A

Abrams, Elliott, 57, 69, 147, 160, 167, 201, 242

academic repression, 205, 264n2

Agitprop, 190

Alkassar, Monzer, 60

Allende regime, xi, 185

Americas Watch, 71–72, 80–81, 237, 281n80, 297n2

objection to terrorism, viii

report on deaths, 101–2

Aquino, Corazon, 124

Arens, Moshe, 180

Arévalo, Héctor Marroquín, 234

Arévalo, Juan José, 124–25

Arias, Oscar, 158

plans for peace, 9–10, 110, 115, 121, 132–36, 138–47, 156

speech to legislators, 166

Astorga, Nora, 116, 296n14

Azcona, José Simón, 241, 242, 287n50

 

B

Bailey, Thomas, xx–xxi

Baptist Convention in Nicaragua, 209, 295n18

Barnes, Michael, 109, 282n3

Belnick, Mark, 114

Berlin bombing, 275n14

Borge, Tomás, x–xi, 220–21

Bork, Robert, 24, 266–7n3

Bourgeois, Roy, 245

Brazil, 104, 185–86

Brazilian National Commission of Clergy, 209

Brezhnev, Leonid, xi, 50, 173

Britain

See Great Britain

Brooks, Jack, 38

Brunei, Sultan of, 36

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 177

Buckley, William, 183

Bundy, McGeorge, 47

Bundy, William, 71

Bush, George H. W., 30

Bush, George W., xii, xvii

 

C

Calero, Adolfo, 61, 71, 76–77, 82, 93–94

Cameron, Bruce, 61, 105, 281n80

Canada, 31, 49–51, 116, 152

Carothers, Thomas, xv

Carriles, Luis Posada, 36

Carter, Jimmy, 25, 83

Carter administration, 29, 76, 175–81

Casanova, Vides, 102

Casey, William, 47, 62, 88, 178–79

Castañeda, Jorge, 80

Catholic Institute of International Relations, 208–9

CDHES

See Salvadoran Human Rights Commission

Central America

economic conditions in, 51–53, 174, 209, 234–35

regional standards advocated by US, 252–53

and US terrorism in, vii–ix, xvi–xviii, xix, 24–28, 35–37, 40, 48–49, 69, 76, 78–79, 98–99, 107–8, 111, 185, 208, 248–49

See also specific countries

Central American Accords, 11, 12, 49

“Central American mode,” xvi, 25, 46–47, 90, 169, 251–52

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

and attack on Hmong, 78

in Honduras, 241–42

and Indonesia, 184, 192

and Iran, 170, 176–83

paramilitary agents in El Salvador, 25

and US aggression against Nicaragua, 35–37, 39, 44, 56, 60–63, 70, 74, 77, 81–83, 89–90, 94–95, 117, 123–24, 167, 241, 261, 276n23

Cerezo, Vinicio, 140, 238–39

César, Alfredo, 87

Chamorro, Edgar, 94–95, 122

Chamorro, Fernando, 86

Chamorro, Pedro Joaquín, 123, 152, 154

“Change of course” doctrine, xi, 13–14, 15–16, 48, 70–71, 77

Chile, xi, 118, 182, 185, 209

Churchill, Winston, 14–15, 45

CIA

See Central Intelligence Agency

Clark Amendment, 56, 291n41

Clarridge, Duane, 37, 61

Cohen, William, 61

Communism, 76, 79, 95, 173

labeled as enemy in Central America, 45, 76, 99, 102, 111, 120, 124–25, 127–29, 218, 222

See also Marxism

Congo, 78, 246

conservatism (US), 28, 30, 59-60, 191, 201, 262

Contadora peace plans, 8–10, 115, 129–32, 136, 139, 147, 285n13

contras, 81–88, 114, 122, 204–5, 212

actions of, 43–44, 46, 73–74, 77–78, 80–81, 100, 240–43

leadership of, 76, 93–95

opposition to, in US, 35, 109, 217–18, 251

US support of, x, 8, 36, 39–40, 55–58, 61, 69–70, 89–90, 131, 153–54, 160–68

See also Iran-contra hearings (1987)

