CHAPTER SEVEN
New Face, New Man: A Personality Perspective
ERIN CURRIE
“We all change when you think about it. We’re all different people all through our lives. And that’s okay…. So long as you remember all the people that you used to be.”
—Eleventh Doctor1
“Personality is less a finished product than a transitive process. While it has some stable features, it is at the same time continually undergoing change.”
—psychologist Gordon Allport2
What if you could change your personality? What would you change? How would your life be different as a result? Each time the Doctor regenerates, he gets to try on a new personality and find out. Personality is essentially a pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions considered typical of an individual.3 It is more than a culmination of patterns learned through life experiences. Otherwise, the Doctor’s personality would remain the same after each regeneration. This suggests that there is something essential to his personality that exists outside of his experiences.
Going a step further, what if each new personality is influenced by the needs of the Doctor? As the Doctor experiences the benefits and drawbacks of a personality style, he may, like many of us, think about what he wants to be different. One theory that emphasizes built-in tendencies that incline us to certain personality patterns while leaving space for growth is Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types. He and his intellectual successors Katharine Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, proposed that we have essential orientations toward the world around us that influence our thought, feeling, and behavior patterns4 and therefore our personalities.5 Their ideas provide a useful model for looking at the personality variations of the twelve Doctors featured as the lead characters in the Doctor Who TV series and how the experience of each personality could influence the next.
Controversy
Within the field of psychology, there is a history of controversy around Jung and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a personality assessment based on Jung’s personality theory.6 Jung’s practice of psychoanalysis, his views on the collective unconscious, and the inclusion of spiritual elements in his writings alienated him from many in the scientific community.7 This has overshadowed his contributions, such as the development of the concepts of introversion and extraversion, which are prevalent in modern personality research.8
Katharine Briggs was unwelcome in academia for creating an assessment based an extensive study of psychology literature without having a PhD.9 Regardless, there is half a century of research on the MBTI by Briggs and her daughter, the company that purchased the rights from them, and independent academic researchers. Independent and allied research shows some evidence for the reliability and validity of the assessment, but studies also show areas in which the test needs improvement.10 For instance, some recent research has called into question the validity of the hierarchical arrangement of Jung’s factors,11 and therefore that arrangement will not be used here to address the Doctor. In sum, there is a need for more objective, independent research and less rhetoric from both those who hate the MBTI and those who love it.
Consultants and psychologists worldwide use the MBTI as a tool in their practices because it provides a systematic way to think about differences in normal human behavior using nonstigmatizing language.12 That is what could make it useful for examining the different psychological regenerations of the Doctor.
Personality According to Jung and His Companions
According to Jung’s theory, people use two essential processes to manage their lives: decision making and processing information about the world. Two additional factors—energy focus and environment management style—fine-tune those processes according to Jung. The result is four factors, each with two orientations. Similar to handedness, people may use both orientations but one comes more naturally and is therefore used more often. People who are prevented from using their preferred orientations will supposedly have a harder time functioning.13
Information Processing
The two orientations for processing information are labeled Sensing and Intuition. People who prefer Sensing (indicated by the letter S), by definition, are those who focus on experiences from the five senses and the experiences of people they trust to figure out how the world works. A focus on the senses usually involves being close to the information, and so awareness of the immediate consequences for one’s actions is common in this group. People who prefer Intuition (N) focus on relationships and patterns to understand the world or indeed the universe. This creates a big-picture view of the world and the larger impact of one’s actions.14 After he has spent centuries traveling through space and time, it could be assumed that the Doctor would automatically show an Intuitive style. That is a huge picture, after all. However, both information-processing styles are represented.
