15%201973.pdf.
105. Document 285, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 765.
106. Document 293, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” Washington DC, October 27, 1973, 12:28 p.m., in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 778.
107. John Crewdson, “Bork Asserts He’d Press White House for Evidence,” New York Times, October 25, 1973.
108. Morris Leibman to J. Edgar Hoover, October 6, 1961, vol. 9, 167, American Bar Association FBI Files, https://ia800504.us.archive.org/22/items/ABA-FBI/ABA-HQ-34.pdf.
109. Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King, 36.
110. Beverly Gage, “What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals,” New York Times, November 11, 2014.
111. H. L. Edwards to Mr. Malone, “American Bar Association Standing Committee on Education against Communism Committee Meeting, Washington, D.C., 9/30/62,” vol. 12, 145, American Bar Association FBI Files, https://archive.org/stream/ABA-FBI/ABA-HQ-37#page/n0.
112. Edwards to Malone, “American Bar Association,” 146.
113. Lyndon Johnson news conference, September 9, 1964, in Public Papers of the President, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1964: Book 2, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26491.
114. Morris Leibman to J. Edgar Hoover, January 10, 1966, vol. 17, 212, American Bar Association FBI Files, https://archive.org/stream/ABA-FBI/ABA-HQ-42#page/n1.
115. Presidential daily diary, December 5, 1973, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1969/019%20December%201-15%201969.pdf.
116. Donald Marshall to Vernon Walters, July 19, 1973, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80R01731R001900060019-0.pdf.
117. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 75.
118. Harry Hurt III, “Have Conscience, Will Travel,” Texas Monthly, November 1977.
119. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 438.
120. Oral Memoirs of Leon Jaworski, vol. 2, interviews 7–9, March 13, 1979–May 23, 1979, 504, 498.
121. Warren Weaver Jr., “Court Informed,” New York Times, November 1, 1973.
122. Nixon, RN, 945.
123. Oral Memoirs of Leon Jaworski, vol. 2, 514.
124. Oral Memoirs of Leon Jaworski, vol. 2, 504.
125. Lukas, Nightmare, 494.
126. United States v. Egil Krogh Jr., motion for discovery, October 31, 1973, Colodny Collection.
127. “Where the Cox Probe Left Off,” Time, November 5, 1973.
1. “The Strange Case of the Missing Tapes,” Washington Post, November 1, 1973.
2. Nixon, RN, 945.
3. Drew, Washington Journal, 94.
4. Douglas Kneeland, “White House Says Nixon Doesn’t Intend to Resign,” New York Times, November 3, 1973.
5. Warren Weaver Jr., “Aide Says Nixon Knew on Sept. 29 of Lack of Tapes,” New York Times, November 2, 1973.
6. Drew, Washington Journal, 98.
7. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 22.
8. Nixon, RN, 946.
9. Nixon, RN, 946.
10. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 426.
11. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 427.
12. Clare Crawford, “Carl Albert Doesn’t Want to Be President, but He’s Next in Line,” People, November 18, 1974.
13. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 427.
14. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 333.
15. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 374.
16. Warren Weaver Jr., “Sirica Calls Nixon’s Secretary to Testify in the Tapes Inquiry,” New York Times, November 7, 1973.
17. John Herbers, “Fewer Aides See Nixon as Haig’s Role Increases,” New York Times, November 8, 1973.
18. Douglas Kneeland, “Nixon Has No Intention of Leaving White House,” New York Times, November 8, 1973.
19. George Lardner Jr., “Nixon Aide Testifies,” Washington Post, November 8, 1973.
20. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, “Tapes Have Puzzling ‘Gap,’ Parts ‘Inaudible,’” Washington Post, November 8, 1973.
21. Warren Weaver Jr., “Miss Woods Says Tapes Contain Inaudible Parts,” New York Times, November 9, 1973.
22. Sam Powers, interview by Len Colodny, January 21, 1988, transcript, Colodny Collection.
23. Morris Leibman to J. Edgar Hoover, January 10, 1966, vol. 17, American Bar Association FBI Files.
24. Document 325, “Telegram from the White House Chief of Staff (Haig) to Secretary of State Kissinger in Amman,” Washington DC, November 8, 1973, 0423Z, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 910–11.