Costa Rica, 52, 76–77, 158, 207

democratic tradition, 117–18, 136, 207–8, 217, 247

economy of, 9, 51–52, 136

and peace plans, 9–10, 27, 132, 140–43, 166

Council on Foreign Relations, Latin American program, 18

Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 9, 118, 221, 228

reports on human rights violations, 239, 252, 295n18, 297n2

“crisis of democracy,” 32–34

Cruz, Arturo, 61, 76–77, 86–89, 93–96, 123, 167, 211

Cruz, Arturo, Jr., 211–12, 269n9

D

Davis, Melton, 33–34

Democratic Party (US), 29–30, 65, 67, 162–63, 206, 217

D’Escoto, Miguel, 154

Díaz, Mauricio, 112–13, 155

Dodd, Christopher, 41

Dole, Robert, 243–46

drug trafficking, 62–63, 86, 191–92

Duarte, José Napoleón, 91, 102–5, 227, 233

Duvalier, François, 79, 186

E

Eisenhower, Dwight, 95, 289n8

El Salvador, 65, 88, 92, 94, 97, 101, 103, 108, 125, 175, 210

atrocities and terrorism in, viii, xvi, 8, 15, 19, 24–25, 36, 40, 43, 51, 68, 69, 72, 76, 78, 102, 118–20, 169, 172, 225–32, 236–43, 252

as a democratic regime, 110, 115, 120, 205

and peace plans, 132–37, 144–45, 155, 157

as US base, 39, 42, 55–56

El Tiempo, 82–83

Esquivel, Adolfo Perez, 208

F

Falcoff, Mark, 206

Fall, Bernard, 98–99

FBI

See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

FDN (contra military group), 44, 60–61, 77, 112–13

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 33, 60, 67

Ferch, John, 242, 300n40

Fiers, Alan, 60–61, 272n47

“Fifth Freedom,” xix–xx, xxii, 26, 209, 235

Figueres, José (Pepe), 207–8

Freedom House, 151

G

Galtieri, Leopoldo, 175

Galvin, John, 40, 217

GAM

See Mutual Support Group

GATT Council

See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Gejdenson, Sam, 56

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 66

Geneva agreements, 19, 128, 148, 185

Ghorbanifar, Manucher, 38, 178

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 50, 195–97

Goulart, João, 185

Government of Vietnam (GVN), 148

Great Britain, 48–49

Guatemala, 108–10, 124–25, 136–38, 144

atrocities and terrorism in, 27–28, 40, 43, 68–72, 76, 102, 118–19, 134, 169, 185, 237–42, 247–48, 252

economic conditions, 51, 240

Guaymí Indians, 248

Guiffrida, Louis, 38

H

Habib, Philip, 134, 138–39

Haiti, 79, 186–87

Hasenfus, Eugene, 55, 62, 268n4

Heller, Walter, 29

Helms, Richard, 181

Henrique, Manuel, 209

“historical engineering”

See history, revision of

history, revision of, xx–xxi, 8–9, 11, 12–13, 15–16, 107–8, 128–30, 141, 145, 147

Hitler, Adolf, 255

Honduras, 8, 82–83, 109–10, 113, 115, 136–37, 204, 219, 242

atrocities and suffering in, viii, xvi, 45, 53, 68, 69, 210, 240–41, 243–44

base for US actions, 17, 27, 39, 42, 55–57, 169, 182, 246

and peace plans, 132–45, 156–58

Human Rights Watch

See Americas Watch

Hunter, Robert, 11, 12

Huyser, Robert, 176–77, 180, 183

I

Ignatius, David, 145

India, 78

Indochina, 3–4, 31, 78, 95, 99, 128, 192, 226

Indonesia, 184

Inouye, Daniel, 38, 62, 63

Inter-American Development Bank, 51, 94

International Court of Justice (World Court), 10, 129, 208, 253

condemnation of US attacks on Nicaragua, viii, 8

US rejection and violation of orders, x, 50, 64–66, 130, 161–62

International League for Human Rights, 277n28

International Monetary Fund, 54

Iran, 3, 36, 57, 59, 108, 170–72, 176–83, 186, 187

Iran-contra hearings (1987), 16, 57–58, 59–64, 87–113, 140, 142, 170–72, 196, 199–200