Decision Making
The orientation for decision making is based on the information a person focuses on most when deciding how to act. One type of person focuses foremost on subjective factors such as needs, values, and feelings of self and others; it’s called Feeling (F). The other, Thinking (T), focuses on objective factors such as data, logic, and analysis. Each Doctor demonstrates both care for others and clever analysis, but the weights they hold for him differ.15
Energy
Jung suggested that there are two orientations for directing energy: Introversion (I) and Extraversion (E). Jung’s ideas on these orientations overlap with but are not identical to modern ideas regarding the personality factors of Introversion and Extraversion. (For more on those see Factor File One, “The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism.”) A person with a preference for Extraversion, as originally defined by Jung, gets the bulk of inspiration and energy from engaging with the environment and the beings in it. Those with a preference for Introversion, on the other hand, get the bulk of their inspiration and energy from their internal world of thoughts, feelings, and reflections.16 Both introverted and extraverted Doctors need companions. The difference is that extraverted doctors get more energy from being around their companions.17
Environment Management
Briggs and Myers added a fourth factor, pointing out how they personally thought people prefer to approach the world. The orientation they labeled Perceiving (P) favors taking in information about the world and what it has to offer before drawing conclusions. Alternatively, some people prefer to use preexisting structures to navigate the world. These structures can take the form of plans, theories, and deeply held values. This preference is labeled Judging (J).18
The four factors interact, creating a personality system by which Briggs and Myers believed that each person manages himself or herself and the world. The resulting sixteen possible personality styles are denoted by the primary letter for each preferred orientation (e.g., Introversion, iNtuition, Feeling, and Perceiving combine as INFP).19 Each personality style provides a different foundational framework from which each person can grow through life experience. The Doctor is no different.
It’s My Party, and All of Me Is Invited
SUZANNE M. TARTAMELLA
Critics of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator often cite its tendency to pigeonhole, to compartmentalize, to reduce complex people to one-dimensional categories. Yet, personality systems such as the Myers-Briggs offer a useful vocabulary for communicating insights about people and, in the case of Doctor Who, for exploring one of the most multifaceted fictional characters ever created for television. The long lineup of actors who have played the Doctor has perhaps made psychological analysis even more valuable given the stark contrast between the different versions. When used as a tool for understanding a person or character, the Myers-Briggs encourages us to consider not only reserved and outgoing behavior but also introverted and extraverted functions—Intuition and Sensing, Feeling and Thinking—and the degree of organization (judging vs. perceiving) a person needs to operate comfortably in his or her universe. This typing system, in other words, provides a language for exploring each person, character, or character version’s unique personality quirks—examining motivations and behavioral patterns, assessing shifting attitudes toward others, and understanding the Doctor’s interactions with his companions. More than that, it invites us to empathize with and even appreciate personality changes as they occur over time. Ultimately, the Myers-Briggs offers protection against pigeonholing—against dismissing the First or Twelfth Doctor as “grumpy” or adoring the Second or Eleventh only because he seems “wacky” and “fun-loving.”
The Doctors
First Doctor: INTJ
Individuals with combined preferences for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging come in many psychological shapes and sizes, as is true of every combination of characteristics. However, advocates of the Myers-Briggs test see a few common essential personality patterns within that diversity. One notable pattern is the tendency toward having strong internalized ideas about how the world should work that drive almost everything people do and how they do it.20 People who follow a judicial thinking style (focused more on analysis than on abstract possibilities or rules) prefer activities that require evaluation, analysis, comparison, and judgment.21 This fits several versions of the Doctor, beginning with the gruff and intellectual First Doctor. His use of objective facts to define his environment and his attempts to contain the behavior of his companions within that framework are clues to his preference for Thinking and Judging.22 Take, for instance, his reaction when he encounters ancient Aztecs. His companion Barbara is dismayed by the impending human sacrifice, but the Doctor demands that she not interfere lest it alter human history.23
People with a combined preference for Introversion and Intuition may be seen as intelligent and insightful, with a far-reaching internal conceptual map they use for insight into the complex workings of the universe.24 Combine a universe-sized big picture with a strong value placed on objective facts, and the logical result is impossibly high intellectual standards. In times of stress, the First Doctor treats those who fall short of his standards with impatience and even condescension.25 If not guarded against, this may be a tendency among those with a combined judicial and thinking style.26 However, toward the end of this incarnation, the Doctor shows increasing sensitivity to the emotional needs of the people around him,27 a change that continues to progress into his next incarnation.
Second Doctor: ISFP
People with a combined preference for Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving supposedly tend to be ready and willing to provide quiet support, often in the background, according to Myers.28 The extent of help they provide with everyday practical details frequently goes unrecognized until their presence is missed. A focus on details, especially as it relates to prior experience, is a theoretical hallmark for a Sensing preference.29 Upon initial regeneration, the Second Doctor demonstrates the Sensing preference as he recovers his understanding of himself and the universe by touching mementos and reading the diary of the experiences of his former self.30 His use of a recorder to play music to help him calm down and think supports an Introverted and Sensing combination.31
The Second Doctor is especially sensitive to the needs of his closest companions, experiencing great distress when he is separated from them.32 He is punished by the Time Lords for meddling in the affairs of Earth on their behalf without regard for the larger structure of the time stream. This supports a preference for Feeling and runs counter to a Judging approach.33 In the end, the Time Lords force him to regenerate and exile him to Earth, leaving him stranded there by disabling his TARDIS.34 This could explain why the next personality is more likely to get energy and fulfillment from interactions with others.
