4. Is Africa really ‘backward’?
1 Captain G. A. Gardner, Mapungubwe. Volume II. Report on Excavations at Mapungubwe and Bombandyanalo in Northern Transvaal from 1935 to 1940, University of Pretoria, 1963, p. 26.
2 Quoted in Julie Frederikse, None But Ourselves, Anvil Press, London, 1982, pp. 10–11.
3 J. Theodore Bent, quoted in G. Casely-Hayford, The Lost Kingdoms of Africa, Bantam Press, London, 2012.
4 Shadreck Chirikure and Innocent Pikirayi, ‘Inside and outside the drystone walls: revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe’, Antiquity 82 (2008), pp. 976–93.
5 Henrika Kuklick, ‘Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa’, in George W. Stocking (ed.) Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge, University of Wisconsin Press, 1991, pp. 135–70.
6 Quoted in L. Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 61.
7 G. Casely-Hayford, The Lost Kingdoms of Africa, Bantam Press, London, 2012, pp. 137–40.
8 See Gavin Evans, Black Brain, White Brain: Is Intelligence Skin Deep? Jonathan Ball, 2014, pp. 31–3.
9 Hume wrote ‘negroes’ and all non-whites were ‘naturally inferior’ to whites and had never produced a civilised nation. Cited in R. H. Popkin, ‘The philosophical basis of modern racism’, in C. Walton and J. P. Anton (eds) Philosophy and the Civilizing Arts, University of Ohio Press, Athens, 1974, p. 143.
10 Toynbee wrote that only the black race ‘has not made a creative contribution to any one of our twenty-one civilisations …’. Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (1934 edition) cited in I. A. Newby, Challenge to the Court: Social Scientists and the Defense of Segregation, 1954–1966, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1969, p. 217.
11 This concerns his changing of dates and other details in his bid to use ‘solar phallus’ man to prove the universality of his archetypes. See Richard Noll, The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 181–7.
12 See Gavin Evans, Mapreaders & Multitaskers: Men, Women, Nature, Nurture, Thistle, 2017, pp. 82–4.
13 See F. Dalal, ‘The racism of Jung’, Race and Class 29 (3), 1988. See also Michael Ortiz Hill, ‘C. G. Jung – In the Heart of Darkness’, www.gatheringin.com/moh_jung.html
14 Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, A. Jaffe (ed.), Collins, New York, 1973, p. 272.
15 Carl Jung, Collected Works 10: Civilisation in Transition, Princeton University Press, 1970, p. 121.
16 Ibid., p. 507.
17 Jordan Peterson, ‘Jordan Peterson on Studies on Race and IQ’, YouTube, 16 April 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT_YS
18 John R. Baker, Race, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.
19 Richard Lynn, quoted in Marek Kohn, The Race Gallery, Jonathan Cape, London, 1995, p. 152.
20 Richard Lynn, Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis, Washington Summit Books, Augusta, GA, 2006, p. 146. See also www.velesova-sloboda.org/archiv/pdf/lynn-race-differences-in-intelligence.pdf
21 Quoted in the Independent, 10 August 2013.
22 See for example Yeye Akilmali Funua Olade, When Black People Ruled the World, The Clegg Series, melanet.com and http://yeyeolade.wordpress.com/2007/04/11/when-blacks-ruled-the-world/
23 See for example, Kohn, op. cit., pp. 152–65.
24 Leonard Jeffries, quoted in Massimo Calabresi, ‘Dispatches skin deep 101’, Time Magazine 143 (7), 14 February 1994.
25 Leonard Jeffries, interviewed by T. L. Stanclu and Nisha Mohammed, Rutherford Magazine, May 1995.
26 Genesis 9:25.
27 Joshua 9:23.
28 A. H. Keane, Man: Past and Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1899, p. 83, cited in Saul Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 84–5.
29 H. H. Johnston, The Opening Up of Africa, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1911, pp. 134–5, quoted in Dubow, ibid., p. 82.
30 Charles Seligman, The Races of Africa, Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930, p. 96.
31 G. S. Preller, Day-dawn in South Africa, Wallachs P&P Co., Pretoria, 1938, pp. 43–4, quoted in Dubow, op. cit., p. 74.
32 Preller, ibid., p. 149, quoted in Dubow, ibid., p. 269.
33 Both quoted in Reader’s Digest Illustrated History of South Africa, D. Oakes (ed.), Reader’s Digest Association of South Africa, Cape Town, 1988, p. 207.
34 See G. Casely-Hayford, op. cit., pp. 15–45.
35 S. Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, 1991, p. 57.
36 He died in 1337.
37 Olivia Fleming, ‘Meet the 14th century African king who was richest man in the world of all time (adjusted for inflation!)’, Daily Mail, 15 October 2012.
38 G. Casely-Hayford, op. cit., pp. 231–2.
39 John R. Baker, in G. Casely-Hayford, ibid.
40 Ibid., p. 117.
41 Quoted in E. R. Sanders, ‘The Hamitic hypothesis: its origin and functions in time perspective’, Journal of African History 10 (4), 1969, p. 528.