Iraq, xii, 181, 187

Islamic world, 171–72

Israel, 42, 66, 78, 108–9, 116, 170–71

agression against Lebanon, 28, 78

American aid to, 269n7

and arms sales to Iran, 36, 63, 177–82, 187

and materiél for South Africa, 280n72

supplying arms to contras, 55, 271n41

J

Jackson, Henry, 171

Japan, 31, 125, 130, 184

Johnson, Lyndon, 2, 3, 45, 190

K

Kennedy, John F., 3

Kennedy administration, 29, 31, 174, 185, 289n7

Khashoggi, Adnan, 187

Khmer Rouge

See Pol Pot

Kimche, David, 180–81

Kinsley, Michael, viii, 72

Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 86–87

Kissinger, Henry, xi, 11, 148–49, 163, 171

Koch, Edward, 150–51

Komer, Robert, 181

Kondracke, Morton, viii, 47, 72–73, 102, 212

Krauss, Clifford, 53, 219, 221, 276n23, 276n26

Krauthammer, Charles, xi, 13, 75, 122–23, 173, 274n16

L

La Prensa, 108–9, 138, 157, 207, 296n14

Laird, Melvin, 171

Lane, Charles, 47

Lansdale, Edward, 123–24

Laos, 56, 97, 124, 128, 185, 275n20, 292n50

Law, Richard, 48–49

Lebanon, 28, 78, 180

Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher, 279n58

Leiken, Robert, 61, 65, 206, 212, 267n13, 277n28

LeMoyne, James, x, 99–100, 142, 144, 151–52, 231, 233, 276n23, 298n12

Leopold, King, 78

Lewis, Anthony, ix, 75

Libya, ix, 28, 50, 62, 75, 190

Linowitz, Sol, 114–15

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 96

Lubrani, Un, 180

M

Marcos, Ferdinand, 93, 124, 279n58

Martinez, Ruben, 119–20

Marxism, 21, 72, 158, 165, 174, 235

in Central America, 14, 88, 212, 219–20

in Nicaragua, 18, 53, 72, 110, 129, 131–35, 145, 151, 165, 205, 243, 274n6

McCain, John, 244

McFarlane, Robert, 57, 181, 201

McGovern, George, 59

McMahon, John, 37

McNamara, Robert, 95, 184

Mecklin, John, 96

Meese, Edwin, 39, 47

Mexico, 173, 271n33

Miami Herald, 56–57, 62–63

Middle East, vii, xii, 68, 171

See also specific countries

Miskito, 80–81, 102, 247

Monroe Doctrine, 218

Mutual Support Group (GAM), 238

N

Nairn, Alan, 118

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 172

National Liberation Front (NLF), 148

National Reconciliation Commission, 155–57

National Security Council, 55, 185, 201

NATO

See North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Nazi Party, 36, 78, 255–56

New Republic, viii–ix, 29, 47, 72, 111, 227

New York Times, x, xi, 39, 71, 110–11, 131, 144, 154, 210, 219–20, 228, 231, 233

on aid to contras, 55, 60, 203

critical of Sandanistas, x, 100

endorsement of peace plan, 121, 133, 161

news media

See specific publications

Newspaper Guild, 118

Newsweek, 62, 84

Nicaragua

church-state relations, 296–97n14

economic and social conditions, 51–53, 244, 249

opposition to US attack on, 30, 35, 49–50, 109, 114–15

peace plans for, 8–12, 16–19, 115–16, 120–21, 129–38, 141–48, 150–68

and reasoning behind US intervention, 13–15, 26–27, 45, 110–13, 189–91, 231, 251–54

