FOREWORD
1. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (New York: Collier, 1962), 469.
2. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), 1073.
3. Ibid., 1077.
WOMEN VOTED BEFORE THE UNITED STATES WAS FORMED
1. “Capt. Oren Tyler,” papers 1906, Seneca Falls Historical Society, Seneca Falls, New York.
2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815–1897 (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1898), 430–31.
3. Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch, eds., Elizabeth Cady Stanton as Revealed in Her Letters, Diary and Reminiscences (New York: Harper, 1922), 271–72.
4. Alma Lutz, Created Equal: A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (New York: John Day, 1940), 287.
5. Frederick H. Martens, Dictionary of American Biography III, Part 2, “Fletcher, Alice Cunningham” (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959), 463–64; John Fiske and James Grant Wilson, Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography, “Fletcher, Alice Cunningham” (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1900). Alice Fletcher’s papers are housed at the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
6. Dr. Clemence S. Lozier founded the New York Women’s Homeopathic Medical College.
7. Clemence Lozier, review of Cases of the Legislature’s Power Over Suffrage, by Hamilton Wilcox, The New Era, October 1885, 308–9.
8. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. I (Rochester, NY: Charles Mann, 1881), 208. From now on indicated as HWS I.
9. Quoted in Linda Grant DePauw, Four Traditions: Women of New York During the American Revolution (Albany: New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1974), 13.
10. John Adams to James Sullivan, May 26, 1976, Founders Online, National Archives, last modified April 12, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06–04–02–0091 [inactive]. Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, Vol. 4, February–August 1776, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 208–13.
11. Letter of March 31, 1776, quoted, among other sources, in Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. III (Rochester, NY: Self Published, 1886), 19–20. From now on indicated as HWS III.
12. Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 9.
13. Charles B. Waite, “Who Were Voters in the Early History of this Country?,” Chicago Law Times 2 (1888), 397–412.
14. Edward Raymond Turner, “Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey 1790–1807,” Smith College Studies in History 1 (July 1916), 170.
15. Waite, “Who Were Voters in the Early History of this Country?,” 397–412.
16. William Yates, Rights of Colored Men to Suffrage Citizenship and Trial by Jury (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Gunn, 1838), iii, 11.
17. Turner, “Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey 1790–1807,” 171.
18. HWS I: Preface.
19. Philip S. Foner and George E. Walker, Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840–1965, Volume I: New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 8, 21, 23.
20. Ibid.
21. William Ray, “Petition to the Convention in Behalf of the Ladies. By their friend and counsellor.” (Auburn, NY: E. F. Doubleday, 1821), 174–76.
22. Lori D. Ginsberg, Untidy Origins: A Story of Woman’s Rights in Antebellum New York (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).
23. Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations,” (New York) Evening Post, September 24, 1875.
24. Ibid.
25. “The first state of primitive man must have been the mere aggregation. The right of the mother was therefore most natural; upon the relationship of mother and child the remotest conception of the family was based.—Wilkin, p. 869.” Footnote in Matilda Joslyn Gage, Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages: With Reminiscences of the Matriarchate (New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1895), 13.
26. “Where a god and goddess are worshipped together they are not husband and wife but mother and son. Neither does the god take pre-eminence, but the mother or goddess. This condition dates from the earliest days of society, when marriage in our sense of the word was unknown, and when kinship and inheritance were in the female line. The Babylonian Ishtur of the Izdobar legend is a deity of this type.—W. Robertson Smith: Kinship in Ancient Arabia.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 13.
27. “Dr. Th. Achelis.—Article on Ethnology, (The Open Court.)” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 13.
28. “In a country where she is the head of the family, where she decides the descent and inheritance of her children, both in regard to property and place in society, in such a community, she certainly cannot be the servant of her husband, but at least must be his equal if not in many respects his superior.—Wilkin.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 14.
29. “Motherright.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 14.
30. “Lubbuck.—Pre-Historic Times and Origin of Civilization. Wilkin.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 14.
31. “Among many people the father at birth of a child, especially a son, loses his name and takes the one his child gets.—Tylor, Primitive Culture. Also see Wilkin.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 15.
32. “Thus we see that woman’s liberty did not begin at the upper, but at the lower end of civilization. Woman in those remote times, was endowed with and enjoyed rights that are denied to her but too completely in the higher phase of civilization. This subject has a very important aspect, i.e. the position of woman to man, the place she holds in society, her condition in regard to her private and public (political) rights.” Footnote in Gage, Woman, Church and State, 15.
33. Matilda Joslyn Gage, Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages: With Reminiscences of the Matriarchate (New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1895), 11–20.
34. Ibid., 454–55.
35. Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Indian Citizenship,” National Citizen and Ballot Box, May 1878, 2.
36. “Deutsche Mythology.” Footnote in Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “The Matriarchate, or Mother-Age,” Rachel Foster Avery, ed., Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, Assembled in Washington, D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891 (Philadelphia, PA: National Council of Women of the United States, 1891), 225.
