Love and belonging is a need that can only be met after the basic human survival needs for food and water (A), oxygen, excretion, and sex (D) are met, as well as the need for safety and security. The need for love and belonging is followed by the need for esteem and recognition (E). Maslow believed that self-actualization (C) could only be achieved if all the preceding human needs had been met. In Maslow’s hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest level of need.
Freud was the first person to use the term “unconscious mind” to discuss an area of the mind that functioned outside of our day-to-day awareness. Though Freud interpreted dreams (B) as part of his process with patients, he viewed dreams as a component of the unconscious mind.
Kohlberg felt that many adults never reach the state of altruism that represents the highest stage of moral development. Instead, they obey laws and do what is deemed right in the eyes of society.
Kohlberg observed that school-age children learn to obey rules based on what they are told by parents, teachers, and other authority figures. Their moral development at this stage is based on avoiding punishment. Items A through C reflect higher levels of moral development. Sibling behavior (E) was not considered in Kohlberg’s theory as an element of moral development.
Drawing a picture of an apple requires that the child has the perception of the use of symbols and symbolic reasoning. Sensorimotor is Piaget’s developmental stage for infants and toddlers who experience their environment through their senses of touch, taste, smell, vision, and movement. The other answer choices are all sensory activities.
A common characteristic of adolescent behavior is the influence of peer pressure. The fact that her friends smoke will be a strong motivator for the patient to begin and continue smoking despite knowledge of the hazards of this habit. Peer pressure is less likely to influence the patients in the other age groups in this example.
This exemplifies conditioning, where a known stimulus comes to be associated with another stimulus that accompanies it. In this case, the child may have received a shot at the medical office and now associates office personnel with that pain and fear. Cognitive therapy (B) is a form of psychological counseling. Grief and loss (C) are experiences in response to illness, death, and changes in function. Hierarchy of needs (D) was used by Maslow to explain a progression in the stages of human needs from simple survival to self actualization.
Behavior reinforcement is providing a reward for a desired patient behavior, in this case weight control. If the child interprets the gold star as a reward for staying on his diet plan, then the medical assistant is reinforcing this behavior. None of the other items are a fit with this activity. Role playing (A) involves asking the patient to pretend to assume a new identify, patient-centered care (D) is a strategy to focus medical interventions specifically on the needs of a particular patient. Cognitive therapy (E) is a form of psychology that relies on a patient’s conscious thoughts.
When faced with a stressful situation, a person may regress, or retreat to an earlier, more secure time in life.
Denial is a frequent first response to a traumatic event. It may also be used to avoid any painful situation. Denial is often a barrier to effective communication.