relations with USSR, 26–27, 42–43, 111–12, 173, 188–89, 206, 222

and US attacks and terrorism, viii–xi, xvi, 8, 25, 27–28, 40–44, 71–74, 77, 79–90, 93–95, 99–102, 218–23

and US covert actions, 36–39, 55–58, 61, 175, 200–201

See also contras; Sandinistas; Somoza regime

Nidal, Abu, 62, 72, 146, 277n28

Nimrodi, Yaakov, 178, 180–81

Nixon, Richard, 67–68

Nixon administration, 31, 170–71

Nordland, Rod, 83–86

North, Oliver, 17, 36, 55, 167, 182, 201, 211

testimony in congressional hearings, 38–39, 60–62, 86, 87, 109–10, 178–79, 268n16

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 195–96, 198

North Vietnam

See Vietnam war

Norton, Augustus Richard, xii

O

Obama, Barack, xi

Obando y Bravo, Miguel Cardinal, 155, 243

ORDEN, 78

Ortega, Daniel, 8, 131, 159, 208, 244–45, 274n6

Orwellism, reference to, 32–33, 41, 71–72, 122, 123, 184, 272n1

Owen, Robert, 86

Oxfam, x, 51, 203–4

P

Paris Peace agreements, 19, 128, 147–50, 284n2

Pastora, Edén, 37, 81–82, 273n9, 276n23

Pazner, Avi, 179

Pellecer, José Ramiro, 239

Pinochet, Augusto, 185–86

Poindexter, John, 47, 110–11, 182

Pol Pot, 44, 291n41

Polgar, Thomas, 62

Potsdam agreement, 127

Pravda, 29, 92, 205

press

See specific publications

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG), 148

public, deception and manipulation of, xi–xiii, xx–xxi, 2, 10, 24–25, 32–34, 42–43, 47, 51–52, 88, 188–91, 272n47

See also Public Relations industry

public opinion and dissidence, 1–4, 23, 35–6, 66, 189

opposition to war on Nicaragua, 30, 35, 55

preference for New Deal policies, 30

Public Relations industry, 33–4, 64, 201

R

Radosh, Ronald, 105, 114, 122, 129, 130, 143

Read, Conyers, xxi

Reagan, Ronald, 18, 50, 64, 169

elections, 23, 29–30, 183, 192n32

and hostages in Iran, 108, 181, 183, 186, 291n32

support of Apartheid, vii

See also Reagan administration

Reagan administration

disdain for democratic process, 38, 59–60, 113, 200

economics during, 31–32, 53–55, 266n2

Office of Public Diplomacy, 201, 210, 221, 262

and Operation Truth, xi, 204–5, 207, 210, 212–13, 220–23, 239, 247, 262

opposition to policies of, 24, 35, 109, 189

and peace plans, 9–12, 16–18, 132–34, 138–47, 151–53, 159

policies of, xi, 23–30, 107, 110–17, 187–91, 251

and sending arms to Iran, 36–37, 59–60, 183

terrorism during, vii–viii, x, xvi–xvii, 8, 24–29, 35–51, 56–8, 59, 66, 69–79, 92–94, 100, 105, 120, 129–30, 136–39, 154, 169–70, 187–91, 218–22, 225–28, 236–38, 246–47, 252