25. Warren Weaver Jr., “Nixon Offers Sirica Data on the Two Conversations,” New York Times, November 13, 1973.
26. Leon Jaworski notes of November 11, 1973, meeting with Alexander Haig and J. Fred Buzhardt, Leon Jaworski File, Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force.
27. Jaworski notes with Haig and Buzhardt.
28. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 36.
29. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
30. Powers, interview by Colodny.
31. Geoffrey C. Shepard, interview by Terry Good, September 11, 1974, transcript, Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, National Archives and Records Administration, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/exitinterviews/shepard-exit.pdf.
32. Bill Kovach, “St. Clair Control of Case Doubted,” New York Times, April 16, 1974.
33. Richard Nixon, Question-and-Answer Session at the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association, Orlando, Florida, November 17, 1973, in Public Papers of the Presidents, Richard Nixon: 1973, 334, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4046.
34. Nixon, RN, 957.
35. Haig, Inner Circles, 433.
36. Nixon, RN, 957.
37. Nixon, RN, 950.
38. David Rosenbaum, “Another Section of Tapes Is Blank,” New York Times, November 22, 1973.
39. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 434.
40. W. Donald Stewart to Donald Sanders, December 1, 1973, Colodny Collection.
1. John Herbers, “State of Nixon’s Health Is a Dimension of Watergate Affair Constantly Being Gauged,” New York Times, December 4, 1973.
2. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Stennis Denial,” Washington Post, December 5, 1973.
3. Lesley Oelsner, “Haig Says Gap in Tape Disturbed Nixon,” New York Times, December 6, 1973.
4. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 82.
5. Lesley Oelsner, “Haig Says White House Feared ‘Sinister Force’ Ruined Tapes but Now Feels Miss Woods Is to Blame,” New York Times, December 6, 1973.
6. Oelsner, “Haig Says White House.”
7. James Naughton, “A Watershed for Nixon,” New York Times, December 7, 1973.
8. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 441.
9. Tom Wicker, “Nixon and Ford,” New York Times, December 8, 1973.
10. Marjorie Hunter, “Ford Says Nixon Told Him He Won’t Resign Presidency,” New York Times, December 9, 1973.
11. Shenon, Cruel and Shocking Act, 79.
12. Ford, A Time to Heal, 77.
13. Seymour Hersh, “Nixon’s Role on Plumbers: His Talks with Leaders Recalled,” New York Times, December 10, 1973.
14. Hersh, “Nixon’s Role.”
15. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 303.
16. Document 389, “Backchannel Message from Secretary of State Kissinger to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft),” Cairo, December 14, 1973, 0045Z, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 1056–59.
17. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 103.
18. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 441.
19. Document 389, in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 1056–59.
20. Dan Thomasson, interview by Len Colodny, August 21, 1990, transcript, Colodny Collection.
21. Dash, Chief Counsel, 224.
22. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 75.
23. Alexander Haig, interview by Martha Kumar, December 22, 1999, transcript, White House interview program, RNPLM, https://www.archives.gov/files/presidential-libraries/research/transition-interviews/pdf/haig.pdf.
24. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 47.
25. Oral Memoirs of Leon Jaworski, vol. 2, 555.
26. Elmo Zumwalt interview with Alfred Goldberg and Maurice Matloff, October 22, 1991, transcript, Historical Office of the Secretary of Defense, 43, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/oral_history/OH_Trans_Zumwalt,%20Elmo%2010-22-1991.pdf?ver=2016-06-20-114138-600.
27. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
28. Zumwalt, interview with Goldberg and Matloff.
29. R. W. Apple Jr., “Nixon Feels Trip ‘Scored Points,’” New York Times, December 28, 1973.
30. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 55.
31. Nixon, RN, 973.
1. Lukas, Nightmare, 572.
2. Dan Thomasson, interview by Len Colodny, August 21, 1990, transcript, Colodny Collection.
3. Charles Radford, interview by Robert Gettlin, March 11, 1989, transcript, Colodny Collection.
4. W. Donald Stewart, memorandum for the record, January 7, 1974, Colodny Collection.
5. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 380; Donald Stewart, memorandum for the record, January 7, 1974, Colodny Collection.
6. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 57.
7. Stewart, memorandum for the record.
8. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 75.
9. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 445.
10. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 115.
11. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 56.
12. Nixon, RN, 978.
13. Robert Welander, interview with Len Colodny, transcript, March 28, 1987, Colodny Collection.
14. Jim Squires, “Probers Charge Pentagon Spied on Kissinger in 1971,” Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1974.