37. “See Lecky’s History of Rationalism, chapter 1.” Footnote in Stanton. “The Matriarchate, or Mother-Age,” 226.
38. For the details of woman’s persecutions during centuries down to our own times see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. I, chapter 15, by Matilda Joslyn Gage.
39. Printed in the Council proceedings, Stanton’s speech appeared in Clara Colby’s Woman’s Tribune and headlined the National Bulletin’s February 1891 issue. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “The Matriarchate, or Mother-Age,” Rachel Foster Avery, ed., Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, Assembled in Washington, D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891 (Philadelphia, PA: National Council of Women of the United States,1891), 218–27; Woman’s Tribune, February 28,1891; The (Washington, D.C.) National Bulletin, February 1891, 1, 5.
40. Alice C. Fletcher, “The Legal Condition of Indian Women,” Report of the International Council of Women Assembled by the National Suffrage Association, Washington D.C., March 25 to April 1, 1888 (Washington, DC: Rufus H. Darby, 1888), 237–41.
WOMEN ORGANIZED BEFORE SENECA FALLS
1. HWS I: 52.
2. “Constitution of the Female Anti-Slavery Society of Salem, Formed February 22, 1832,” Liberator, November 17, 1832, 183.
3. Samuel Sillen, Women Against Slavery (New York: Masses & Mainstream Inc., 1955), 15, 42.
4. HWS I: 324.
5. HWS I: 15–18.
6. HWS I: 23.
7. HWS I: 163.
8. Wendell Phillips Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison, 1805–1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children in Four Volumes: Volume II 1835–1840 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1894), 16.
9. HWS I: 406, f. 65.
10. Monroe Alphus Majors, Noted Negro Women (Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry, 1893), 194.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, Held in Philadelphia, May 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th, 1838 (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Gunn, 1838), 7.
14. Laura H. Lovell, Report of a Delegate to the Antislavery Convention of American Women, Held in Philadelphia, May 1838 (Boston: J. Knapp, 1838), 6–7.
15. Ibid., 14.
16. Ibid.
17. Proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 1838, 7–8.
18. Circular of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, (Boston: Boston Public Library, 1837), 27–28.
19. George Bourne, Slavery Illustrated in Its Effects Upon Woman and Domestic Society (Boston: Isaac Knapp, 1837), 47–48.
20. Sillen, Women Against Slavery, 33. See also William Lee Miller, Arguing About Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).
21. HWS I: 39, 404.
22. HWS I: 326.
23. HWS I: 39, 392–406; Sillen, Women Against Slavery, 30–31.
24. HWS I: 400.
25. Circular of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 27–28.
26. Sillen, Women Against Slavery, 33.
27. HWS I: 342. The author states that the resolution was passed “forty-three years ago,” which apparently means 1838.
28. Proceedings of the Third Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, Held in Philadelphia, May 1st, 2d and 3d, 1839 (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1839).
29. HWS I: 51–52.
30. Sir William Blackstone, “Chapter XV: Of Husband and Wife,” Commentaries on the Laws of England, Volume I (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1765), 430.
31. Sara Jane Brooks Sundberg, “Women and the Law of Property Under Louisiana Civil Law, 1782–1835” (Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana State University, 2001), 50–52.
32. “Current Topics March 5, 1892,” A Weekly Record of the Law and the Lawyers, Albany Law Journal, Vol XLV, ed. Irving Browne (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons, and Company, 1892), 199.
33. “Betsy Love and the Mississippi Married Women’s Property Act of 1839,” LeAnne Howe, accessed on April 12, 2018, http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/6/betsy-love-and-the-mississippi-married-womens-property-act-of-1839.
34. Angela Boswell, “Married Women’s Property Rights and the Challenge to the Patriarchal Order: Colorado County, Texas,” in Janet L. Coryell, ed., Negotiating Boundaries of Southern Womanhood: Dealing With the Powers That Be (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 93–94, 100.
35. Linda E. Speth, “The Married Women’s Property Acts, 1839–1865: Reform, Reaction, or Revolution?” in J. Ralph Lindgren et al., The Law of Sex Discrimination, 4th edition (Boston: Wadsworth, 2011), 13.
36. HWS I: 38–39.
37. HWS I: 99.
38. HWS I: 38–39.
39. Lewis Perry, Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), 161.
40. Lucretia Mott, “Discourse on Woman” (speech, December, 17, 1849), in Anna David Hallowell, James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1884), 500.
41. Sally Gregory McMillen, Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 93–94.
42. “The women appeared uniformly in their old dress.” Quoted in Further Proceedings of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Society of Friends, Constituting the Yearly meetings of Genesee, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, for Promoting the Civilization and Improving the Condition, of the Seneca Nation of Indians, from the year 1847 to the year 1850 (Baltimore: Wm. Woody & Son, 1850), 41.
43. “Council of the Seneca Nation,” New York Times, August 11, 1845. Article begins: “We find in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser a report of the proceedings of a Council of the Seneca Nation, held at Cattaraugus Creek Reservation on the 15th and 16th of July.”
