Can the great surge be sustained? Can it spread to other countries and regions that so far have been left behind? Or will progress begin to slow, or even be reversed? In the chapters that follow, I explore three possible futures for developing countries that capture broadly the range of likely possibilities: (1) progress continues and spreads; (2) progress subsides in a world of small gains and missed opportunities; and (3) progress is derailed by poor leadership, increasing environmental pressures, and a return to major conflict. In the final chapter, I examine the key actions upon which these outcomes will depend.