abhedabhivyakti theory, 52–53
Abhidharma, 16, 38, 40, 41, 202, 203
Abhinavagupta, 321
ineffability of, 114–16
personal and impersonal, 194, 206, 295, 305–6, 307–8, 310–11
and phenomena, relationship between, 46, 61–62, 66–67
thought and, 151
absolutely accomplished nature (pariniṣpanna-svabhava), 18, 205, 249, 279
action, four effects of, 254
Adhvarīndra, Dharmarāja, Vedānta-paribhāṣa, 52–53
adhyāsa. See superimposition (adhyāsa)
Advaita Vedānta, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii, 202
on Being and Becoming, 68
on consciousness, 148
on ignorance, 56–57
meditation in, 219
monism of, 193
on perception, xi–xii, 29, 31–32, 52–54, 86
on philosophy, limits of, xx
on Self as unknowable, 143
on self-luminosity, 57–58
on subject-object nonduality, 14–16, 198, 206–8, 210
on superimposition, 58–59
two levels of truth in, 54–55
See also Buddhism; Śaṅkara
adventitious defilements, 58, 71, 201, 345n281
aesthetics, xxvii–xxviii, 316, 320–24
alienation, 26, 187, 288, 319, 324–25, 342n213
all-conditionality (pratītya-samutpāda), 89, 194, 205, 236, 237–39, 245–49, 250, 314
all-Self, 188, 193–94, 206, 212, 313
Amitābha, 22
Ampère, Andrew Marie, 166
anātman doctrine, 18, 40, 104, 188, 200, 205, 211, 214, 313
Aṅguttara Nikāya, 71, 201, 345n281
appearance
in Mahāyāna, 46
and objects, bifurcation between, 240–41
and representations, distinguishing between, 36–37
time and, 227
apperception, three levels of, 34–35, 38, 39–40, 49, 58, 69
Arendt, Hannah, 172
Aristotle, xvii, 130, 174, 309, 348n316
on poiesis and praxis, 130–32
on ratio and intellectus, 170
asceticism/renunciation, 192, 255, 288, 302
ātman, 11–12, 14, 45, 199, 206–8, 211–12, 222, 300, 329n30. See also Self
to causality, 236
to form, 285
to fruit of action, 104–5, 300–301
perception and, 35–36
to self, 240
thoughtlessness and, 145–46
Augustine, 235
Aurobindo, 309
Aurora (Boehme), 161
Austin, J. L., 292
Awakening of Faith, The, xxiv
awareness, 220
bare, 33
of Brahman, 254
compassion and, 303
fixation of, 297
immediate (aparokṣānubhūti), 55, 57
in koan practice, 217
in nondual action, 93, 94, 99, 106, 125, 130
in nondual experience, 190–91
in nondual perception, 66, 86, 187
in nondual thinking, 146, 147, 153, 167
of objects, 54
of one’s own mind, 223
pervasive, 316
in Sāṅkhya system, 198–99
of self, 24, 125, 221–22, 309, 325
without striving, 257
in Vedānta, 214
Banting, Frederick, 166
bare percepts, xxiv, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 48, 68, 74
Barfield, Owen, Saving the Appearances, 340n199
Barrett, William, 183–84
Bassui, 333n98
beings and, 72, 338n169, 348n319
language of, 176
presubjective ground of, 177–79, 182, 183
pure, and pure non-being, 72
time and, 268
Bengali Vaiṣnavism, 303
Berkeley, George, 29, 30, 31, 69–70, 74, 188
Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 160
action as no-action in, 103–4
nondualist interpretation of, 310–11, 313
synthesis in, 295
three major yogas in, 296–98, 303–5, 315–16, 353n379 (see also individual yogas)
bhakti-yoga, 296–97, 301–3, 303–5, 306–7
Blake, William, xvi, 90, 91, 163–64, 190, 193, 319
Everlasting Gospel, The, 84–85
Jerusalem, 111, 334–35n118, 334n104, 343n230
Laocoön Plate, The, 155
on memory, 340n199
on perception, 31
Vision of the Last Judgment, 318
bliss, 45, 289, 290, 299, 303, 304, 306, 323–24, 347n312, 354n386
Blue Cliff Record, The, 108, 110
