8. Are there race-based intelligence genes?
1 Andrew Sullivan, ‘Science is rescuing us from our moral mazes’, News Review, Sunday Times, 25 November 2007.
2 Bruce Lahn, ‘Could interbreeding between humans and Neanderthals have led to an enhanced human brain?’, Howard Hughes Medical Institute News, 6 November 2006.
3 Michael Balter, ‘Evolution: are human brains still evolving? Brain genes show signs of selection’, Science, 9 September 2005.
4 Chris Brand, ‘Race realism takes a step forward’, American Renaissance 16 (12), December 2005, www.amren.com/ar/2005/12/
5 http://www.chimpout.com/forum/showthread.php?114076-DR-BRUCE-LAHN-U-of-Chicago-Geneticist-proves-NIGGERS-not-fully-HUMAN!
6 John Derbyshire, ‘The specter of difference: what science is uncovering, we will have to come to grips with’, National Review, 7 November 2005.
7 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Antonio Regalado, ‘Scientist’s study of brain genes sparks a backlash’, Wall Street Journal, 16 June 2006.
8 Bruce Lahn and Lanny Ebenstein, ‘Let’s celebrate human genetic diversity’, Nature 461, 8 October 2009, p. 726.
9 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Catherine Gianaro, ‘Lahn’s analysis of genes indicates human brain continues to evolve’, University of Chicago Chronicle 25 (1), 22 September 2005.
10 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Sarah Richardson, op. cit., p. 428.
11 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Howard Hughes Medical Institute News, op. cit.
12 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Antonio Regalado, op. cit.
13 Sarah Richardson, op. cit., p. 432.
14 Ibid., p. 429.
15 Ibid., p. 428.
16 Bruce Lahn, quoted in Antonio Regalado, op. cit.
17 Steven Pinker, ‘Genetic tests said I would be intelligent, swayed by novelty and bald. Two out of three ain’t bad’, Sunday Times, 1 February 2009.
18 Daniel Kosman, quoted in Val Dusek, ‘Sociobeology sanitized: evolutionary psychology and gene selectionism’, Science as Culture 8 (2), 1999, pp. 129–69.
19 Craig Venter, quoted in ‘GE fantasy shattered by human genome project’, 13 February 2001, www.btinternet.com/~nlpwessex/Documents/GEfantasy.htm
20 Craig Venter, quoted in ‘Nature or nurture’, BBC News, 11 February 2001.
21 Paul Ehrlich, quoted in ‘Do genes dictate behaviour?’, USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), April 2001.
22 Ibid.
23 The phenotype is the traits – the outward or observed manifestations – expressed by an individual organism as a result of its genotype (its genetic make-up).
24 C. A. Cooney, et al., ‘Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring’, Journal of Nutrition 132 (8 Suppl) 2393S–2400S, 2002.
25 Cited in ‘Grandma’s curse: some of the effects of smoking may be passed from grandmother to grandchild’, The Economist, 3 November 2012.
26 Emma Young, ‘Rewriting Darwin: the new non-genetic inheritance’, New Scientist, 8 July 2008.
27 Brian G. Dias and K. J. Ressler, ‘Parental olfactory experience influences behaviour and neural structure in subsequent generations’, Nature Neuroscience 17, pp. 89–96.
28 K. J. Ressler, quoted in Steve Connor, ‘Fear can be inherited via father’s sperm, says study’, Independent, 2 December 2013.
29 See for example Ti-Fei F. Yuan, et al., ‘Transgenerational Inheritance of Paternal Neurobehavioral Phenotypes: Stress, Addiction, Ageing and Metabolism’, Molecular Neurobiology 53 (9), 16 November 2015, pp. 6367–76.
30 Study referred to in Robert Winston, ‘The science delusion’, Greatest Minds Lecture, University of Dundee, 2009.
31 B. T. Heijmans, et al., ‘Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (44), 2008, pp. 17046–9.
32 David Dobbs, ‘The social life of genes’, Pacific Standard, 3 September 2013.
33 Ibid., Steve Cole quoted.
34 ‘Mainstream Science on Intelligence’, public statement, Wall Street Journal, 13 December 1994.
35 Robert Plomin, quoted in Jonathan Leake, ‘Check … science closes in on intelligence gene test’, Sunday Times, 19 September 2010.
36 Robert Plomin and Oliver S. P. Davis, ‘The future of genetics in psychology and psychiatry: microarrays, genome-wide association and non-coding RNA’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 (1–2), 2009, pp. 63–71.
37 Ibid., Ian Deary, quoted.
38 W. D. Hill, et al., ‘A combined analysis of genetically correlated traits identifies 187 loci and a role for neurogenesis and myelination in intelligence’, Molecular Psychiatry 24, 11 January 2018, pp. 169–81.