44. Margaret Hope Bacon, Valiant Friend; The Life of Lucretia Mott (New York: Walker and Company, 1980), 124.
45. Diane Rothenbert, “Erosion of Power an Economic Basis for the Selective Conservativism of Seneca Women in the Nineteenth Century,” Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 4, no. 3 (1976): 116–17.
46. Anna Johnson, The Iroquois; or, The Bright Side of Indian Character (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855), 306.
47. Ibid., 162.
48. HWS I: 32–34.
49. HWS I: 326–27.
50. Laura H. Lovell, Report of a Delegate, 17.
51. Ibid.
52. An Appeal to American Women, on Prejudice Against Color (Boston: Boston Public Library), 1839.
53. Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke, On Slavery and Abolitionism: Essays and Letters, Mark Perry, Introducer (New York: Penguin Classics, 2015).
54. Remarks Comprising in Substance Judge Hertell’s Argument in the House of Assembly of the State of New York, in the session of 1837, in Support of the Bill to Restore to Married Women “The Right of Property,” as Guaranteed by the Constitution of This State (New York: Henry Durell, 1839).
55. A harsh-tempered or overbearing woman.
56. 1 Corinthians 14:34—Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law.
1 Corinthians 14:35—And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church.
Also these verses are related, although not in Corinthians.
1 Timothy 2:11—Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.
1 Timothy 2:12—But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.
1 Peter 3:1—Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives.
57. A stick or spindle onto which wool or flax is wound for spinning.
58. Clergymen.
59. John Milton, Paradise Lost.
60. HWS I: 82–83.
61. The Seneca Falls convention was followed by another woman’s rights convention held in Rochester, NY.
62. “Letter from Lucretia Mott,” Liberator, October 6, 1848.
63. Ibid.
THE 1850s: THE MOVEMENT TAKES OFF
1. HWS I: 224.
2. HWS I: 216.
3. HWS I: 220.
4. HWS 1: 215–26; 820–25.
5. HWS I: 821–22.
6. HWS I: 219.
7. “The Woman’s Convention,” The (Washington, D.C.) National Intelligencer, November 6, 1850.
8. Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History (New York: Harper & Bros., 1961), 253.
9. “Thirty-sixth and Final Report of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society” (Philadelphia: Merrihew & Son, 1870), 16. Quoted in HWS 1: 328 (the HWS editors attribute the writing to Mary Grew, corresponding secretary of the society).
10. HWS I: 882.
11. HWS I: 33.
12. HWS I: 109.
13. HWS I: 473.
14. HWS I: 455, f. 79.
15. Syracuse Standard, February 4, 1858.
16. Woman’s Tribune, December 4, 1897, 193.
17. HWS I: 238.
18. HWS I: 247–48; The Una, April 1853.
19. Caroline H. Dahl, petition in the Liberator, June 11, 1858, quoted in HWS I: 262.
20. HWS I: 535.
21. New York Tribune, June 16, 1854.
22. The Una, April 1853, 44.
23. “Streetsville Review,” Syracuse Standard, April 11, 1853.
24. Louisville Focus, c. 1828, as quoted in William Randall Waterman, Frances Wright. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Volume 115 (New York: Columbia University, 1924), 162.
25. HWS I: 286.
26. New York Tribune, July 18, 1851.
27. Sherry Ceniza, Walt Whitman and 19th-Century Women Reformers (Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1998), 21–23, 53, f. 14.
28. Lutz, Created Equal, 112.
29. HWS I: 105.
30. Syracuse Standard, May 7, 1855.
31. Alice Stone Blackwell, Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman’s Rights (Charlottesville, VA, and London: University of Virginia Press, 1930), 171.
32. HWS I: 261–62.
33. New York Tribune, July 7, 1859.
34. Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Elizabeth Smith Miller, quoted in Lois Banner, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A Radical for Women’s Rights (Boston and Toronto: Little Brown and Co., 1980), 114.
35. Syracuse Standard, September 18, 1857.
36. HWS I: 223–24.
37. HWS I: 237–43.
38. HWS I: 612–13.
39. HWS I: 616–17.
40. HWS I: 527.
41. New York Tribune, November 16, 1853.
42. HWS I: 469–71.
43. HWS I: 836–39.
44. HWS I: 839–42.
45. “The Movement for Dress Reform,” New York Tribune, January 20, 1857.
46. A portion of Lalla Rookh: The Fire-Worshippers, by Thomas Moore (1779–1852).
47. Children born with congenital syphilis to mothers who have been infected with the disease often die, and if they survive, may have deformities, or delays in development. They may develop rash, anemia, jaundice, and seizures. There was no cure for syphilis during this time.
48. A birth control advocate, Henry C. Wright authored Marriage and Parentage: or, The Reproductive Element in Man, As a Means to His Elevation and Happiness (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1855).
49. Syracuse Standard, July 1, 1858.
THE 1860s: IN FULL STRIDE, THE WAR’S SETBACK, AND REGROUPING AFTER
1. HWS II: 37.
2. HWS II: 14–15.
3. Sylvia Bradley, “Anna Ella Carroll, 1815–1894; Military Strategist—Political Propagandist,” in Notable Maryland Women (Cambridge, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1977), 62–70.