Third Doctor: ENFP
One key pattern for those with preferences for Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Perceiving may be the large amount of energy they get from and give to other people, friends and strangers alike.35 Myers believed that the high degree of attention sought from and directed toward many people is the hallmark of a combined preference for Extraversion and Feeling,36 and the Third Doctor enjoys attention. He is flamboyantly yet carefully dressed, and his choice of a car is a vivid yellow Edwardian roadster. He enjoys impressing others with his intelligence and uses charm to convince others to help him save the day.37
Individuals with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, and Perceiving appear to be known for their wit and humor. This Doctor’s penchant for amusing non sequiturs is a great example.38 It makes theoretical sense. A big picture of the world means greater awareness of the ways in which everything is related. A Perceiving preference means the Doctor is less likely to exclude information as irrelevant.39 Add the tendency of an Extravert to think out loud, and voilà: non sequitur.
Being emotionally intertwined with people it isn’t all fun and games. This incarnation of the Doctor experiences guilt for the people he cannot save, even when it’s the villain.40 It is possible that connection to these negative feelings drives him to a more objective and directive personality style.
Fourth Doctor: ENTJ
Look around a room full of executives and politicians and you might find quite a few people with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging.41 This is not surprising considering their penchant for decisive leadership founded on a logical analysis of the bigger picture.42 When this type of person is not in a position of power, there is a tendency to flout rules not seen as necessary, which could be common for those with a preference for Intuition, Thinking, and Judging.43 The Fourth Doctor has little patience for ineffective people and arbitrary rules.44
Take-charge behavior, as well as a tendency to think out loud, indicates a preference for Extraversion.45 The Doctor is strident, taking charge of difficult situations almost immediately whether he is invited or not.46 Another example is his response to measured praise by a companion: “I do dislike faint praise. It was astoundingly clever, wasn’t it?”47
Extraverted Judging brings a lot of intense, dominant energy to each situation.48 It may be for that reason that the Doctor’s next self has a personality style generally known for being a bit more detached.
Fifth Doctor: INTP
According to Jung’s theory, clues to personality style come from the way a person functions both when at his or her best and when under stress.49 Perhaps because the Fifth Doctor’s tenure starts as his physical and psychological regeneration is being sabotaged by the Master,50 much of the Fifth Doctor’s personality in his first season51 seems characteristic of what the INTP personality style may be like under major stress.52 Myers believed that people with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Feeling exhibit a personality style that features heightened and erratic emotionality during times of chronic or acute stress.53 For someone with a preference for Introversion and Thinking, high levels of external stress would hinder development of his or her strongest place for psychological regeneration and decision making, that internal think tank.54
When at their best, people with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving may thrive in complex situations, quickly perceiving and processing vast amounts of information. Unfortunately for the Doctor, the scope of his understanding is often too big for him to communicate effectively with others.55 This is shown in the frequency with which his companions say things such as “Why do you always have an incomprehensible answer for everything?”56 Maybe it’s time to get back in touch with the tangible world.
Sixth Doctor: ESTP
People with a combined preference for Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Perceiving may be seen by others as having an insatiable curiosity about the world and the people around them, sitting still only when required to do so by others—or so Myers believed.57 It has been noted that social learning and cultural rules temper inborn personality traits, and so we rarely see a “pure” example of any psychological type.58 The Sixth Doctor may be the exception. He is a caricature of the theoretical ESTP personality type. His demeanor is often highly jovial, and he assumes that others enjoy him as much as he enjoys being himself, indicating a combined preference for Extraversion and Perceiving.59 Joviality becomes irritability when anyone slows down his pursuit of his schemes and curiosity, and this is a caricature of the Thinking and Perceiving combination.60 A voracious joie de vivre is typical of those with combined Extroversion, Sensing, and Perceiving processes.61 The Doctor’s preference for clothing with many bright primary colors and patterns that he designs by stitching together pieces of old clothes is an expression of his personality.62
Toward the end, the over-the-top personality of this Doctor does start to be tempered. Maybe it starts to exhaust him. That could explain why his next personality is more somber.
