27. GLOBAL CHALLENGES

  1.  Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, “What the Protesters in Genoa Want,” and Alessandra Stanley and David E. Sanger, “Italian Protester Is Killed by Police at Genoa Meting,” New York Times, July 20 and 21, 2001.

  2.  Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1991), 64; and idem, Europe in the Global Age (Cambridge, 2007), 6–9.

  3.  Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (Oxford, 2004).

  4.  Timothy S. Murphy, Antonio Negri: Modernity and the Multitude (Cambridge, 2012); and Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur, eds., The Dark Side of Globalization (New York, 2011).

  5.  Peter Berger, “Many Globalizations: The Cultural Dynamics of Globalization,” in Howard Wiarda, ed., Globalization: Universal Trends, Regional Implications (Lebanon, NH, 2011), 23–34.

  6.  Ivan Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth Century Europe: Economic Regimes form Laissez-Faire to Globalization (Cambridge, 2006), 278–300.

  7.  Ibid., 325f., and Robert Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (Princeton, 2000), 18–28.

  8.  Gilpin, Challenge of Global Capitalism, 31–34; and Peter Marsh, The New Industrial Revolution: Consumers, Globalization and the End of Mass Production (New Haven, 2012).

  9.  Paul S. Adams, “Europe and Globalization: Challenges and Alternatives,” in Howard J. Wiarda, ed., Globalization: Universal Trends, Regional Implications (Boston, 2007), 103–28.

10.  Scott deCarlo, “The World’s Biggest Companies,” Forbes, February 4, 2008; and Peter Dicken, “Economic Globalization: Corporations,” in George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (Oxford, 2007), 291–306.

11.  Timo Fleckenstein, Institutions, Ideas and Learning in Welfare State Change: Labor Market Reforms in Germany (Basingstoke, 2011).

12.  Paul Copeland and Dimitris Papadimitriou, eds., The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure (Basingstoke, 2012).

13.  Andreas Wirsching, Der Preis der Freiheit: Geschichte Europas in unserer Zeit (Munich, 2012), 226–69.

14.  Sandra Chaney, Nature of the Miracle Years: Conservation in West Germany, 1945–1975 (New York, 2008).

15.  Sara Nofri, Environment in the European Press: A Multilingual Comparison (Wiesbaden, 2013).

16.  Melanie Arndt, Tschernobyl: Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die DDR (Erfurt, 2011); and Sara Ann McGill, Chernobyl Disaster (New York, 2009).

17.  Eurobarometer 69.2: National and European Identity, European Elections, European Values, and Climate Change, March–May 2008 (ICPSR 25021).

18.  Christopher Rootes, ed., Acting Locally: Local Environmental Mobilizations and Campaigns (London, 2008).

19.  Maria Lee, EU Environmental Law: Challenges, Change and Decision-Making (Oxford, 2005).

20.  Steve Yearley, “Globalization and the Environment,” in Blackwell Companion to Globalization, 239–53.

21.  Christof Mauch and Kiran Klaus Patel, eds., The United States and Germany in the Twentieth Century: Competition and Convergence (Washington, 2010), 180–93.

22.  Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, 2003).

23.  Sven Kunisch, Stephan Boehm, and Michael Boppel, eds., From Grey to Silver: Managing the Demographic Change Successfully (Berlin, 2011), 3–21; and Nicole Kramer, “Altern als Thema der Zeitgeschichte,” Zeithistorische Forschungen 10 (2013), 455–63.

24.  Ulrich Herbert, Geschichte der Ausländerpolitik in Deutschland: Saisonarbeiter, Zwangsarbeiter, Gastarbeiter, Flüchtlinge (Munich, 2001). Cf. Rita Chin, The Guest Worker Question in Postwar Germany (Cambridge, 2007).

25.  Christina Boswell and Andrew Geddes, Migration and Mobility in the European Union (Basingstoke, 2011), 150–75.

26.  Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, eds., European Immigration: A Sourcebook (Aldershot, 2007), 1–17. A special case were the new Jewish immigrants from Russia that were welcomed by the Federal Republic of Germany as atonement for the Holocaust.

27.  Sarah Thomsen Vierra, “At Home in Almanya? Turkish-German Spaces of Belonging in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1961–1990” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2011).

28.  Anthony M. Messina, The Logics and Politics of Post–World War II Migration to Western Europe (Cambridge, 2007), 54–96.

29.  Konrad H. Jarausch, After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 (New York, 2005), 230–66; and the forthcoming volume edited by Cornelia Wilhelm on migration, memory, and diversity (New York, 2015).

30.  Simon Reeve, One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation “Wrath of God” (New York, 2000).

31.  Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, rev. ed. (New York, 2006). Cf. Tzvetan Todorov, The Fear of Barbarians: Beyond the Clash of Civilizations (Chicago, 2010).