4. Matilda Joslyn Gage, Who Planned the Tennessee Campaign of 1862? A Few Generally Unknown Facts in Regard to Our Civil War. Or Anna Ella Carroll vs. Ulysses S. Grant (Washington, DC: 1880), 1–4.
5. Ibid., 8.
6. Ibid., 15–16.
7. Bradley, “Anna Ella Carroll, 1815–1894,” 62–70.
8. New York Times, quoted in (Oneida Community) Circular, June 18, 1866.
9. HWS II: 54.
10. HWS II: 66–67.
11. HWS II: 815.
12. HWS II: 85.
13. A gifted orator, Anna Dickinson was instrumental in electing Republican Party candidates in the 1863 election. She was the first woman to deliver a political address before Congress.
14. HWS II: 90–91.
15. HWS II: 103.
16. “Negro Suffrage South and North,” New York Times, July 8, 1865.
17. HWS II: 929–31.
18. HWS II: 228.
19. Proceedings of the First Anniversary of the American Equal Rights Association (New York: Robert J. Johnston, 1867), 60.
20. HWS II: 286–87.
21. HWS II: 230–31.
22. HWS II: 243.
23. Ibid.
24. HWS II: 264.
25. HWS II: 264–65.
26. George Frances Train, Train’s Great Speeches in England on Slavery and Emancipation, Delivered in London, on March 12 and 13, 1862, (Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers, 1862), 19–22.
27. HWS II: 264.
28. HWS II: 321–22.
29. HWS II: 309–10.
30. U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, § 1.
31. HWS II: 315.
32. “Appendix C: Women Who Voted, 1868 to 1873,” The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Volume 2: Against an Aristocracy of Sex 1866–1873, Ann D. Gordon, ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 645–54. The Stanton-Anthony Project has done a fantastic service by compiling this information on women who voted during these early years, finally providing context for Anthony’s much-referenced vote four years later.
33. HWS II: 325.
34. HWS II: 345.
35. HWS II: 333.
36. Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: W. Morrow, 1984), 66.
37. HWS II: 381–97.
38. Correspondence from Lucy Stone to Mr. Sanborn, August 18, 1869, A-1–10 Lutz Collection, Folder 12. Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, MA.
39. HWS II: 756–57.
40. HWS II: 757.
41. HWS II: 406.
42. HWS I: 743–44.
43. HWS I: 739–41.
44. HWS I: 742.
45. HWS II: 54–55.
46. HWS II: 79–80.
47. HWS II: 896–97.
48. HWS II: 171–72.
49. HWS II: 255–56.
50. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Revolution, October 21, 1869, and June 3, 1869. Reprinted in HWS II: 333–35.
51. HWS II: 345–58.
52. HWS II: 378–98.
53. Lutz, Created Equal, 173–74.
54. Ibid., 174.
THE 1870s: A DECADE OF PROGRESS, LOSS, AND REFINING TACTICS
1. Henry Blackwell, “American Woman Suffrage Association,” Woman’s Journal, January 8, 1870.
2. HWS II: 809.
3. Lutz, Created Equal, 162–63.
4. HWS II: 830.
5. HWS II: 872, f. 193.
6. U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, § 1.
7. HWS II: 408.
8. “Landmark Legislation: The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871,” United States Senate, April 12, 2018, accessed on April 14, 2018 https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm.
9. HWS II: 411.
10. HWS II: 586–755; (Portland) New Northwest, March 8, 1872, 3; Lutz, Created Equal, 198; Mayo.
11. HWS III: 828.
12. HWS III: 406.
13. This merger attempt was widely covered in the Revolution and the Independent and is summarized concisely by Lisa Tetrault, The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 35–37.
14. HWS II: 443.
15. Lois Beachy Underhill, The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull (Bridgehampton, NY: Penguin Books, 1996), 94–107. See also, Tetrault, The Myth of Seneca Falls, 56–66.
16. Victoria C. Woodhull, “The Coming Woman,” New York Herald, April 3, 1870. In Underhill, The Woman Who Ran for President, 77.
17. “German Communism—Manifesto of the German Communist Party,” Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, December 30. 1871.
18. Ida Husted Harper, Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol. 1 (Indianapolis and Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1899), 414–15.
19. HWS II: 811, f. 190.
20. HWS II: 813.
21. Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, October 28, 1872.
22. Ibid.
23. Knowlton’s book was reprinted years later by Charles Bradlaugh and Mrs. Annie Besant, Fruits of Philosophy. An Essay on the Population Question (London: Publishing Company, 1878), 48.
24. Robert Dale Owen, Moral Physiology; Or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question (London: Holyoake and Co., 1859), 39.
25. Edward Bond Foote, The Radical Remedy in Social Science; Or, Borning Better Babies Through Regulating Reproduction by Controlling Conception. An Earnest Essay on Pressing Problems (New York: Murray Hill Publishing Co., 1886), 137–38.