15. Seymour Hersh, “A Military ‘Ring’ Linked to Spying on White House,” New York Times, January 12, 1974.
16. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Pentagon Got Secret Data of Kissinger’s,” Washington Post, January 12, 1974.
17. Seymour Hersh, “Blackmail Laid to Official in Pentagon ‘Spy’ Inquiry,” New York Times, January 13, 1974.
18. Seymour Hersh, interview by Len Colodny, February 4, 1987, transcript, Colodny Collection.
19. Hersh, interview by Colodny.
20. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “The Plumbers,” Washington Post, January 13, 1974.
21. Document 234, “Minutes of Secretary of Defense Laird’s Armed Forces Policy Council Meeting,” Washington DC, December 6, 1971, 9:37–10:40 a.m., in Smith, South Asia Crisis, 652–55.
22. Document 274, “Memorandum of Conversation,” New York, December 10, 1971, 6:05–7:55 p.m., in Smith, South Asia Crisis, 751–63.
23. Van Atta, With Honor, 298.
24. Seymour Hersh, “Report on Data Leak Said to Have Named Moorer,” New York Times, January 14, 1974.
25. Seymour Hersh, “Officials Dispute Military Spy Plan,” New York Times, January 16, 1974.
26. Michael Getler, “Alleged Pentagon Spying Probed,” Washington Post, January 16, 1974.
27. Seymour Hersh, “Stennis to Examine ‘Spying’ by Military,” New York Times, January 15, 1974.
28. Getler, “Alleged Pentagon Spying Probed.”
29. Getler, “Alleged Pentagon Spying Probed.”
30. Lesley Oelsner, “White House Vows Full Cooperation on Tape,” New York Times, January 17, 1974.
31. Jack Anderson, “Pentagon Spied Out of Frustration,” Washington Post, January 17, 1974.
32. W. Donald Stewart to Martin Hoffmann, January 21, 1974, Colodny Collection.
33. Seymour Hersh, “Kissinger Says He Heard Tape of ‘Plumbers’ Inquiry,” New York Times, January 23, 1974.
34. Stewart to Hoffmann, January 21, 1974.
35. “Pentagon Aide Cited in Plot to Lead FBI,” New York Times, January 25, 1974.
36. Seymour Hersh, “Defense Official Denies Pressure,” New York Times, January 25, 1974.
37. Melvin Laird, interview by Len Colodny, October 28, 1986, Colodny Collection.
38. Stewart to Hoffmann, January 21, 1974.
39. Document 292, Editorial Note, in Qaimmaqami, Energy Crisis, 820.
40. Document 242, in Qaimmaqami, Energy Crisis, 821.
41. David Rosenbaum, “A Pledge to Stay,” New York Times, January 31, 1974.
42. Seymour Hersh, “Kissinger Called on Alleged Spying,” New York Times, February 1, 1974.
1. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 87.
2. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, and Wickham, memorandum of conversation, February 1, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552657.pdf.
3. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, Wickham, memorandum of conversation.
4. Seymour Hersh, “Spying in the White House Said to Have Begun in ’70,” New York Times, February 3, 1974.
5. Seymour Hersh, “Senator Hughes Asks Public Military Spy Hearings; Breaks with Stennis on Closed Kissinger Session,” New York Times, February 4, 1974.
6. Seymour Hersh, “Moorer Concedes He Got Documents,” New York Times, February 6, 1974.
7. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 1, 28.
8. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 1, 46.
9. Seymour Hersh, “Kissinger Scores Military Spying,” New York Times, February 7, 1974.
10. “Yeoman Quoted as Saying Admirals Asked Files,” New York Times, February 8, 1974.
11. W. Donald Stewart to Martin Hoffmann, “Moorer-Welander-Radford Matter,” February 8, 1974, Colodny Collection.
12. Document 308, “Draft Telegram from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to Secretary of State Kissinger in Panama,” February 7, 1974, in Qaimmaqami, Energy Crisis, 865.
13. Presidential daily diary, February 7, 1974, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1974/117%20February%201-15%201974.pdf.
14. Nixon, Ambassador Al Sowayel, Scowcroft, memorandum of conversation, February 7, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552659.pdf.
15. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 393.