Seventh Doctor: INFJ
Individuals who identify with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Judging often report a desire for deep understanding of others and are supposedly fiercely loyal to those they care about.63 The combined preference for Introversion and Feeling directs interpersonal energy inward, taking time to consider situations quietly in the context of his or her values and other people’s needs.64 This preference makes the Seventh Doctor different from his predecessor in many ways. First, he is much more subdued. Second, he seems to have an intuitive sense of what motivates people, saving the day by using adversaries’ desires against them.65 This is thought to be a special skill among people with an Intuitive and Feeling orientation.66 Even though he cares about others, the Doctor has a tendency to be gruff with people who don’t live up to his standards, just like his predecessor with preferences for Introversion and Judging.67
Ninth Doctor: ISTP
According to type theory, people with a combined preference for Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Perceiving are likely to be highly creative problem solvers due to their open and imaginative approach to information that is oriented toward practical solutions. They supposedly seek new data about the physical world in response to the problems at hand.68 You can see this in the Ninth Doctor’s practical yet mischievous response to crisis.69
Jungian theory holds that extraverts draw energy from interacting with other people whereas introverts get energy from their internal world. When the Ninth Doctor first appears, he has been traveling without a companion.70 Regardless, he has a grin on his face as he runs around saving the day by himself. This suggests that he doesn’t lose energy in prolonged solitude, indicating a preference for Introversion.71
When he meets Rose, he finds someone whose drive and bravery he admires.72 Her bravery is rooted in deep caring for others, and that puts the Doctor’s Thinking and Perceiving into stark relief. In the end, the Doctor regenerates after saving Rose from the consequences of her bravery.73 After that scene, it’s no surprise that his next self takes on many of her characteristics.
Tenth Doctor: ENFJ
People with a combination of Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Judging preferences are said to be attentive to the needs and feelings of others and can be fierce champions of human rights.74 A combined preference for Intuition and Feeling is hypothesized to create a big picture of the world that is focused on the needs of others.75 The decisions the Tenth Doctor makes center on a need to alleviate suffering.76 His habit of rushing into a dangerous situation, taking charge, and rallying the people to save the day indicates a preference for Extraversion and Judging.77 Allons-y! (Let us go!)
Despite an intense concern for the welfare of people, a key to this combined preference for big-picture Intuition and Judging becomes apparent in situations in which the person doesn’t save the day. When the Doctor refuses to save the people of Pompeii from the explosion of Mount Vesuvius, he explains to his companion Donna Noble that he cannot interfere because the destruction of Pompeii is a fixed point in time, a necessary event in the time stream that is sacrosanct to Time Lords.78 His feeling preference is still there, though, creating inner conflict that is visible in the self-hatred on his face as he leaves people to die.79 Toward the end, the Tenth Doctor has lost many people he loves deeply for the sake of humanity. That may explain the shift to lightheartedness in his next incarnation.
Eleventh Doctor: ENTP
Individuals with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving seem to thrive on new challenges.80 For this reason, they are allegedly drawn to entrepreneurship and consulting, specializing in finding new solutions to problems while leaving the drudgery of “dotting i’s and crossing t’s” to others. In theory, when you combine Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving and focus it on the external world, you can get an open doorway to all the information that the world has to offer and put it together in new ways.81 The Eleventh Doctor has a universe of information and resources at hand.82 As a result, he is able to find nearly impossible solutions to mostly impossible situations.83
The extravert’s need for stimulus from the world, with awareness of the countless possibilities available in a large world, can make it difficult to take day-to-day problems seriously.84 This Doctor is goofy and lighthearted until there is a problem to solve. Dealing with a crisis in the environment brings out his ability to focus, something that seems common among individuals with a preference for Extraversion and Perceiving.85 He also doesn’t sit still for long. With all of space and time available to him to explore, a person with an ENTP preference would want to see and learn everything.86 With all the goofiness, it can be easy to overlook the moments in which the Eleventh Doctor shows that he is haunted by past mistakes; his regrets are clearly at the front of his mind.87
Twelfth Doctor: INTJ
A second key pattern noted in people with preferences for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging may be the awareness and analysis of the potential pitfalls of plans, people, and systems.88 Myers hypothesized that a judicial approach to analyzing a very big picture requires a high level of discernment.89 This Doctor brings us back to the INTJ personality style as he takes on a face from a man he saved in Pompeii90 and the accent of a friend he couldn’t save from Weeping Angels.91 The INTJ personality style is well suited for scrutiny of self and others. It’s all connected to the question on his mind: “Am I a good man?”92 It seems that the Doctor finally is willing to face his past, and he chooses a personality style well suited to make that judgment.
