1. Jane Ridley, Bertie: A Life of Edward VII (London: Chatto & Windus, 2012), p. 19.
2. James Lees-Milne, The Enigmatic Edwardian: The life of Reginald, Second Viscount Esher (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986), p. 134; Lord Redesdale, Memories (London: Hutchinson, 1915), p. 164.
3. Bodleian Library, Marquess of Lincolnshire, ‘King Edward VII as I knew him for 55 years’, July 1855.
4. Ridley, Bertie, p. 45; Henry James, The Tragic Muse (London: Macmillan, 1890), vol. 3, chapter 15.
5. Ridley, Bertie, p. 58; Christopher Hibbert, Edward VII (London: Allen Lane, 1976), pp. 47–8.
6. Roger Fulford (ed.), Dearest Mama: The Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia 1861–1864 (London: Evans, 1968), pp. 30–2, 40, 152.
7. Redesdale, Memories, pp. 161–2; Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘A Radical Lord Chamberlain at a Tory Court: Lord Carrington, 1892–95’, Court Historian, 16 (2011), pp. 214–17.
8. ‘An Appreciation by One Who Knew Him’, Manchester Guardian, 16 August 1924, p. 11.
9. Sigmund Münz, King Edward VII at Marienbad (London: Hutchinson, 1934), p. 50; Ridley, Bertie, p. 300; Sir Rupert Hart-Davis (ed.), The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters, vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1978), p. 178.
10. ‘Our London Correspondence’, Manchester Guardian, 26 April 1930, p. 12; Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 17 October 1894.
11. Leo McKinstry, Rosebery, Statesman in Turmoil (London: John Murray, 2005), pp. 43–4.
12. Bodleian, Lord Lincolnshire, ‘King Edward VII’, 25 February 1870 and March 1870.
13. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, Journal, vol. 1 (Paris: Laffont, 1956), pp. 776–7; John Röhl, Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser’s Early Life, 1859–1888 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 482–3.
14. Ridley, Bertie, p. 263; Lord Rossmore, Things I Can Tell (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1912), pp. 166–7.
15. Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999), pp. 546, 559–60; Robin Harcourt Williams (ed.), Salisbury–Balfour Correspondence: Letters exchanged between the third Marquess of Salisbury and his nephew Arthur James Balfour, 1869–1892 (Rickmansworth: Hertfordshire Record Society, 1988), pp. 378–9; Bodleian, Lord Lincolnshire, ‘King Edward VII’, 6 July 1891.
16. British Library, Add. MS 48677 and 48678, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 16 September 1900 and 9 July 1901; McKinstry, Rosebery, p. 496.
17. BL, Add. MS 48372, diary of Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 19 October 1903; Hertfordshire Record Office, Desborough papers C/1085/10, Ettie Desborough to Arthur Balfour, 26 February 1904; Derek Wilson, The Astors 1763–1992 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993), p. 133; BL, Add. MS 48375, diary of Sir Almeric Fitzroy, 18–25 September 1908.
1. Lord Sysonby, Recollections of Three Reigns (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1951), p. 134.
2. Bodleian, Lord Lincolnshire, ‘King Edward VII’, 19 February 1868.
3. Marquess of Crewe, Lord Rosebery (London: John Murray, 1931), p. 120; Christopher Simon Sykes, The Big House (London: HarperCollins, 2004), pp. 179–80, 184–5.
4. The preceding paragraph follows Jane Ridley, ‘ “The Sport of Kings”: Shooting and the Court of Edward VII’, Court History, vol. 18 (2013), pp. 193–7, 199–200.
5. Duke of Portland, Men, Women and Things (London: Faber, 1937), p. 66; Lord Walsingham and Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, Shooting, vol. I (London: Longman, 1886), pp. 18, 336.
6. Lord Suffield, My Memories 1830–1913 (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1913), p. 157; Sysonby, Recollections, p. 153.
7. Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher (eds), The Holstein Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), p. 176; Sir Lionel Cust, King Edward VII and his Court (London: E. P. Dutton, 1930), pp. 2–3.
8. Hibbert, Edward VII, pp. 98–9.
9. Angus Hawkins and John Powell (eds), The Journal of John Wodehouse First Earl of Kimberley for 1862 to 1902 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1997), pp. 160, 194; Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966 edn), p. 76; Sir Philip Magnus, King Edward the Seventh (London: John Murray, 1964), p. 102; Ridley, Bertie, p. 120.
10. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Library of America, 1983), pp. 899, 979; Walter Lonergan, Paris by Day and Night (London: Ward & Downey, 1889), p. 12; Felix Whitehurst, Court and Social Life under Napoleon III (London: Tinsley, 1873); Philip Mansel, The Eagle in Splendour: Inside the Court of Napoleon (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015).
11. Education of Henry Adams, pp. 899, 979.
12. ‘London Society and Society Journalism’, The Times, 20 January 1912, p. 11.