16. Stewart to Hoffmann, “Moorer-Welander-Radford.”
17. “Stennis Hears Yeoman’s Story; Praises Him for Forthrightness,” New York Times, February 10, 1974.
18. W. Donald Stewart, memorandum for the record, February 12, 1974, Colodny Collection.
19. Document 319, “Transcript of a Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” February 11, 1974, in Qaimmaqami, Energy Crisis, 895.
20. Document 323, “Transcript of a Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” February 14, 1974, in Qaimmaqami, Energy Crisis, 903.
21. W. Donald Stewart, interview by Senator Howard Baker, February 19, 1974, container C112, U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
22. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 6.
23. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 12.
24. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 12.
25. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 221.
26. Elmo Zumwalt interview with Alfred Goldberg and Maurice Matloff, October 22, 1991, transcript, Historical Office of the Secretary of Defense, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/oral_history/OH_Trans_Zumwalt,%20Elmo%2010-22-1991.pdf?ver=2016-06-20-114138-600.
27. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 148.
28. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 162.
29. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 159.
30. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 210.
31. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 2, 231.
32. Seymour Hersh, “Nixon Said to Have Balked at Charges in Secrets Theft,” New York Times, February 24, 1974.
33. Oral Memoirs of Leon Jaworski, vol. 2, interviews 7–9, March 13, 1979–May 23, 1979, 555.
34. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 449.
35. John Herbers, “Nixon Asserts a Criminal Charge Is Required for Impeachment; He Does Not Expect House to Act,” New York Times, February 26, 1974.
1. Anthony Ripley, “Federal Grand Jury Indicts 7 Nixon Aides on Charges of Conspiracy on Watergate: Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell on List,” New York Times, March 1, 1974.
2. Lukas, Nightmare, 522.
3. James Naughton, “A Legal Question,” New York Times, March 3, 1974.
4. John Herbers, “Haig, a Strong Right Arm, Replaces 2 Indicted Men,” New York Times, March 3, 1974.
5. “Admiral Says Ehrlichman Asked His Confession in Spying Case,” New York Times, March 3, 1974.
6. Michael Getler, “White House Had Channel to Pentagon,” Washington Post, March 3, 1974.
7. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, and Wickham, memorandum of conversation, March 6, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552666.pdf.
8. John Herbers, “Nixon Insists He Didn’t Authorize Hush Money in Watergate Cases; Offers Testimony to Rodino Unit,” New York Times, March 7, 1974.
9. Marjorie Hunter, “GOP Begins to Rally around Ford; Growing Crowds Hail New Boldness,” New York Times, March 9, 1974.
10. “2 on Judiciary Panel Criticize Nixon for Not Disclosing Tapes,” New York Times, March 11, 1974.
11. Bernard Nussbaum, interview by Timothy Naftali, October 1, 2011, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/nussbaum-2011-10-01.pdf.
12. William Weld, interview by Timothy Naftali, September 28, 2011, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/weld-2011-09-28.pdf.
13. Evan Davis, interview by Timothy Naftali, September 29, 2011, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/davis-2011-09-29.pdf.
14. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 9.
15. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 13.
16. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 27.
17. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 38.
18. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Transmittal of Documents, Part 3, 40.
19. “Ford Bars Plea That Nixon Quit,” New York Times, March 12, 1974.
20. Jerry Jones, interview by Len Colodny, January 23, 1988, transcript, Colodny Collection.
21. Jones, interview by Colodny.
22. Susanna McBee, “Officials Must Report a Crime,” Washington Post, March 13, 1974.
23. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Last Payoff in Cover-Up Pinpointed,” Washington Post, March 15, 1974.
24. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, memorandum of conversation, March 19, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552671.pdf.
25. Jack Nelson, “Hush Money Tape Held ‘Explosive’ in Backing Dean Story,” Los Angeles Times, March 23, 1974.
26. John Herbers, “White House Says Court Was Told 10 of Nixon’s Talks Aren’t on Tape,” New York Times, March 29, 1974.
1. Bill Kovach, “House Judiciary Staff on Impeachment Begins,” New York Times, April 4, 1974.
2. Lesley Oelsner, “Nixon Lawyer Argues Against Release of Dean Tapes,” New York Times, April 3, 1974.
3. Marjorie Hunter, “Tape Compromise Favored by Ford,” New York Times, April 6, 1974.
4. Woodward and Bernstein, All the President’s Men, 270.
5. John D. O’Connor, “I’m the Guy They Called Deep Throat,” Vanity Fair, July 2005.
6. “Nixon Fares Better in Ratings,” Times-News (Burlington NC), April 8, 1974.