Placing value on facts seems common in those with a combined preference for Introversion and Thinking.93 The Twelfth Doctor tells it like it is, focusing on the objective facts of the situation without any sugarcoating.94 He often is surprised when people react negatively to his approach. This may be something he needs to work on now that Clara isn’t there to do the feeling for him.
Regeneration and Evolution
Although humans do not have the same ability to regenerate, we have the ability to learn from the consequences of our behavior and make changes. According to Jung, each of us goes through a midlife crisis in which we are faced with the limitations of the natural strengths of our personalities. We then have to choose whether to grow by incorporating the skills and strengths of other personality styles or to cling to what comes naturally and stagnate.95 Hopefully like the Doctor, we will take the opportunity to evolve.
The Doctor has had thousands of years to learn from a range of different personality styles, including the consequences of the behaviors that stemmed from them. Every iteration has given the Doctor the opportunity to try a new approach. Each has new strengths and weaknesses and a new series of lessons to learn.
“My different personalities leave me in peace now.”
—Anna Freud96
Allport, G. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bashtavenko, A. (2008). Principles of typology. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
Beckham, M. H. (2012). Building momentum: The unconventional strengths of perceiving college students. Journal of Psychological Type, 72(2), 27–40.
Bishop, P. (2014). Carl Jung. London, UK: Reaktion.
Brown, F. W., & Reilly, M. D. (2009). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicators and transformational leadership. Journal of Management Development, 28(10), 916–832.
Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2002). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator score reliability across studies: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 590–602.
Carey, J. C., Fleming, S. D., & Roberts, D. Y. (1989). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of aspects of cognitive style. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 22(2), 94–99.
Carlyn, M. (1977). An assessment of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(5), 461–173.
Cohen, D., Cohen, M., & Cross, H. (1981). A construct validity study of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 44(3), 883–891.
Fishman, I., & Ng, R. (2013). Error-related brain activity in extraverts: Evidence for altered response monitoring in social context. Biological Psychology, 93(1), 225–230.
Gardner, W. I., & Martinko, M. J. (1996). Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to study managers: A literature review and research agenda. Journal of Management Theory, 22(1), 45–83.
Harvey, R. J., Murry, W. D., & Stamoulis, D. T. (1995). Unresolved issues in the dimensionality of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Education & Psychological Measurement, 55(4), 535–544.
Jin, B., & Austin, D. R. (2000). Personality types of therapeutic recreation students based on the MBTI. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 34(1), 33–41.
Keirsey, D. (1998). Please understand me II: Temperament, character, intelligence. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
Little, B. R. (2014). Me, myself, and us: The science of personality and the art of wellbeing. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the five-factor model in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(4), 367–372.
Michael, J. (2003). Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a tool for leadership development? Apply with caution. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(1), 68–81.
Myers, D. G. (2015). Psychology (11th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
Myers, I. B. (1998). Introduction to type (6th ed.). Mountain View, CA: CPP.
Myers, I. B., & Myers, P. B. (1995). Gifts differing: Understanding personality type. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Percival, T. Q., Smitheram, V., & Kelly, M. (1992). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and conflict-handling intention: An interactive approach. Journal of Psychological Type, 23(1), 10–16.
Personality Growth (n.d.). Here’s why being in an INFJ’s inner circle makes you truly blessed. Personality Growth: http://personalitygrowth.com/heres-why-being-in-an-infjs-inner-circle-makes-you-truly-blessed/.
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Notes
1. Christmas special, “The Time of the Doctor” (November 23, 2013).
2. Allport (1955).
3. Myers & Myers (1995).
4. Myers & Myers (1995).
5. Myers (2015).
6. Carey et al. (1989).
7. Bishop (2014).
8. McCrae & Costa (1991); Wacker et al. (2006).
9. Myers & Myers (1995).
10. Capraro & Capraro (2002); Carey et al. (1989); Carlyn (1977); Cohen et al. (1981); Saggino et al. (2001).
11. Reynierse & Harker (2008).
12. Myers (1998).
13. Myers (1998).
14. Myers & Myers (1995).
15. Classic serial 10–1, The Three Doctors (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973); Myers & Myers (1995).