Bodhisattva Vow, 288
Bodhisattvas, 93, 102–3, 107–8, 250, 317
body
Advaita view of, 254
double-aspect approaches to, 335n122
in Gītā, 301
identifying with, 297
as materialized karma-potential, 91
and mind, nondualism of, 259
mindfulness of, 109
“spiritualized,” 308
tantric emphasis on, 286–87
as temporary form, 258–59
in Zen and Advaita, differences between, 259–60
Boehme, Jakob, xvi, 111, 161, 163–64, 169, 170, 314, 353n376
Bohr, Niels, 166
Bon tradition, 71
Bradley, F. H., Appearance and Reality, 27
and ātman, relationship between, 14, 206–8, 307
bliss of, 303
causality and, 237
and emptiness, comparisons of, 62, 208–9, 221–22, 226, 286–87
etymology of, 331n67
as goal, problem of, 255–56
ignorance and, 56–57
nondual experience of, 32
Om and, 219
and phenomenal world, relationship between, 58–59, 61–62, 333n94
as pure consciousness, 224, 347n312
self-luminosity of, 57, 59, 61, 70, 73, 201, 208
“spirituality” of, 116
as unity, 186
Brahmanical tradition, 211
Brahmanimantanika Sutta, 201
Brahmasūtra, 279
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, 9, 10, 12, 13–14, 45, 207, 222, 347n310
Brinton, Howard, 169
Buber, Martin, 106, 336–37n147
Buddha Śākyamuni, 91, 201, 223, 247, 257, 261, 289
Buddhaghoṣa, 332n72
Buddha-nature, 214, 252, 257–58, 259, 260
Buddhism, xvii, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
and Advaita Vedānta, comparisons of, 148, 202, 208–10, 212–14, 220–26, 236, 250, 309–10, 313–15, 323
all-conditionality and Unconditioned in, 238–44, 349n330
nonduality in, variety of expressions for, 12
perception, development of concept of, 51–52
philosophy, limits of in, xx
sense-organs in, 89
space, use of in, 279
subject-object relation in, 201–5, 210
three unwholesome roots in, 297
See also Chinese Buddhism; early Buddhism; Mahāyāna; Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist Thought in India (Conze), 34
Candrakīrti, 17, 45, 102–3, 238–39, 264
Carroll, Lewis, 162, 163–64, 168
Cartesian dualism, 90, 147, 198, 222
in Buddhism, 237–44
ethics and, 317
first cause in, 11–12, 151, 297
Kant on, 30
language and, 120–23
Nietzsche’s critique of, 127–28, 144–45
Western theories of, 83, 189–90
aspiration for enlightenment in, 105
critique of dualism in, 7–8
on language, 115
perception in, 49–51
on Tao as ordinary mind, 116
See also Zen
Chāndogya Upaniṣad, 45, 279, 347n312
Chang Chung-yuan, 24, 112, 118, 119, 156
Chao-chou. See Jōshū
Chih of Yun-chu, 20
Chinese Buddhism, 18, 22–23, 101, 115, 257, 286. See also Ch’an; Hua Yen Buddhism
Christian mysticism, 295, 353n376
Chuang Tzu, 23–24, 95, 96, 97, 99–101, 121, 131–32
Chun Chou Record (Huang Po), 9, 11, 49–50
cittamātra (mind-only), 18
Clay, E. R., 231
cognition, xxviii, 19–20, 48, 59. See also thinking
coincidence-of-opposites, 170
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Kubla Khan, 161–62
compassion, 22, 298, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 326
compounds (saṁskāra), 40, 41, 91, 230
conceptualization/conceptual thinking, xii, 7–8, 28, 45, 136–37, 138, 216–17
consciousness, 13
Advaita view of, 207–8, 280, 285
all-encompassing, 116
continuity of, 124–27
as emptiness, 283
heightening, nondual experience as, 65
intentionality of, 142
as luminous, 71
nondual, 53, 56, 71, 89–90, 226
as “open region,” 178
perception and, 76
pure, 15, 17, 57, 59, 224, 347n312