39 David Hill, quoted in ‘Global study identifies hundreds of genes linked to intelligence’, University of Edinburgh press release, 13 March 2018.
40 Op. cit, Ian Deary quoted.
41 Jeanne E. Savage, et al., ‘Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence’, Nature Genetics 50, 25 June 2018, p. 912019.
42 Dena Dubal, et al., ‘Life Extension Factor Klotho Enhances Cognition’, Cell Reports 7, 22 May 2014, p. 12.
43 Jonathan Leake, ‘IQ-boosting gene offers hope to dementia victims’, Sunday Times, 11 May 2014.
44 Ibid.
45 ‘The 3 per cent solution’, The Economist, 10 May 2014.
46 Ibid.
47 B. Morar, et al., ‘The longevity gene Klotho is differentially associated with cognition in subtypes of schizophrenia’, PubMed 193, March 2018, pp. 348–53.
48 Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz, et al., ‘Absence of kl-bs variant of klotho gene in Iranian cardiac patients (comparison to the world populations)’, Disease Markers 31, 2011, p. 211.
49 See Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and the wealth of nations, Praeger, Westport, CT, 2002.
50 Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz, et al., op. cit., p. 213.
51 David Reich, Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 260–1.
52 Ibid., p. 264.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid., p. 256.
55 Ibid., pp. 259–60.
56 Ibid., p. 267.
57 Ibid., p. 265.
58 Kevin Mitchell, ‘Why genetic IQ differences between “races” are unlikely’, Guardian, 2 May 2018.
59 Kevin Mitchell, Innate – How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are, Princeton University Press, 2018, p. 263.
60 Ibid.
61 Kevin Mitchell, Guardian, op. cit.
62 Ibid.
63 Kevin Mitchell, Innate, op. cit., p. 263.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid., p. 261.
66 Ibid.
67 James Flynn, quoted in ‘Women overtake men in IQ stakes for the first time since tests began’, Daily Record, 6 July 2012.
68 James Flynn, quoted by Ezra Klein, ‘The Sam Harris debate: Ezra and Sam Harris debate race, IQ, identity politics, and much more’, Vox, 9 April 2018 (from phone interview with Klein, 2 April 2018). https://www.vox.com/2018/4/9/17210248/sam-harris-ezra-klein-charles-murray-transcript-podcast
69 Richard Lynn, ‘Race and Psychopathic Personality: Racial differences in “average personality”’. American Renaissance 13 (7), 20 July 2002.
70 J. Christoff Erasmus, et al., ‘Allele frequencies of AVPR1Aand MAOA in the Afrikaner population’, South African Journal of Science 111(7), July/August 2015.
71 D. M. Fergusson, et al., ‘Moderating role of the MAO-A genotype in antisocial behaviour’, Br J Psychiatry 200 (2), February 2012, pp. 116–23.
72 E. Shumay, et al., ‘Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAOA enzyme in healthy men’, Epigenetics 7 (10), October 2012, pp. 1151–60.
73 R. A. Philibert, et al., ‘MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women’, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B, 147B (5), July 2008, pp. 565–70.
74 Cited in David Dodds, ‘The social life of genes’, Pacific Standard, 3 September 2013.
75 D. Choe, et al., ‘Interactions between monoamine oxidase A and punitive discipline in African American and Caucasian men’s antisocial behaviour’, Clinical Psychological Science 2 (5), 1 September 2014, pp. 591–601.
76 Michael E. Roettger, et al., ‘The association between MAOA 2R genotype and delinquency over time among men: the interactive role of parental closeness and parental incarceration’, Criminal Justice Behaviour 43(8), 2016, p. 1076.
77 Ibid. Kevin Beaver quoted.
78 Irving M. Reti, et al., ‘MAOA regulates antisocial personality in Caucasians with no history of physical abuse’, Comparative Psychiatry 52 (2), March–April 2011, pp. 188–94.
79 Wade, op. cit., p. 57.
80 R. Tikkanen, et al., ‘Impulsive alcohol-related risk-behavior and emotional dysregulation with a serotonin 2B receptor stop codon’, Translational Psychiatry 5 (681), 17 November 2015.
81 Tikkanen, quoted in Paivi Lehtinen, ‘Gene mutation linked to reckless drunken behaviour’, University of Helskinki Press Release, 11 November 2015.
82 H. Chen, et al., ‘The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women’, Progress in Neuro–Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 10 January 2013, pp. 122–5.
83 Y. W. Yu, et al., ‘Association study of a monoamine oxidase gene promoter polymorphism with major depressive disorder and antidepressant response’, Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (9), September 2005, pp. 1719–23.
84 Reich, op. cit., pp. 263–4.