16. Myers & Myers (1995); Wacker et al. (2006).
17. Modern episode 7–5, “The Angels Take Manhattan” (September 29, 2012).
18. Myers & Myers (1995).
19. Saggino et al. (2001).
20. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
21. Sternberg (1997).
22. Myers (1998).
23. Classic serial 1–6, The Aztecs, part 1, “The Temple of Evil” (May 23, 1964).
24. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
25. Classic serial 10–1, The Three Doctors, part 1, (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973).
26. Myers & Myers (1995); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
27. Classic serial 4–2, The Tenth Planet, part 4 (October 29, 1966).
28. Myers (1998).
29. Myers & Myers (1995).
30. Classic serial 4–3, The Power of the Daleks, part 1 (November 5, 1966).
31. Classic serial 4–3, The Power of the Daleks, part 5 (December 3, 1966); Wacker (2006).
32. Classic serial 6–2, The Mind Robber, part 2 (September 21, 1968).
33. Myers (1998).
34. Classic serial 6–7, The War Games, part 10 (June 21, 1969).
35. Jin & Austin (2000).
36. Myers (1995).
37. Classic serial 7–1, Spearhead from Space (January 3–24, 1970); Myers (1995).
38. Classic serial 7–1, Spearhead from Space (January 3–24, 1970); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
39. Beckham (2012).
40. Classic serial 10–1, The Three Doctors, part 4 (January 20, 1973).
41. Brown & Reilly (2009); Gardner & Marinko (1996); Michael (2003).
42. Myers & Myers (1995).
43. Percival et al. (1992).
44. Classic serial 17–3, The Creature from the Pit (October 27–November 17, 1979).
45. Fishman & Ng (2013).
46. Classic serial 12–2, The Ark in Space, part 2 (February 8, 1975).
47. Classic serial 16–2, The Ribos Operation, part 4 (September 23, 1978).
48. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
49. Myers & Myers (1995).
50. Classic serial 19–1, Castrovalva (January 4–12, 1982).
51. e.g., classic serial 19–4, The Visitation (February 15–23, 1982).
52. OPP (n.d.).
53. Myers & Myers (1995).
54. Myers (1998).
55. Beckham (2012); Pretz & Totz (2007).
56. Classic serial 19–4, The Visitation, part 1 (February 15, 1982).
57. Myers (1998).
58. Little (2014).
59. Classic episode 21–1, The Twin Dilemma, part 1. (March 22, 1984); Myers (1998).
60. Myers & Myers (1995).
61. Myers (1998).
62. Classic episode 21–1, The Twin Dilemma, part 1 (March 22, 1984); Myers (1998).
63. Personality Growth (n.d.).
64. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b); Wacker et al. (2006).
65. Classic serial 25–2, The Happiness Patrol (November 2–16, 1988).
66. Myers (1998).
67. Myers (1998).
68. Myers (1998).
69. Modern episode 1–3, “The Unquiet Dead” (April 9, 2005). Myers (1998).
70. Modern episode 1–1, “Rose” (March 26, 2005).
71. Myers & Myers (1995).
72. Modern episode 1–1, “Rose” (March 26, 2005).
73. Modern episode 1–13, “The Parting of the Ways” (June 18, 2005).
74. Keirsey (1998).
75. Myers & Myers (1995).
76. Modern episode 2–4, “The Girl in the Fireplace” (May 6, 2006).
77. Percival et al. (1992).
78. Modern episode 4–2, “The Fires of Pompeii” (April 12, 2008).
79. Modern episode 4–2, “The Fires of Pompeii” (April 12, 2008); Myers (1998).
80. Keirsey (1998).
81. Myers & Myers (1995).
82. Modern episode, 6–7 “A Good Man Goes to War” (June 4, 2011); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
83. Modern episode 5–13, “The Big Bang” (June 26, 2010).
84. Wacker et al. (2006).
85. Myers & Myers (1995).
86. Modern episode 7–4, “The Power of Three” (September 22, 2012); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
87. Christmas special, “The Time of the Doctor” (November 23, 2013).
88. Bashtavenko (2008).
89. Myers & Myers (1995).
90. Modern episode 4–2, “The Fires of Pompeii” (April 12, 2008).
91. Modern episode 7–5, “Angels Take Manhattan” (September 29, 2012).
92. Modern episode 8–2, “Into the Dalek” (August 30, 2014).
93. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
94. Modern episode 8–7, “Kill the Moon” (October 4, 2014).
95. Myers & Myers (1995).
96. Freud (1919) in a letter to her father, reprinted by Young-Bruehl (2008), p. 86.