7. Bill Kovach, “House Subpoena Bids President Turn Over Tapes, Other Material; White House May Yield Some Data,” New York Times, April 12, 1974.
8. Christopher Lydon, “A Passive Electorate,” New York Times, April 14, 1974.
9. Haig, Inner Circles, 447.
10. Bill Kovach, “St. Clair Control of Case Doubted,” New York Times, April 16, 1974.
11. John J. Chester, interview by Sam Rushay and Sam McClure, July 3, 2002, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/chester-2002-07-30.pdf.
12. William Saxbe, interview by Karl Weissenbach and Sam Rushay, July 30, 2002, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/histories/saxbe-2002-09-27.pdf.
13. Dick Polman, “Al Haig, the Long Goodbye,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 22, 2010.
14. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 134.
15. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 451.
16. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, memorandum of conversation, April 23, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552698.pdf.
17. Document 82, “Memorandum from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to President Ford,” October 25, 1974, in Mahan, SALT II, 398.
18. Kissinger, Schlesinger, Scowcroft, memorandum of conversation, April 23, 1974.
19. Document 64, “Minutes of a Meeting of the Verification Panel,” in Mahan, SALT II, 243.
20. Martin Arnold, “Mitchell and Stans Are Acquitted on All Counts,” New York Times, April 29, 1974.
21. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 131.
22. Haig, St. Clair, Cabinet, memorandum of conversation, April 29, 1974, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1552700.pdf.
23. John Herbers, “Nixon Will Give Edited Transcripts on Watergate to House and the Public; Notes Ambiguities, Insists He Is Innocent,” New York Times, April 30, 1974.
24. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 452.
25. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 453.
26. R. W. Apple Jr., “White House Accuses Dean of Attempting to Blackmail Nixon to Gain Immunity,” New York Times, April 30, 1974.
1. James Naughton, “Nixon Depicted in Transcripts as Having Searched for Ways to Hide Details of Watergate,” New York Times, May 1, 1974.
2. John Herbers, “House Faces Bar on Nixon Material,” New York Times, May 2, 1974.
3. Califano, Inside, 299.
4. “Haig, on Nixon’s Order, Refuses Questions of Watergate Panel,” New York Times, May 3, 1974.
5. James Naughton, “Rodino Aides Find Their Transcripts Vary from Nixon,” New York Times, May 2, 1974.
6. Drew, Washington Journal, 261.
7. John Herbers, “Move Is Surprise,” New York Times, May 6, 1974.
8. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 135.
9. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 455.
10. Presidential daily diary, May 6, 1974, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1974/123%20May%201-15%201974.pdf.
11. Nixon, RN, 1001.
12. Nixon, RN, 1001.
13. Presidential daily diary, May 6, 1974.
14. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 455.
15. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 136.
16. Drew, Washington Journal, 270.
17. George Lardner Jr., “Sirica Seals Memo Seeking More Tapes,” Washington Post, May 12, 1974.
18. Drew, Washington Journal, 274.
19. Seymour Hersh, “Nixon Use of Ethnic Epithets Is Reported,” New York Times, May 12, 1974.
20. Document 56, “Telegram from Secretary of State Kissinger to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft),” May 14, 1974, 0840Z, in Howard, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 277.
21. Nixon, RN, 1001.
22. Kutler, The Wars of Watergate, 536.
23. Document 66, “Telegram from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to Secretary of State Kissinger,” Washington DC, May 21, 1974, 1431Z, in Howard, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 290–91.
24. Seymour Hersh, “Judge Denies US Security Justified Ellsberg Break-In,” New York Times, May 25, 1974.
25. Marjorie Hunter, “Nixon-Ford Friendship Seems Strained,” New York Times, May 28, 1974.
26. Presidential daily diary, May 23, 1974, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1974/124%20May%2016-31%201974.pdf.
27. Hunter, “Nixon-Ford Friendship.”
28. Lukas, Nightmare, 610.
29. Nixon, RN, 1006.
30. Seymour Hersh, “‘Plumbers’ Case Dismissal Opposed,” New York Times, June 1, 1974; Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 408.