26. E. H. Heywood, Sexual Indulgence and Denial: Uncivil Liberty. An Essay to Show the Injustice and Impolicy of Ruling Woman Without Her Consent (Princeton, MA: Co-operative Publishing Co., 1877), 11.
27. Matilda Joslyn Gage, Syracuse Journal, May 7, 1871.
28. “Women Tax Payers,” Fayetteville Weekly Recorder, 1873; “Tea and Taxes,” Chicago Tribune, 1873, and “Call for Dec. 16, 1873 Mass Meeting,” Matilda Joslyn Gage Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
29. HWS III: 420.
30. Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1874).
31. HWS II: 840.
32. HWS II: 837, f.196.
33. HWS II: 585, f.152.
34. Lillie Devereux Blake, New Northwest, February 26, 1875.
35. New Northwest, March 14, 1873.
36. HWS III: 4.
37. HWS III: 19–20.
38. HWS III: 57–58.
39. HWS III: 60.
40. HWS III: 104.
41. Ibid.
42. Madeline Vinton Dahlgren, Thoughts on Female Suffrage, and in Vindication of Woman’s True Rights (Washington DC: Blanchard and Mohun, 1871).
43. HWS II: 488–89.
44. “The Woman Suffrage Question,” Syracuse Journal, January 1872.
45. HWS III: 102–3.
46. HWS III: 60–61.
47. HWS III: 72–73; 149, f.21.
48. HWS III: 443, f. 206.
49. HWS III: 129.
50. Matilda Joslyn Gage editorial, National Citizen and Ballot Box, May 1879.
51. Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, Child-Birth Made Easy (New York: Robert J. Johnston, 1870), 3–4.
52. HWS II: 408.
53. “Woman’s Rights Catechism,” Fayetteville Weekly Recorder, July 27, 1871.
54. “Woman Suffrage. The Argument of Carrie S. Burnham before Chief Justice Reed, and Associate Justices Agnew, Sharswood and Mercur, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in Banc, on the Third and Fourth of April, 1873” (Philadelphia: Citizen’s Suffrage Association, 1873), 5–6. For years, Burnham applied to practice and was denied by this court because she was a woman. Finally, her persistence paid off, and she was admitted to the bar in 1884. (HWS III: 475, f. 256.)
55. Victoria C. Woodhull, “And the Truth Shall Make You Free.” Speech, Steinway Hall, November 20, 1871, Library of Congress, accessed on April 14, 2018, http://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n8216.
56. “Women Tax Payers,” Fayetteville Weekly Recorder, 1873; “Tea and Taxes,” Chicago Tribune, 1873; and “Call for Dec. 16, 1873 Mass Meeting,” Matilda Joslyn Gage Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
57. HWS II: 742, 744.
58. HWS III: 29–30.
59. HWS III: 31–34.
60. HWS III: 131–38.
61. HWS III: 124.
THE 1880s: A DECADE OF PROGRESS AND DANGER
1. HWS III: 197, f. 53.
2. HWS III: 151–53.
3. HWS III: 198.
4. HWS III: 264.
5. HWS III: 177.
6. HWS III: 177–79; “The NWSA,—and the “National Republican Nominating Convention,” National Citizen and Ballot Box, June 1880.
7. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Ida Husted Harper, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. IV (Rochester, NY: Self Published, 1902), 434–36. From now on indicated as HWS IV.
8. Belva Lockwood, “My Efforts to Become a Lawyer,” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, February 1888; Madeline B. Stern, We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Schulte Publishing Company, 1963), 212–13; HWS III: 109, 571; Sylvia Dannett, “Belva Ann Lockwood, Feminist Lawyer,” The Courier 3, no 4, July 1971, 43–44; The Alpha, January 1, 1879, 6; New Northwest, May 26, 1876, 1.
9. Herald of Industry, November to December, 1884. This paper, edited by Marietta Stow, is the major source of information on the 1884 campaign of the Equal Rights Party. In December 1884, the paper became the Woman’s Herald of Industry.
10. Herald of Industry, November 1884, 1.
11. Ibid.
12. Woman’s Herald of Industry, December 1884.
13. Woman’s Herald of Industry, November 1884.
14. Belva Lockwood, Washington, to Clara S. Foltz et al., San Francisco, September 25, 1884, in Woman’s Herald of Industry, October 1884.
15. Belva Lockwood, “How I Ran for the Presidency,” National Magazine, March 1903, 728–33.
16. Ibid.
17. (Oakland, CA) National Equal Rights, December 1884.
18. HWS IV: 410.
19. HWS IV: 417.
20. HWS III: 250–51.
21. HWS III: 6.
22. HWS III: 168.
23. “Woman Suffrage Crusade, 1848–1920,” Mildred Andrews, accessed April 13, 2018, http://www.historylink.org/File/5662.