source of, 116
as space, 279
and subconsciousness, barrier between, 248
subjective, 121
transcendent, 71
vision and, 70
contained-container metaphor, 231, 233, 244, 267
Conze, Edward, 34–35, 38–39, 58, 147, 203–4
Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 323
core doctrine of nonduality
development of, xx–xxi, xxiii–xxvii, 26, 274–75
spiritual path and, 316
summary of, 186–92
cosmology, 112, 117, 214, 338n166
craving, xxi, xxii, 122, 151–54, 189, 191
perception and, 33, 35–36, 37–38
projection and, 220
creativity, xxvi, 190, 340n191
diversity of descriptions for, 163–64
feeling possessed and, 161–62
in musical composition, 157–59
source of, 156
See also aesthetics
Creativity and Taoism (Chang), 156
cultural bias and conditioning, xxiii, 290
Daśabhūmika Sūtra, 102–3
Dasgupta, S. B., 18–19, 72, 287
Dasgupta, Surendranath, 57, 58, 72, 208–9
death, 153–54, 217, 230, 233–34, 254, 349n325
deconstructionism, 212
of Nāgārjuna, 239–40, 264, 270, 271, 317
defilements, 109, 332n72. See also adventitious defilements
Deikman, Arthur J., Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 76, 77, 78, 79–81, 316
delusion
in Advaita, 237, 253, 254, 261
ethics and, 318–19
Gītā on, 297
liberating, 152
ordinary experience as, xxiii–xxiv
origin of, 151
root, 187
in Sāṅkhya system, 198–99, 299
self-existence of objects as, 84
in thinking, 149
two truths and, 62
dependent origination, xxii, 17, 237, 239. See also all-conditionality (pratītya-samutpāda)
Derrida, Jacques, xxvii, 170, 212
on interpretation and supplementation, 271–73
nondualist critique of, 262–65, 274, 314–15
Descartes, René, 141, 148, 181, 216–17. See also Cartesian dualism
determinism, 129–30, 189, 247, 314, 315, 339n180, 342n213
Deus and Deitas, 289–90, 306, 310, 316
Deutsch, Eliot, 321, 322–23, 324, 330n55
devotion. See bhakti-yoga
Dhammapala, 332n72
Dharmakāya, 9, 12, 116, 152, 186, 286, 309
dharmas
in early Buddhism, 12, 283, 285
emptiness of, 41–43, 202, 225, 284
Gauḍapāda on, 255
as One Mind, 259
dharma-yoga, 300
dialectics, 212, 228–29, 231–32, 236, 242, 244, 314
Diamond Sutra, 6, 71, 88, 146–47, 256
Dickens, Charles, 161
différance, 262–63, 265, 266, 268, 271, 274
on being-time, 232, 233, 266, 270
Bendōwa, 257, 258, 259–60, 261
enlightenment of, 259
on eternal present of time, 234, 266
“Genjō-kōan,” 260–61
on kenshō, 217–18
on spiritual practice, 251–52, 256–62, 314
dreams, xxiii, 15, 334–35n118
as inspiration, 157, 163, 166–67
phenomena as like, 27–28, 71–72, 88, 238, 314
dualism/duality
commonsense, xvii–xviii, 29–30, 90, 239–41, 263–65, 279, 293
of individual self and universe, 324–26
negation of, 23–24
origins of Western view, xvii
overreacting to, 287
root of, 89
spiritual, 154
subject-object, 142–44, 164, 171, 190–91, 235, 279, 287, 324, 326, 345n280
transcending, 19–20
See also radical dualism
dualistic experience, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, xxii–xxiii, 4, 55, 187, 287, 291
early Buddhism, 197, 202, 220, 225, 237–38. See also Pāli Buddhism
Ecce Homo (Nietzsche), 160
Eckhart, Meister, xvi, 27, 72, 111, 170, 212–13, 250–51, 289, 324. See also Deus and Deitas
ecological problems, 324–26
effortlessness, xxv, 107, 161, 162
ego-consciousness, 18, 106, 207, 220
ego-self, 116, 132, 224, 248, 310. See also self, sense of
Einstein, Albert, 167
Elgar, Edward, 159
Eliot, George, 161
Eliot, T. S.