13. J. Mordaunt Crook, The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches: Style and Status in Victorian and Edwardian Architecture (London: John Murray, 1999), p. 155; Hermann, Baron von Eckardstein, Ten Years at the Court of St James’ 1895–1905 (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1921), p. 74.
14. Henry James, The Awkward Age (London: Macmillan, 1899), book 1, part 2; Edmond de Goncourt, Journal, 3 (Paris: Laffont, 1989), pp. 1108–9.
15. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 59; E. F. Benson, Mammon and Co. (London: Heinemann, 1899), p. 40.
16. Jean Findlay, Chasing Lost Time: The Life of C. K. Scott Moncrieff (London: Random House, 2014), p. 13; Bodleian, Lord Lincolnshire, ‘King Edward VII’, 18 February 1884; John Vincent (ed.), The Diaries of Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby between 1878 and 1893 (Oxford: Leopard’s Head Press, 2003), p. 639.
17. Frank Prochaska, Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London: The King’s Fund, 1897–1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 13.
18. Frank Prochaska, Royal Bounty (London: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 148.
19. Harcourt Williams, Salisbury–Balfour Correspondence, p. 321.
20. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 30 June 1894 and 7 August 1900.
1. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 23 January 1901.
2. Claudia Renton, Those Wild Wyndhams (London: Collins, 2014), p. 223; Leon Edel (ed.), Henry James Letters, vol. 4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 181, 184; Lord Esher, The Influence of King Edward (London: Murray, 1915), p. 44.
3. Hugh E. M. Stutfield, The Sovranty of Society (London: Fisher Unwin, 1909), p. 93; Rose Macaulay, Told by an Idiot (London: Collins, 1923), pp. 183–4.
4. Laird Easton (ed.), Journey to the Abyss: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler 1880–1918 (New York: Knopf, 2011), p. 250.
5. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 15 February 1904.
6. Sir George Leveson-Gower, Mixed Grill (London: Muller, 1947), p. 99.
7. Marquess of Huntley, Milestones (London: Hutchinson, 1926), pp. 168–9; ‘A Peer of Finance’, Manchester Guardian, 31 August 1923, p. 6.
8. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 26 March 1895.
9. Portland, Men, Women and Things, p. 112; ‘A Peer of Finance’, Manchester Guardian, 31 August 1923, p. 6.
10. BL, Add. MS 48677, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 23 January 1901; Peter Galloway, Exalted, Eminent and Imperial: Honours of the British Raj (London: Spink, 2014), pp. 157–61; Stanley Martin, The Order of Merit (London: Tauris, 2007), p. 26; BL, Add. MS 49685, Arthur Balfour to Knollys, 5 June 1905.
11. Lees-Milne, Enigmatic Edwardian, p. 131; Cust, Edward and his Court, pp. 34–5.
12. Steven Brindle, ‘Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial, 1901–1914’, Court Historian, vol. 11 (2006), pp. 43–57.
13. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 4 July 1902; Celia Lee, Jean, Lady Hamilton (London: Lee, 2001), pp. 42–3.
14. Percy Armytage, By the Clock of St. James’s (London: John Murray, 1927), p. 135; Christopher Hassall, Edward Marsh: Patron of the Arts (London: Longman, 1959), p. 106.
15. Cust, Edward and his Court, pp. 156–7.
16. David Newsome, Edwardian Excursions: From the Diaries of A. C. Benson 1898–1904 (London: John Murray, 1981), p. 69.
17. Ibid., pp. 71–5; Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 9 August 1902.
18. Lo Hui-Min (ed.), The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison, I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 165–6; T. H. S. Escott, King Edward VII and his Court (London: Fisher Unwin, 1903), pp. 55–6.
19. Stutfield, Sovranty of Society, pp. 95–6.
20. Lord Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years (London: Constable, 1924), pp. 268–9.
21. Sysonby, Recollections, pp. 152, 272.
22. Hibbert, Edward VII, p. 223.
23. Rossmore, Things I Can Tell, p. 146; BL, Add. MS 48677, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 24 January 1901.
24. Philip Mansel, Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II (London: Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 138–9; Rossmore, Things I Can Tell, pp. 162–3, 216–17; Horace Hutchinson (ed.), Private Diaries of the Rt. Hon. Sir Algernon West (London: John Murray, 1922), pp. 94–5; Sysonby, Recollections, pp. 150, 202–3, 221, 224; BL, Add. MS 48376, diary of Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 20 January 1909.
25. BL, Add. MS 48677, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 24 January 1901; Add. MS 48678, 13 and 15 May, 9 June 1901; Easton, Kessler, p. 369.
26. Arthur Ponsonby, The Camel and the Needle’s Eye (London: Fifield, 1909), p. 28.
27. ‘The late Lord Clarendon’, Observer, 11 October 1914, p. 5; Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 18 November 1903.