24. HWS III: 5.
25. HWS IV: 122.
26. Burnita Shelton Matthews, “The Woman Juror,” Women Lawyers’ Journal 15, no. 2 (January 1927).
27. HWS IV: 78.
28. Philip S. Foner, We, The Other People (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 129.
29. HWS IV: 71.
30. New York Woman Suffrage Convention Resolution, May 1876.
31. HWS IV: 107–8; 100–111.
32. HWS III: 250–51.
33. History of Woman Suffrage Agreement, Ida Husted Harper Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
34. HWS IV: vii.
35. HWS IV: viii.
36. HWS IV: 840.
37. HWS III: vi.
38. HWS IV: 426.
39. HWS IV: 430.
40. HWS IV: 425.
41. Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Rachel G. Foster, Mary Wright Sewall, and Lillie Devereux Blake, “Protest Against the Unjust Interpretation of the Constitution Presented on Behalf of the Women of the United States by Officers of the National Woman Suffrage Association, 17 September 1887,” Blake collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, MO. New York Times, September 17, 1887, 2, and New York Tribune, September 18, 1887, 1, also carried the story of the protest.
42. Wisconsin Citizen, August 1889.
43. Sara Underwood, “To Women ‘Indifferent’ to Suffrage,” Wisconsin Citizen, August 1889.
44. HWS IV: 125–26.
45. HWS IV: 125–27.
46. Frances E. Willard, “President’s Annual Address,” Minutes of the National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, in Nashville, Tenn., 16 to 21 November, 1887 (Chicago: Woman’s Temperance Publication Association, 1888), 71.
47. Paul E. Fuller, Laura Clay and the Woman’s Rights Movement (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1992), 33.
48. Rachel Avery Foster, ed., Negotiations between the American and National Woman Suffrage Associations: In Regard to Union (Washington, DC, 1888); Scrapbook of clippings on union negotiations in Robinson Papers, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, MA.
49. Ibid.
50. Correspondence from Matilda Joslyn Gage to Harriet Robinson, January 18, 1890, Papers of Harriet Jane Robinson and Harriette Lucy Robinson Shattuck, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, MA.
51. L. Frank Baum, editorial, Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, March 1, 1890.
52. HWS IV: 164.
53. Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol. 2 (Indianapolis and Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1898), 632.
54. HWS III: 262–64.
55. HWS III: 73.
56. “Platform of the National Equal Rights Party,” National Equal Rights 3, no. 11, November 1884.
57. “Testimony of an Eye-Witness,” New Northwest, December 12, 1885.
58. HWS IV: 75–76.
59. HWS IV: 76–78.
60. Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Persons and Things,” National Citizen and Ballot Box, January 1881, 2.
61. HWS IV: 122–23.
62. Woman’s Journal, November 1886.
63. “Our New York Letter,” Woman’s Journal, September 24, 1887.
64. San Jose Daily, July 27, 1888, quoted in Katherine Devereux Blake and Margaret Louise Wallace, Champion of Women: The Life of Lillie Devereux Blake (London: Flemming H. Revell Company, 1943), 168.
65. Matilda Joslyn Gage, “A Statement of Facts,” pamphlet distributed to National Women Suffrage Association by the author, 1889, Dr. Sally Roesch Wagner private collection, Syracuse, New York.
THE 1890s: SUFFRAGE VICTORIES AND MORAL DECAY
1. HWS IV: 174.
2. HWS IV: 189.
3. HWS IV: 318.
4. HWS IV: 257.
5. Henry Blackwell, “A Solution of the Southern Question,” Woman’s Journal, September 27, 1890.
6. Henry Blackwell, “A Solution of the Southern Question,” Woman Suffrage Leaflet 3, no. 11, October 15, 1890.
7. HWS IV: 220, f.94.
8. HWS IV: 234.
9. Marjorie Julian Spruill, “Race, Reform and Reaction,” in Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited, Jean H. Baker, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 106; Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, Alfreda M. Duster, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 229–30.
10. HWS IV: 246.
11. Rachel F. Avery, ed., Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, assembled in Washington, D.C. on Feb. 22–25, 1891 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1891), 86–91.
12. Amy Hackett, Cloaking an Apology for Lawlessness: Ida B. Wells, Frances Willard and the Lynching Controversy, 1890–1894 University of Massachusetts, 2004).
13. HWS IV: 182–83.
14. HWS IV: 213.
15. Correspondence from Susan B. Anthony to Clara Colby, May 26, 1894, Box 2, Clara Dorothy Bewick Colby Papers, 1882–1914, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
16. HWS IV; 344.
17. Elizabeth Lindsay Davis, Lifting As They Climb (Washington, DC: National Association of Colored Women, 1933).
18. HWS IV: 185–86.
19. HWS IV: 216–17.
20. Woman’s Journal, February 1, 1896, 34.
21. HWS IV: 263.
22. Ibid.
23. “A Protest and a Pledge,” Lucifer the Lightbearer, September 4, 1891. Also published in the September 18, 1891, and October 16, 1891, issues.
24. “Unfit to Read. Anthony Comstock Condemns a Noted Suffragist Book, Woman, Church and State,” Syracuse Standard, August 12, 1894.