and war on Nicaragua, 25–7

world opinion of, 48–50

Reagan Doctrine, 23–24, 39, 40, 43–44, 47, 76, 110, 170, 183, 210

Reagan-Wright peace plan, 139–47, 159–60, 253

Red Cross, 83–84

“Red Scare,” 33

Republican Party, 50

Reston, James, 110–11

Reza Shah Pahlavi, Mohammad, 170, 175, 176, 177

“right turn,” 23, 28–34, 38

Rios Montt, General, xvi, 157

Rivera, William Hall, 219

Robb, Charles, 151

Robelo, Alfonso, 76, 88, 93–94, 212

Rohwer, James, 11–12

Romero, Archbishop, 25

Rosenthal, A. M., 143, 145, 212, 253

Rushdie, Salman, x, 100

S

Sadat, Anwar, 105

SALT II, 199

Salvadoran Human Rights Commission (CDHES), 228, 230, 298n7

Sandinistas, 11, 30, 37, 70, 74, 80, 84, 86, 115, 175, 211–12

allegations about, 17, 45–46, 51, 53, 87, 90, 100–101, 105, 121, 201, 247, 251–54

anti-Sandinista sentiments, 9, 12, 20, 52, 72, 110–11, 203, 243

and peace plans, 8, 132–33, 141–47, 151–55

Reagan administration and, 16, 26–27, 40, 47, 111–12, 120, 129, 131, 159, 164–67, 188–92, 204, 218–23

reforms and social services of, 43–44, 50, 81, 85, 88, 207–9, 217

Sanford, Terry, 133

Saudi Arabia, 36, 61, 170–72, 182, 187, 290n30, 291n41

Savimbi, Jonas, 56

scandals of 1986, 1–2, 56–57, 59–68

Secord, Richard, 62, 63, 275–76n20

Shackley, Theodore, 62, 178

Shia, 183

Shultz, George, 66, 172–73, 195

and contra support, 37, 57, 160

and Iran, 179, 182

and peace plans, 131, 140, 163, 253

and terrorism, vii, 272n1

Singlaub, John, 27, 268–69n4

Socialist Workers Party, 67

Solarz, Stephen, 124

Somoza regime, 8, 46, 78–80, 94–9, 121, 244

atrocities and abuses of, 102, 170, 175, 207

National Guard, 78–80, 87, 95, 102, 108, 175, 244

overthrow of, 15, 52, 108, 249

South Africa, 28, 37, 78, 101, 182

South Korea, 31, 36, 47, 48

South Vietnam

See Vietnam war

SOUTHCOM, viii

Southeast Asia, vii, 185–86

See also specific countries

Soviet Union

and aid to Central American countries, 17, 26–27, 42–43, 53, 111–12, 116, 121, 167, 188–89, 206, 220

arms reduction initiatives, 195–97

portrayed as threat to US, xxi, 99, 124, 127–29, 160, 171, 173, 190, 222–23, 226

Spectator (London), 14–15, 55

Suharto, Haji Mohammed, 184

Sukarno regime, 184

T

Taiwan, 36, 37, 47, 175

Taylor, Maxwell, 45, 95–96

terrorism

See Reagan administration; specific countries and regions

Thailand, 185, 292n50

Tontons Macoutes, 79, 276n22

Tower, John, 63

Tower Commission, 108, 178, 182

Trejos Salas, Gerardo, 132

Trilateral Commission, 32

Tsongas, Paul, 41

U

United Nations

Charter, Article 51, ix–x

US vote in General Assembly, 66

US vote in Security Council, 65–66

United States

relations with other countries

See specific countries and regions.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 235

US Department of Commerce, 53

US News & World Report, 62

USAID

See United States Agency for International Development

USSR

See Soviet Union

V

Vietnam war, 2–3, 31–32, 45, 71, 83, 95–100, 128, 147–50, 184, 225–26, 257

W

Wall Street Journal, 53, 60, 81, 91, 146, 217–18

Walters, Vernon, 173

Warsaw Pact, 195–96, 196

Washington Post, x, 44, 46, 102–3, 121, 145–46, 203, 251

Watergate, 30, 58, 67–68

Wicker, Tom, 114

Wiesel, Elie, 247

Wieseltier, Leon, ix, 111–12

Wilson, Edwin, 63

Wilson administration, 33

World Anti-Communist League, 36

World Court

See International Court of Justice

world economy, 51–55

See also specific countries and regions

World Parliamentary Union, 210

Wright, Jim, 139

Y

Yalta agreement, 127