Remember the rules for making plurals. The word ends in the letter a. Drop the a and add ae.
Path/o is a combining form of word-building meaning “disease.” (A) is also a combining form, but it refers to cancer or neoplasm. Path (B) is not a combining form of word-building. (C) is a suffix, and (D) is a prefix.
Diaphragm is the correct spelling. The letter g is silent.
Begin by dividing the word into parts: nulli/para. Para means “live births.” Nulli means none or no. Therefore, the correct answer is (B). Remember that choice (A) is not necessarily correct because a nullipara may have had a stillborn child, abortion, or miscarriage.
When interpreting medical terms, it is most effective to look first at the suffix and/or word ending, followed by the prefix, and then the word root (which may include two or more root words). To analyze the word pericolitis using this method, for example, you would break it into its components peri + col + itis (prefix + root + suffix), then interpret it as “inflammation around the colon” (“inflammation” from the suffix -itis, “around” from the prefix peri-, and “the colon” from the root col).
All these terms are related to the gallbladder but mean different things. The suffix, or word ending, is what differentiates them. Cholecystostomy (B) is the process of making an opening (-ostomy) in the gallbladder. Cholecystotomy (C) is simply cutting into (-otomy) the gallbladder. Cholecystogram (D) is the visible record (-gram) of a gallbladder—that is, the x-ray or sonogram. Cholecystography is the process of conducting an x-ray on the gallbladder.
Colors are often used in medical records to describe appearance and provide clues to diagnosis. Xanth/o is a yellow color; it is also referred to as jaundice. Yellow is often associated with liver, gallbladder, and/or pancreatic conditions. The medical term for blue (A) is cyan, and blue color in the body would indicate a decrease in oxygenation. For example: The patient was cyanotic. The medical term for green (B) is chlor/o. In young women, anemia may give a greenish-yellow appearance to the skin and therefore referred to as chloroanemia. The medical term for red (C) is erythro; it describes a blushing color (erythema) or a red blood cell (erythrocyte). The medical term for white (D) is leuk/o; for instance, leukemia is a disease of white blood cells.
PERRLA is an abbreviation recording that stands for “pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation.” HEENT (A) is an abbreviation that the ENT would use, but it refers to more than just the eyes; it stands for “head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat.” RDS (C) is an abbreviation for the condition respiratory distress syndrome. ADHD (D) refers to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a behavior disorder and not part of the eye exam. GERD (E) is an abbreviation that stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The abdomen is a large area and often requires more localization of pain, lesions, and procedures. Since peri- means “around” and umbilical means refers to the navel, periumbilical (E) is the correct answer. The epigastric area (A) is the mid to upper region of the abdomen, on top of the stomach. (The prefix epi- means “upon,” and gastric refers to the stomach.) The hypogastric region (B) is the lower section of the abdomen. (The prefix hypo- means “below.”) The lateral upper sections of the abdomen below the cartilage of the ribs are referred to as the right and left hypochondriac regions (C). (The prefix hypo- means “below,” and the root chrondr refers to cartilage.) The iliac area (D) is the lower area of the abdomen along the flaring part (ilium) of the hip bone.