25. “Mrs. Gage’s Book. A Statement of Her Side of the Case,” Weekly Recorder, August 23, 1894.
26. Pam McAllister, “Introduction,” A Sex Revolution, Lois Waisbrooker (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1985), 38–42.
27. Matilda Josyln Gage, “Letter to the Editor,” Lucifer, The Light Bearer, August 24, 1894, in Pam McAllister, “Introduction,” 43–44.
28. HWS IV: 334.
29. HWS IV: 348.
30. From poet Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “The Princess” (pt. 2, lines 155–60).
31. 1 Corinthians 14:34—Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience as also saith the law (King James version).
32. Ephesians 5:23—For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body (King James version).
33. Ephesians 5:22—Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord (King James version).
34. 1 Corinthians 14:35—And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church (King James version).
35. The text, “Blessed are you, Lord, our God, ruler of the universe who has not created me a woman,” is part of a sequence of blessings found in the Talmud. It is recited by traditional Jewish men at the beginning of daily morning prayers. Stanton refers to this blessing in her analysis of Numbers XX in The Woman’s Bible (116–17): “To hold woman in such an attitude is to rob her words and actions of all moral character.”
36. Woman’s Tribune, December 28, 1895.
37. HWS IV: 264.
38. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Woman’s Bible (New York: European Publishing Company, 1898), 7–12.
39. The Persecution and the Appreciation: Brief Account of the Trials and Imprisonment of Moses Harman Because of His Advocacy of the Freedom of Women from Sexual Enslavement and of the Right of Children to Be Born Well (Chicago: 1907), 20–21.
40. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Co-operative Ideal Will Remodel Codes and Constitutions (Chicago: The Progressive Woman, 1898).
THE 1900s: CONSOLIDATING POWER
1. Helen Pitts Douglass to My dear friend, 12 February 1900, Emily Howland Correspondence, Box 5, Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College. Cited in Ann D. Gordon, “To Celebrate Worthily”: When Birthdays Are No Longer Your Own. Posted on February 16, 2015, https://historicaldetails.wordpress.com/2015/02/16/to-celebrate-worthily-when-birthdays-are-no-longer-your-own/.
2. Ibid.
3. HWS IV: 389.
4. HWS IV: 358–59.
5. Correspondence from Susan B. Anthony to Laura Clay, April 15, 1900. University of Kentucky Library, Lexington, KY, quoted in Lutz, Created Equal, 292.
6. Ida Husted Harper, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. V (Rochester, NY: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1922), 8. From now on indicated as HWS V.
7. HWS V: 24.
8. HWS V: 85.
9. HWS V: 56.
10. HWS V: 75.
11. HWS V: 75–76.
12. HWS V: 76–77.
13. HWS V: 78.
14. Lee Sartain, Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945 (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2007), 48; Adele Logan Alexander, “Adella Hunt Logan, the Tuskegee Women’s Club, and African Americans in the Suffrage Movement,” in Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation, Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed. (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 89, 102; Darlene Clark Hine and Christie Ann Farnham, “Black Women and the Right to Vote,” in Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle, Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, eds. (New York: NYU Press, 2000), 256.
15. HWS V: 85, f 24.
16. HWS V: 19–20.
17. HWS V: 95, 141–42.
18. HWS V: 97.
19. HWS V: 97–98.
20. HWS V: 145–46.
21. HWS V: 162.
22. HWS V: 165–66.
23. HWS V: 187.
24. HWS V: 162.
25. HWS V: 162–63.
26. HWS V: 163.
27. HWS V: 161–62.
28. HWS V: 191–92.
29. HWS V: 183.
30. HWS V: 212.
31. HWS V: 212.
32. HWS V: 12–13.
33. HWS V: 94.
34. HWS V: 94, 99.
35. HWS V: 130.
36. HWS V: 236.
37. HWS V: 253.
38. HWS V: 276.
39. HWS V: 253.
40. HWS V: 253.
41. HWS V: 247–48.
42. HWS V: 253.
43. HWS V: 253–54.
44. HWS IV: 381.
45. HWS IV: 381–82.
46. HWS V: 54.
47. HWS V: 116.
48. HWS V: 191.
49. HWS V: 258.
50. HWS V: 259.
51. Journal of Lillie Devereux Blake. January 23, 1900, to March 28, 1900, Missouri Historical Society Archives, St. Louis, MO (Series II: Journals and Diaries, Subseries A: Originals. Folder 10).
52. Correspondence from Laura E. Peters to Lillie Devereux Blake, January 18, 1900, Missouri Historical Society Archives, St. Louis, MO.
53. HWS V: 32.
54. HWS V: 59–60.
55. Anna Howard Shaw, Anna Howard Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), 311–13.
56. Alfreda M. Duster, ed., Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press: 1970), 227–30.
57. HWS V: 179.
58. HWS V: 203.
59. HWS IV: 365–66.
60. “Ida Craddock’s Letter to the Public on the Day of Her Suicide,” Ida Craddock, accessed on April 13, 2018, http://www.idacraddock.com/public.html.