32.  Edgar Wolfrum, Rot-Grün an der Macht: Deutschland, 1998–2005 (Munich, 2013), 279–324.

33.  Ibid., 402–56.

34.  Joan Wallach Scott, The Politics of the Veil (Princeton, 2007); Gilles Kepel, Beyond Terror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 172–256.

35.  Ibid.; and C. Gus Martin, ed., The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism (Thousand Oaks, CA, 2011).

36.  David Spence, ed., The European Union and Terrorism (London, 2007), 1–29.

37.  Franz Eder and Martin Senn, eds., Europe and Transnational Terrorism: Assessing Threats and Countermeasures (Baden-Baden, 2009).

38.  Paul Nolte, Was ist Demokratie? Geschichte und Gegenwart (Munich, 2012).

39.  Judy Dempsey, “ ‘Enraged Citizens’ Movement Rattles German Politics,” New York Times, May 16, 2011.

40.  Hagen Schulz-Forberg and Bo Strath, The Political History of European Integration: The Hypocrisy of Democracy-through-Market (London, 2010).

41.  Hara Kouki and Eduardo Romanos, eds., Protest beyond Borders: Contentious Politics in Europe since 1945 (New York, 2011), 86–102.

42.  Wirsching, Preis der Freiheit, 308–47.

43.  Tony Blair, A Journey: My Political Life (New York, 2010), 313–20; and Wolfrum, Rot-Grün an der Macht, 528ff.

44.  John Dunn, Democracy: A History (New York, 2005), 149–88; and Gerhard Loewenberg, On Legislatures: The Puzzle of Representation (Boulder, 2011).

45.  Andrew Chadwick and Philip N. Howards, eds., Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics (London, 2009); and Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York, 2011).

46.  William I. Robinson, “Theories of Globalization,” in Blackwell Companion to Globalization, 125–43.

47.  Konrad H. Jarausch, ed., “Zwischen ‘Reformstau’ und ‘Sozialabbau’: Anmerkungen zur Globalisierungsdebatte in Deutschland, 1973–2003,” in idem, Ende der Zuversicht? Die Siebziger Jahre als Geschichte (Göttingen, 2008), 330–49; and Wirsching, Preis der Freiheit, 226–347.

48.  Göran Therborn and Habibul Haque Khondker, eds., Asia and Europe in Globalization: Continents, Regions and Nations (Leiden, 2006), 275–309.

49.  Daniel S. Hamilton and Joseph P. Quinlan, Globalization and Europe: Prospering in the New Whirled Order (Washington, 2008).

50.  Maria Joao Rodrigues, ed., Europe, Globalization and the Lisbon Agenda (Cheltenham, 2009); Lionel Jospin, My Vision of Europe and Globalization (Cambridge, 2002); and Pascal Lamy and Jean-Pisany-Ferry, The Europe We Want (London, 2002).

28. PROSPECTS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

  1.  Robert Kagan, “Power and Weakness,” Policy Review, June 1, 2002; and idem, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York, 2003).

  2.  Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe,” Constellations 10, Nr. 3 (2003).

  3.  Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978), 1–28; Dipesh Chakrabarty, Pro v incializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, 2nd ed. (Princeton, 2007).

  4.  Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream (New York, 2004).

  5.  Dan Stone, Goodbye to All That: The Story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford, 2014).

  6.  John Headley, The Problem with Multiculturalism: The Uniqueness and Universality of Western Civilization (New Brunswick, 2012).

  7.  Jasper M. Tautsch, “The Invention of the ‘West,’ ” Bulletin of the German Historical Institute in Washington 53 (Fall 2013), 89–102; and the forthcoming study by Michael Kimmage.

  8.  Jeffrey Anderson, G. John Ikenberry, and Thomas Risse, eds., The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order (Ithaca, 2008).

  9.  Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2006); and David Ellwood, The Shock of America: Europe and the Challenge of the Century (Oxford, 2012), 1–10.

10.  Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes, America against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked (New York, 2006), 220–25.

11.  Dominic Sachsenmaier, “Global History and Critiques of Western Perspectives,” Comparative Education 42 (2006), 451–70.

12.  Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York, 1996), 19ff.

13.  Sam Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, MA, 2010).

14.  Walter Laqueur, After the Fall: The End of the European Dream and the Decline of a Continent (New York, 2011), 180ff.

15.  T. R. Reid, The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy (New York, 2004), 88–144.

16.  Ibid., 144–76; and Richard Berthoud and Maria Iacovou, eds., Social Europe: Living Standards and Welfare States (Cheltenham,2004).

17.  James J. Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe (Boston, 2008).

18.  Ralf Roth, ed., Städte im europäischen Raum: Verkehr, Kommunikation und Urbanität im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 2009).

19.  Peter Clark, European Cities and Towns, 400–2000 (Oxford, 2009).

20.  Malgorzata Pakier and Bo Strath, eds., A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Memory (New York, 2010).