“Burnt Norton,” 93
emotions, 297–98, 302–3, 304, 306–7, 316
emptiness (śūnyatā), 187–88, 314, 323, 331n67, 349n325
of appearances, 88
of body and mind, 259
and Brahman, comparisons of, 62, 208–9, 221–22, 226, 286–87
clinging to, 284–85
dependent arising and, 238, 241
of dharmas, 41–43, 202, 225, 284
ego’s denial of, 151
as exhaustion of all theories, 265
form and, 51, 62, 261, 278, 302
of light and light-things, 70
in Mind-space analogy, 284–86
nonbeing and, 338n169
in Pāli and Mahāyāna traditions, distinctions between, 12, 41
phenomenalism and, 83–84
puruṣa and, 200
of self, 220
of sense-organs and -objects, 85–86
of sentient beings, 72
of thoughts, 147–48
three senses of, 190–91
enlightenment
complete, 155
as experience of nonduality, xviii–xix
God and, 311
intention to attain, 105
misunderstandings about, 191
obstructions to, 223
in Oxherding Pictures, 50–51, 136
possibility of, 62
in Sāṅkhya-Yoga, 281–82
spiritual practice and, 251–53, 256–59, 261–62
views of self and, 213–14
epistemology, xxiii, xxiv–xxv, 73, 81–82, 85–86, 117–19, 188, 338n166
equanimity, 39–40, 42, 298–300, 304, 331n65
eremitism. See asceticism/renunciation
ethics, xxvii–xxviii, 44, 132–33, 308–9, 316, 317–20, 325, 332n72
Five Degrees of Tōzan, 286
form, 51, 62, 118, 123, 261, 278, 302. See also name and form
Foucault, Michel, 265
freedom
determinism and, 129–30, 189, 247, 314, 315
language and, 271
unconditioned, 248–49
Freud, Sigmund, xxiii
Fung Yu-lan, 24, 96, 98, 338n166
Gandhi, Mohandas, 192
Gauḍapāda, 52, 60, 208, 210, 255, 310, 348n313, 349n330
Agamaśāstra, 209, 226, 236, 348n313
Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad commentary, 253, 255
Gauss, Karl, 166
Gautama (Nyāya), 32
God, xxvii, 128, 129, 308, 342n211
creativity and, 155, 158–59, 166, 324, 343n230
ethics and, 317
love of, 354n391
nondualist objections to, 307–10
perception of, 27
seeking, 250–51
Godhead, xxvii, 310, 316. See also Deus and Deitas
Goethe, Johann, 161
grasping, 17–18, 36, 47–49, 109, 114–15, 151–52, 182–83
Greek philosophy, xvii, 182, 227, 308, 325, 348n319. See also individual philosophers
Gregory, Richard, 75
Hadamard, Jacque, 166
Hakeda, Yoshito, 327n6
Hakuin, 217
Hampshire, Stuart, Thought and Action, 124–27
Han-shan, 288
Healing Deconstruction, xii
hearing, nondual, 63–65, 74–76, 106, 133, 188
Heart Sutra, 62, 85, 108, 256, 285
Hegel, Georg, xvi, 176, 181, 266, 267, 341n205, 342n213, 348n318
Heidegger, Martin, xvi, xxvi, xxviii, 73, 126, 189, 190, 193, 264, 324, 348n314
Being and Time, 173–74, 177, 178, 185, 266, 270
on beings and Being, 338n169, 348n319
Derrida and, 266–70
“End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking,” 180–82