28. ‘After the Siberian Warning’, Manchester Guardian, 13 January 1907, p. 3; Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 3 and 8 February 1907, 10 March 1907; Stutfield, Sovranty of Society, pp. 161–2.
29. Lo Hui-Min, Morrison Correspondence, vol. 1, pp. 401, 535.
30. ‘The Week in Society’, Manchester Guardian, 14 July 1907, p. 8; BL, Add. MS 48375, diary of Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 23 November 1907.
31. Marcel Proust, The Guermantes Way, vol. 6, part 2, trans. Charles Scott-Moncrieff (London: Chatto & Windus, 1925), pp. 300–01; The Guermantes Way, trans. Mark Treharne (London: Allen Lane, 2002), pp. 527–8.
1. Lord Augustus Loftus, Diplomatic Reminiscences 1862–1879 (London: Cassell, 1894), p. 60; Philip Mansel and Torsten Riotte (eds), Monarchy and Exile: The Politics of Legitimacy from Marie de Médicis to Wilhelm II (Basingstoke: Macmillan Palgrave, 2011), pp. 279–97, 305–26.
2. Harold Kurtz, The Empress Eugénie 1826–1920 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1964), pp. 218–19.
3. ‘France’, The Times, 12 June 1879, p. 7; Vincent, Derby Diaries between 1878 and 1893, p. 44; Escott, King Edward VII, p. 1.
4. Loftus, Diplomatic Reminiscences, p. 149.
5. Röhl, Young Wilhelm, pp. 442–3; Brendan Simms, Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2013), pp. 259–60.
6. Rich and Fisher, Holstein Papers, vol. 2, pp. 179–80; Roberts, Salisbury, p. 435; Eckardstein, Court of St James’, pp. 55–6; John Röhl, Wilhelm II : the Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 774; Lo Hui-Min, Morrison Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 81.
7. BL, Add. MS 48677, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 1 January 1901; ‘After the Coronation’, Spectator, 16 August 1902, p. 4; Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, vol. 3 (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 109.
8. Eckardstein, Court of St James’, pp. 56, 142–3, 217.
9. Roderick McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe 1890–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 114–15; Simms, Europe, p. 279; Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox (ed.), The Diary of Lord Bertie of Thame 1914–1918, vol. 2 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1924), p. 59; John Röhl, Wilhelm II : Into the Abyss of War and Exile 1900–1941 (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 392, 769.
10. Sysonby, Recollections, p. 275.
11. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 58.
12. Redesdale, Memories, pp. 178–9.
13. H. Wickham Steed, Through Thirty Years 1892–1922, vol. 1 (London: Heinemann, 1924), pp. 216, 235–6.
14. John Wilson, CB : A Life of Campbell-Bannerman (London: Constable, 1973), pp. 142–3; Peter Gordon (ed.), The Red Earl: The Papers of the Fifth Earl Spencer, 1835–1910, vol. 2 (Northampton: Northampton Record Society, 1986), p. 351.
15. Münz, Edward VII at Marienbad, p. 40.
16. Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher (eds), The Holstein Papers, vol. 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), p. 459; Stutfield, Sovranty of Society, p. 163; Bodleian, Milner papers 13, F. S. Oliver to Lord Milner, 31 March 1911.
17. Steed, Through Thirty Years, pp. 326–7.
1. J. A. Gere, Bensonia and Cornishiana (Settrington: Stone Trough Books, 1999), pp. 51–2.
2. Stutfield, Sovranty of Society, pp. 115–16.
3. BL, Add. MS 48677, diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 24 January 1901; BL, Add. MS 48373, diary of Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 10 February 1904.
4. BL, Add. MS 49685, Knollys to J. S. Sandars, 9 September 1905; Prochaska, Royal Bounty, p. 142.
5. Leveson-Gower, Mixed Grill, pp. 95–6.
6. Cust, Edward and his Court, p. 144.
7. Wilson, CB, p. 427; Münz, Edward VII at Marienbad, p. 130.
8. Duchess of Sermoneta, Things Past (London: Hutchinson, 1929), p. 131.
9. Leveson-Gower, Mixed Grill, p. 97.
10. Pinney (ed.), Letters of Rudyard Kipling, pp. 108–9.
11. Lord Ormathwaite, When I was at Court (London: Hutchinson, 1937), p. 138.
12. Bodleian, diary of Lord Lincolnshire, 9 December 1908; Countess of Fingall, Seventy Years Young (London: Collins, 1937), pp. 305–6.
13. Renton, Those Wild Wyndhams, p. 273.
14. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, diary of George Ives, 9 May 1910; Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, diary of Arthur Benson, 7 May 1910; J. C. Levenson et al. (eds), The Letters of Henry Adams, vol. 6 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1988), p. 337.
15. Sir Sidney Lee, King Edward VII, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan, 1927), pp. 272–3.
16. V. Sackville-West, The Edwardians (New York: Doubleday Doran, 1930), p. 7.