1. Drew, Washington Journal, 283.
2. Doris Kearns Goodwin, review of All the President’s Men, New York Times, June 9, 1974.
3. Richard Whalen, “Putting It All Together,” Washington Post, June 3, 1974.
4. Seymour Hersh, “Colson Pleads Guilty to Charge in Ellsberg Case and Is Expected to Aid Jaworski and Rodino Panel,” New York Times, June 4, 1974.
5. Lesley Oelsner, “‘Pushing of Keys’ Caused Tape Gap, Experts Assert,” New York Times, June 5, 1974.
6. Laurence Stern, “Nixon Attributed Taps to Kissinger,” Washington Post, June 5, 1974.
7. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 457.
8. Lukas, Nightmare, 552.
9. Anthony Ripley, “Jury Named Nixon a Co-conspirator but Didn’t Indict,” New York Times, June 7, 1974.
10. Seymour Hersh, “Kissinger Linked to Order to FBI Ending Wiretaps,” New York Times, June 9, 1974.
11. Hersh, Price of Power, 400.
12. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 457.
13. Stephen Bull, interview by author, July 2, 2017.
14. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 458.
15. Bernard Gwertzman, “Kissinger Threat Culminates Long Dispute,” New York Times, June 12, 1974.
16. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 458.
17. John Crewdson, “FBI Tied Tap Requests to Kissinger or Gen. Haig,” New York Times, June 12, 1974.
18. John Crewdson, “Wiretap Inquiry Is Said Not to Aim at Kissinger Role,” New York Times, June 14, 1974.
19. Bernard Gwertzman, “Capital Rallying Round Kissinger; Vindication Asked,” New York Times, June 14, 1974.
20. Gwertzman, “Capital Rallying.”
21. Bull, interview by author.
22. David Rosenbaum, “An Explanation: Cox Ouster Spurred House Inquiry,” New York Times, June 19, 1974.
23. “Kissinger Quoted on Ordering Taps,” New York Times, June 20, 1974.
24. Nixon, RN, 1014.
25. Document 68, “Minutes of a Meeting of the National Security Council,” Washington DC, June 20, 1974, 3:10–5:10 p.m., in Mahan, SALT II, 266–75.
26. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 462.
27. Nixon, RN, 1024.
28. Nixon, RN, 1027.
1. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, A Resolution, Book 1, 55.
2. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, A Resolution, Book 1, 58.
3. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, A Resolution, Book 1, 58.
4. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, A Resolution, Book 1, 59.
5. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, A Resolution, Book 1, 61.
6. Alexander Butterfield, interview by Len Colodny, March 26, 1987, transcript, Colodny Collection.
7. Presidential daily diary, July 4, 1974, RNPLM, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1974/127%20July%201974.pdf.
8. Nixon, RN, 1042.
9. Lukas, Nightmare, 563.
10. Warren Weaver Jr., “High Court Hears 3 Hours of Debate in Nixon Cases and Reserves Its Decision,” New York Times, July 9, 1974.
11. John Herbers, “President Withheld Part of Tape on Cover-Up Talk,” New York Times, July 11, 1974.
12. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 470.
13. Nixon, RN, 1045.
14. Califano, Inside, 299–303.
15. James Naughton, “St. Clair Quotes a Withheld Tape to Support Nixon,” New York Times, July 19, 1974.
16. Nixon, RN, 1047.
17. “The Summation,” New York Times, July 21, 1974.
18. Nixon, RN, 1052.
19. Nixon, RN, 1049.
20. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 471.
21. Nixon, RN, 1051.
22. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 472.
23. Nixon, RN, 1052; Lukas, Nightmare, 573; Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 263.
24. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
25. Jerry Jones, interview by Richard Norton Smith, January 26, 2009, GRFPLM, https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Jerry-Jones.pdf.
26. Lukas, Nightmare, 584.
27. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 476.
28. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 491.
29. Lukas, Nightmare, 615.
30. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 493.
31. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 493.
32. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
1. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
2. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 480.
3. Hartmann, Palace Politics, 124.
4. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
5. Gerald R. Ford, Statement and Responses to Questions from Members of the House Judiciary Committee Concerning the Pardon of Richard Nixon, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford, 1974, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=4471.
6. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
7. Ford, A Time to Heal, 1.
8. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
9. Ford, A Time to Heal, 10.
10. Ford, Statement and Responses.
11. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
12. “Jaworski Studies 2 Altered Memos,” New York Times, August 3, 1974.
13. Lukas, Nightmare, 603.
14. Douglas Kneeland, “Ford Sees Odds in House Shifting to Impeachment,” New York Times, August 3, 1974.
15. John Herbers, “Nixon Calls Aides in Possible Move on Impeachment,” New York Times, August 5, 1974.
16. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 208.
17. “President Considered Resigning but Rejected Idea, Aides Assert,” New York Times, August 5, 1974.
18. Ford, A Time to Heal, 16.
19. John Herbers, “Top Aides Rally,” New York Times, August 7, 1974.
20. Bernard Gwertzman, “Fulbright Panel Clears Kissinger on Wiretap Role,” New York Times, August 7, 1974.
21. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 423.
22. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
23. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
24. Bernard Gwertzman, “Ford Promises That He and Kissinger Will Continue Nixon’s Foreign Policy,” New York Times, August 9, 1974.
25. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 217.
26. John Herbers, “The 37th President Is First to Quit Post,” New York Times, August 9, 1974.
27. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 217; Hersh, “The Pardon.”
28. Marjorie Hunter, “A Plea to Bind Up Watergate Wounds,” New York Times, August 10, 1974.
29. Jerry Jones, interview by Richard Norton Smith, January 26, 2009, GRFPLM, https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Jerry-Jones.pdf.
30. Lesley Oelsner, “Aide Doubtful That Ford Would Give Nixon Pardon,” New York Times, August 10, 1974.
31. Jones, interview by Smith.
32. Jones, interview by Smith.
33. Stephen Bull, interview by author, July 2, 2017.
34. Jones, interview by Smith.
35. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 513.
36. John Crewdson, “Scott Says Capitol Leaders Oppose Nixon Prosecution,” New York Times, August 12, 1974.
37. Benton Becker, interview by Richard Norton Smith, June 9, 2009, GRFPLM, https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Benton-Becker.pdf.
38. Becker, interview by Smith.
39. John Crewdson, “White House Says Tapes Are Nixon’s Own Property,” New York Times, August 15, 1973.
40. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
41. Hersh, “The Pardon.”
42. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 231.
43. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 231.
44. Werth, 31 Days, 213.
45. John Herbers, “Decision Put Off,” New York Times, August 29, 1974.
46. Werth, 31 Days, 222.
47. Werth, 31 Days, 222.
48. Benton L. Becker, “History and Background of Nixon Pardon,” box 2, Nixon Pardon—Becker’s Memorandum folder, Benton L. Becker Papers, GRFPLM, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0238/1126646.pdf.
49. Burdick v. United States, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/236/79/.
50. Becker, “History and Background.”
51. Jaworski, Right and the Power, 228–30.
52. Becker, “History and Background.”
53. John Herbers, “No Conditions Set,” New York Times, September 9, 1974.
54. Herbers, “No Conditions Set.”
1. Haig, interview by Woodward and Bernstein, September 10, 1974.
2. Brinkley and Nichter, The Nixon Tapes, 335.
3. Colodny and Gettlin, Silent Coup, 82.
4. Haig, interview by Woodward and Bernstein.
5. Woodward and Bernstein, Final Days, 403.
6. Document 268, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Kissinger and the White House Chief of Staff (Haig),” in Howland and Daigle, Arab-Israeli Crisis, 737.
7. Haig, interview by Woodward and Bernstein.
8. Lasky, “The Woodstein Ripoff,” https://aim.org/publications/aim_report/1976/10a.html.
9. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 323.
10. Leslie Gelb, “Successor to Haig,” New York Times, September 25, 1974.
11. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 518.
12. Haig and McCarry, Inner Circles, 519.
13. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “Ford Disputed on Events Preceding Nixon Pardon,” Washington Post, December 8, 1975.
14. Califano, Inside, 388.
15. Bob Woodward, “Don’t Subpoena the Tapes,” Washington Post, January 15, 1981.
16. Steven Roberts, “Haig Is Confirmed by Senate, 93 to 6,” New York Times, January 22, 1981.
17. Colodny and Shachtman, The Forty Years War, 295.
18. William Clark, interview by Stephen F. Knott, Ronald Reagan Oral History Project, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-clark-oral-history-assistant-president.