3. Why did humans migrate?

1 Robin McKie, ‘Neanderthals kept our early ancestors out of Europe’, Guardian, 17 October 2015.

2 Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Human Kind, Vintage, 2014, p. 23.

3 Carleton Coon, The Origin of Races, Jonathan Cape, London, 1962, quoted in Marek Kohn, The Race Gallery, Jonathan Cape, London, 1995, p. 64.

4 Ibid., p. 66.

5 John R. Baker, Race, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974, cited in Kohn, ibid., pp. 60–1.

6 John P. Jackson, ‘In ways unacademical: the reception of Carleton S. Coon’s “The Origin of Races”’, Journal of the History of Biology 34 (2), 2001, pp. 247–85.

7 Chris Standish and Alistair Pike, ‘It’s Official: Neanderthals Created Art’, Sapiens, 22 May 2018 (originally published in The Conversation).

8 Melissa Hogenboom, ‘Neanderthals could speak like modern humans, study suggests’, BBC News Science and Environment, 20 December 2013.

9 Ian Tattersall, The Monkey in the Mirror, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, pp. 126–8.

10 Klaus Schmidt, ‘Zuerst kam der Tempel, dann die Stadt’, Vorlaugiger Bericht zu den Grabungen am Göbekli Tepe und am Gurcutepe 1995–1999’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 50, 2000, pp. 5–41.

11 E. de Wit, et al., ‘Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape’, Human Genetics 128 (2), 2010, pp. 145–53.

12 David Reich, Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. xv.

13 Ibid., pp. 109–16.

14 Ibid., pp. 109–12 and 267.

15 Ibid., p. 267.

16 Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Touchstone, 2002.

17 Mark Haber, et al., ‘Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences’, American Journal of Human Genetics 101 (2), 3 August 2017, pp. 274–82.

18 Marta Costa, et al., ‘A substantial prehistoric ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages’, Nature Communications 4 (2543), 8 October 2012 http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 See Martin Gershowitz, ‘New Study Finds Most Ashkenazi Jews Genetically Linked to Europe’, Jewish Voice, 16 December 2013.

22 David Reich, op. cit., p. 237.

23 Marija Gimbutas, ‘The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part 1: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area’, American School of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University, Bulletin No. 20. See also Reich, ibid, pp. 236–40.

24 T. Zerjal, et al., ‘The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols’, American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2003), pp. 717–21.

25 K. Bryce, et al., ‘The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos and European Americans Across the United States’, American Journal of Human Genetics 96 (2015), pp. 37–53.

26 David Reich, op. cit., pp. 231–4.

27 Neus Font-Porterias, et al., ‘The genetic landscape of Mediterranean North African populations through complete mtDNA sequence’, Annals of Human Biology 45 (1), 2018, pp. 98–104 https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2017.1413133

28 Andrea Manica, quoted in Sarah Knapton, ‘Africans carry huge amount of European DNA’, Telegraph, 8 October 2015.

29 Pontus Skoglund, quoted in Ewen Callaway, ‘Error Found in Study of First Ancient African Genome’, Nature, 29 January 2016.

30 See Ed Yong, ‘The Ancient Origins of Both Light and Dark Skin’, The Atlantic, 12 October 2017.