1910: NEARING THE FINISH LINE FOR SUFFRAGE
1. HWS V: 624.
2. HWS V: 624–25.
3. HWS V: 281.
4. HWS V: 268.
5. HWS V: 268–69.
6. HWS V: 270.
7. HWS V: 273–74.
8. HWS V: 267.
9. HWS V: 289, 337.
10. HWS V: 285–86.
11. HWS V: 286.
12. HWS V: 282–83.
13. HWS V: 275.
14. HWS V: 309.
15. HWS V: 311.
16. HWS V: 317.
17. HWS V: 320.
18. HWS V: 311.
19. HWS V: 323.
20. New York Times, May 6, 1911.
21. HWS V: 324.
22. HWS V: 328.
23. W. E. B. DuBois, “Suffering Suffragettes,” The Crisis, June 1912, 77.
24. HWS V: 329–30.
25. HWS V: 332.
26. HWS V: 333.
27. HWS V: 339–40.
28. HWS V: 340.
29. HWS V: 340.
30. HWS V: 668.
31. HWS V: 342.
32. HWS V: 341.
33. HWS V: 341–42.
34. HWS V: 354.
35. HWS V: 377–78.
36. “Politics,” The Crisis 5, no. 6, April 1913, 1.
37. Robert S. Gallagher, “I Was Arrested, Of Course . . . ,” American Heritage, February 1974.
38. HWS V: 380.
39. HWS V: 366–67.
40. HWS V: 366.
41. HWS V: 369.
42. HWS V: 373.
43. HWS V: 373–74.
44. HWS V: 376.
45. HWS V: 671.
46. HWS V: 377–81.
47. HWS V: 397, f. 80.
48. HWS V: 379–80.
49. HWS V: 384.
50. HWS V: 394.
51. HWS V: 397.
52. HWS V: 403.
53. HWS V: 410.
54. HWS V: 427.
55. Report of Ruth Hanna McCormick, chair of the NAWSA 1914 congressional committee, Woman’s Journal. Reprinted in HWS V: 397.
56. HWS V: 412–18.
57. HWS V: 422–23.
58. HWS V: 424.
59. HWS V: 427–28.
60. HWS V: 424.
61. HWS V: 419–25.
62. HWS V: 426.
63. HWS V: 438.
64. HWS V: 439.
65. HWS V: 440.
66. HWS V: 460–61.
67. HWS V: 452.
68. HWS V: 452–53.
69. HWS V: 453.
70. HWS V: 454.
71. HWS V: 466–67.
72. HWS V: 470–71.
73. HWS V: 449.
74. Will the federal suffrage amendment complicate the race problem? Broadside 1916 (Caroline Katzenstein papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA).
75. HWS V: 480.
76. HWS V: 498.
77. HWS V: 498–99.
78. HWS V: 498–99.
79. HWS V: 487.
80. HWS V: 486.
81. HWS V: 502.
82. HWS V: 630–31.
83. HWS V: 542.
84. HWS V: 516.
85. HWS V: 537–38.
86. HWS V: 543.
87. HWS V: 632.
88. HWS V: 634.
89. HWS V: 663, 668.
90. HWS V: 541.
91. HWS V: 577.
92. HWS V: 580–81.
93. HWS V: 582–83.
94. HWS V: 586–88.
95. HWS V: 591.
96. HWS V: 562.
97. HWS V: 640.
98. HWS V: 542.
99. HWS V: 564.
100. HWS V: 564–65.
101. HWS V: 565.
102. HWS V: 565–66.
103. HWS V: 553–54.
104. HWS V: 575–76.
105. “Suffragette Tells of Forcible Feeding,” New York Times, February 18, 1910.
106. HWS V: 330–31.
107. HWS V: 364–65.
108. HWS V: 371.
109. HWS V: 384–85.
110. “Carrie Chapman Catt Address to the Congress on Women’s Suffrage delivered November 1917, Washington, D.C.,” accessed on April 13, 2018, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/carriechapmancattsuffragespeech.htm.
111. “Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment,” The Crisis, August 1915.
112. “Arrest 41 Pickets for Suffrage at the White House,” New York Times, November 11, 1917.
113. A. Phillip Randolph, “Woman Suffrage and the Negro,” the Messenger, November 1917.
1920: THE FINAL VICTORY
1. HWS V: 595, 608.
2. HWS V: 610–11.
3. “That Deadly Parallel,” Broadside 1920 (Josephine A. Pearson papers, 1860–1942, Tennessee State Library & Archives, Nashville, TN, box 1, folder 4).
4. Harriet Taylor Upton, “The Story of the 36th State,” Headquarters News Bulletin 5, no. 17, September 1, 1920.
5. Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement (Buffalo, NY: C Scribner’s Sons, 1926), 462.
6. Taylor Upton, “The Story of the 36th State.”
AFTERWORD: NOW THAT OUR JOURNEY IS AT AN END
1. HWS IV: 384.