21.  Rifkin, European Dream, 358ff.; and Reid, United States of Europe, 227ff.

22.  G. John Ikenberry, “Explaining Crisis and Chance in Atlantic Relations,” in End of the West, 1–27. Cf. Paul Nolte, Transatlantische Ambivalenzen: Studien zur Sozial- und Ideengeschcihte des 18. Bis 20. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2014).

23.  Mary Nolan, The Transatlantic Century: Europe and America, 1890–2010 (Cambridge, 2012), 1–9, 356–73.

24.  Steven Hill, “Ignore America’s Europe-bashing—It’s Nothing New,” The Guardian, September 2, 2012; and Robert Marquard, “Is Romney’s Europe-bashing Well Placed?” Christian Science Monitor, January 11, 2012.

25.  Ellwood, Shock of America, 488–519; and Kohut and Stokes, America against the World, 22–40.

26.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “Drifting Apart: Cultural Dimensions of the Transatlantic Estrangement,” in Hermann Kurthen, Antonio Menendez, and Stefan Immerfall, eds., Safeguarding German-American Relations in the New Century (Lanham, 2006), 17–32; and Kohut and Stokes, America against the World, 41–205.

27.  Mark Leonard, Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century (London, 2005).

28.  Timothy Garton Ash, Free World: America, Europe and the Surprising Future of the West (New York, 2004), 71–83; Steven Erlanger, “Conflicting Goals Complicate an Effort to Forge a Trans-Atlantic Trade Deal,” New York Times, June 12, 2012.

29.  Sabrina P. Ramet and Christine Ingebritsen, eds., Coming in from the Cold War: Changes in U.S.-European Interactions since 1980 (Oxford, 2002).

30.  Dieter Mahncke, Alicia Amos, and Christopher Reynolds, eds., European Foreign Policy: From Rhetoric to Reality? (Brussels, 2004).

31.  Gergana Noutcheva, European Foreign Policy and the Challenge of Balkan Accession: Conditionality, Legitimacy and Compliance (Hoboken, NJ, 2012).

32.  Birol A. Yesilada, EU-Turkey Relations in the 21st Century (Abingdon, UK, 2012).

33.  Trang Phan and Michel Guillou, Francophonie et mondialisation: Histoire et institutions des origines à nos jours (Paris, 2011).

34.  Yenkong Ngangjoh-Hodu and Francis A.S.T. Matambalya, Trade Relations between the EU and Africa: Development, Challenges and Options beyond the Cotonou Agreement (London, 2010).

35.  Jan van der Harst and Pieter C. M. Swieringa, eds., China and the EU: Concord or Conflict? (Maastricht, 2012).

36.  Zhongqi Pan, ed., Conceptual Gaps in China-EU Relations: Global Governance, Human Rights and Strategic Partnerships (Basingstoke, 2012).

37.  Zaki Laidi, ed., EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World: Normative Power and Social Preferences (London, 2008).

38.  Jan Zielonka, “Europe as a Global Actor: Empire by Example?” International Affairs 84 (2008), 471–84.

39.  Sir Malcom Rifkin, “Britain and the EU: An Ever-Closer Union?” speech, May 6, 2013, http://www.euractiv.com. Cf. Michael Geary and Kevin A. Lees, “The Growing EU-UK Gulf,” National Interest, January 28, 2013.

40.  Finn Laursen, The EU’s Lisbon Treaty: Institutional Choices and Implementation (Burlington, 2012).

41.  Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer, eds., The Euro Crisis (Basingstoke, 2012).

42.  Federiga Bindi and Irina Angelescu, eds., The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe’s Role in the World (Washington, 2012).

43.  Richard Tilly, Paul J. J. Welfens, and Michael Heise, eds., 50 Years of EU Economic Dynamics: Integration, Financial Markets and Innovation (Berlin, 2007).

44.  Deborah Herlocker, “The Influence of the Erasmus Exchange Program on the Development of a Common European Identity” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2005).

45.  Hartmut Kaelble, A Social History of Europe, 1945–2000: Recovery and Transformation after Two World Wars, rev. ed. (New York, 2013). Cf. Ariana Brill, Abgrenzung und Hoffnung: “Europa” in der deutschen, britischen und amerikanischen Presse, 1945–1980 (Göttingen, 2014).

46.  Darko Bandic and Dusan Stoianovic, “Little Joy in Croatia as It Enters the EU,” ABC News, June 17, 2013; and Ed Dolan, “Here’s Why Latvia’s Decision to Join the Euro Makes Sense,” Wall Street Journal, June 16, 2013.

47.  Sophie Meunier and Kathleen R. McNamara, eds., Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty (Oxford, 2007).

