Abbreviations: Ar. = Arabic; In. = Indonesian; Jav. = Javanese; Mal. = Malaysian.
ADAT (In.; Mal.; Ar. ‘ADA): Indigenous traditions often respected or tolerated in societies.
‘ALIM, pl. ʾULAMAʾ (Ar.): Learned person, a Muslim scholar.
BUGIS: An ethnic/religious group in Indonesia.
FATWA, pl. FATAWA (Ar.): Judicial opinion voiced by a Muslim scholar, known specifically as a mufti.
FIQH (Ar.): Islamic jurisprudence.
HADITH, pl. AHADITH (Ar.): Tradition related or exemplified by the Prophet.
IMAM (Ar.): Leader, most often of communal prayers.
KAFIR, pl. KUFFAR (Ar.): Unbeliever.
KAMPUNG (Mal.): Village, ward.
KLENTENG: Chinese temples in Indonesia.
KYAI (Jav.): Respected Islamic scholar.
MALIKI (Ar.): Member of the juridical school attributed to Malik b. Anas (711–795).
PANCASILA (IN.): Five Principles, forming the Indonesian state philosophy.
PERDA (IN.): Regional law; peraturan daerah = regional regulations.
PESANTREN (Jav.): Boarding school for religious instruction.
PURA (BALINESE): Temples; derives from Sanskrit.
REFORMASI (IN.): Reformation movement led by students beginning in 1998.
SANTRI (Jav.): Student of religion.
SHAFIʾI (Ar.): Member of the juridical school attributed to Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafiʾi (767–820).
SHARIʾA (Ar.): Holy Law as revealed to Muhammad and interpreted by the ulama.
SUFISM (Ar.): Muslim mysticism.
SUNNI (Ar.): Member of the orthodox community.
SURA (Ar.): Chapter of the Qurʾan.
ʾULAMAʾ (Ar.): Religious scholars. See ʾalim.
UMMA, pl. UMAM (Ar.): Community, nation.
WAHHABI (Ar.): Follower of the teachings of the Wahhabiya.
WAHHABIYYA (Ar.): Pietist movement founded in Arabia by Muhammad b. ʾAbd al-Wahhab (1703–87).
ZAKAT (Ar.): Alms.