48.  James Anderson and James Goodman, “Regions, States and the EU: Modernist Reaction or Postmodern Adaptation?” Review of International Political Economy 2 (1995), 600–631.

49.  Jan Zielonka, Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union (Oxford, 2006).

50.  See the forthcoming study “Germany and the Future of Europe” by J. D. Bindenagel.

51.  Joschka Fischer, “From Confederacy to Confederation,” Berlin, May 12, 2000; and idem, Scheitert Europa? Europa am Scheideweg (Cologne, 2014).

POSTSCRIPT: A CHASTENED MODERNITY

  1.  Richards Plavnieks, “Nazi Collaborators on Trial during the Cold War: The Cases against Viktors Arajs and the Latvian Auxiliary Security Police” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2013); personal communication from Irmgard Mueller; and Andre Weckmann, Wie die Würfel fallen: Ein Roman aus dem Elsass (Kehl, 1981). Cf. Mary Fulbrook, Dissonant Lives: Generations and Violence through the German Dictatorships (Oxford, 2011).

  2.  Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York, 1999), versus Richard Vinen, A History in Fragments: Europe in the Twentieth Century (London, 2000).

  3.  Editorial, London Times, January 1, 1901; Shiv Visvanathan, “A Letter to the 21st Century,” Economic and Political Weekly, January 8, 2000.

  4.  Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London, 1994). Cf. Martin Sabrow, Zeitgeschichte schreiben: Von der Verständigung über die Vergangenheit in der Gegenwart (Göttingen, 2014), 160–93.

  5.  Eric Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton, 2003); and Norman Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides (Princeton, 2010).

  6.  Elizabeth Pond, The Rebirth of Europe (Washington, 1999).

  7.  Chris Lorenz and Berber Bevenage, eds., Breaking up Time: Negotiating Borders between Present, Past and Future (Göttingen, 2013); and Robert Hassan, Empires of Speed: Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society (Leiden, 2012).

  8.  Peter N. Stearns and Herrick Chapman, European Society in Upheaval: Social History since 1750, 3rd. ed. (New York, 1992). Cf. Jürgen Kocka and Alan Mitchell, eds., Bourgeois Society in 19th Century Europe (Oxford, 1993).

  9.  Theodore H. von Laue, The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective (New York, 1987).

10.  Francois Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1999).

11.  Günther Heydemann und Eckhard Jesse, eds., Diktaturvergleich als Herausforderung: Theorie und Praxis (Berlin, 1998).

12.  Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Countries (Princeton, 1997).

13.  Ulrich Beck and Christoph Lau, “Second Modernity as a Research Agenda: Theoretical and Empirical Explorations in the ‘Meta-Change’ of Modern Society,” British Journal of Sociology 56 (2005), 525–57.

14.  Sophia Marshman, “Bauman on Genocide—Modernity and Mass Murder: From Classification to Annihilation?” in Michael Hviid Jacobson and Poul Poder, eds., The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman (Aldershot, 2008), 75–96. Cf. Ulrich Herbert, Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2014), 1247–51.

15.  Martin Doerry, Übergangsmenschen: Die Mentalität der Wilhelminer und die Krise des Kaiserreichs (Munich, 1986); and Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World: A Global History of he 19th Century (Princeton, 2014).

16.  Roger Chickering, The Great War and Urban Life in Germany: Freiburg, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 2007).

17.  Eric Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, 2007).

18.  Heinrich August Winkler, Geschichte des Westens. Die Zeit der Weltkriege, 1914–1945 (Munich, 2011), 1197–1214.

19.  Martin Thomas, Bob Moore, and L. J. Butler, eds., Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe’s Imperial States, 1918–1975 (London, 2008).

20.  John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War (London, 2006).

21.  Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York, 2005), 777–800.

22.  Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca, 1998).

23.  James J. Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe (Boston, 2008).

24.  Anthony J. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963 (Oxford, 1994). Cf. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge, MA, 2014).

25.  Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1750–2000 (Oxford, 2002).

26.  Steve Milder and Konrad H. Jarausch, “Renewing Democracy: The Rise of Green Politics in West Germany,” German Politics and Society, forthcoming in 2015.

27.  Stefan Ludwig Hoffmann, ed., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2011).

28.  Colin Crouch, Post-Democracy (New York, 2004).

29.  Stephen Philip Kramer, “The Return of History in Europe,” Washington Quarterly, Fall 2012, 81–91.

30.  Wolfgang Streeck, Gekaufte Zeit: Die vertagte Krise des demokratischen Kapitalismus (Berlin, 2013), and Dan Stone, Goodbye to All That: The Story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford, 2014), 291–94.

31.  Tony Judt, Ill Fares the Land (New York, 2010).

32.  “U.S. President Obama at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin,” World Security Network, June 21, 2013. Cf. Mary Nolan, The Transatlantic Century: Europe and the United States, 1890–2010 (Cambridge, 2012).