“Gelassenheit,” 179–80
on interpretation, 112
“Letter on Humanism,” 176, 178–79
“On the Essence of Truth,” 177–78, 180
on Suzuki, 183–84
What Is Called Thinking? (Was Heisst Denken?), 172–73, 180, 344n255
“What Is Metaphysics?,” 182–83
on zuhanden (utensils), 120–22, 339n171
Hempel, Carl, 165
Heraclitus, xvii, 227, 234, 235, 314, 348n314, 349n325
Hindu tantra, 18–19, 286–87, 304
Hisamatsu, Shin-ichi, 279, 280
Hobbes, Thomas, 129
Ho-shang Kung, 119
Housman, A. E., 162
Howe, Elias, 166–67
Hoy, David Couzens, 352n366
Hsiang-yen, 51
Hsin Hsin Ming (Awakening Faith in Mind, Seng-ts’an), 38–39, 49, 101–2, 133
Hsüan-tse, 185
Hua Yen Buddhism, 130, 247, 286, 342n213
Huang Po, 7, 10, 12, 110, 150, 154, 250. See also Chun Chou Record
Hui Neng, Sixth Patriarch, 20–21, 137, 148, 254, 257, 261. See also Platform Sutra
humanism, xxviii, 178–79, 324–25
Hume, David, 29, 69–70, 83, 125, 126, 127, 141–42, 155–56, 188, 189
idealism, 90, 203, 213, 226. See also subjective idealism; transcendental idealism
ignorance, 15, 48–49, 53, 56–57, 60, 143. See also delusion
of liberation, 263
phenomena as, xxii, 27, 71, 88, 209, 282, 284–85
of self, 197–98, 201, 202, 207
of subject-object duality, xxv, 15
in Taoism, 19
as true nature of phenomena, xxii, 27
See also māyā (illusion)
in Buddhism and Vedānta, comparisons of, 228–31, 285
immutability and, 194, 205, 212, 226, 250
Śaṅkara’s refutation of, 225, 254
Indian philosophy, xxvi–xxvii, 25, 193–94
and Chinese, differences between, 123–24, 288, 293
great divide of, 275
modern interpretations of, 306
purpose of, 264–65
self in, 229
on sense-perception, 31–33
on subject-object relation, three primary approaches to, 197–98, 210, 313, 345n280
variety in, 277–78
Indra’s Net, 130, 247, 248, 342n213
inspiration, 158, 159–63, 164, 165, 167–68, 190, 248
devotion and, 301–2
emotions and, 307
grasping by, 48
in Mādhyamika, 205
in nondualist traditions, 192
Plato’s Ideas and, 28
senses and, 227
superimposition by, 35
as Verstand, 168–70
vijñāna and, 138–39
intention, 192
and action, relationship between, 125–30, 189
in causality, 246
ceaseless stream of, 230
in continuity of consciousness, 124–26
in Gītā, 301
of I-consciousness, 208
morality and, 308
naming and, 119–23
in nondual action, xxv, xxvi, 93–94, 104–7, 111–12, 132–33, 135
in perception, 75–76
in Tao Tê Ching, 112, 118–19, 122–23, 287
thoughts and, 136
intentionless activity, 107–11, 130–32
interdependence
of dharmas, 225
in dualistic thinking, 4
of mover and moved, 243–44
of permanence and change, 228–29
of phenomena, 285
of subject and object, 16
between temporality and causality, 236–37
of time and objects, 232–33, 263
interdependent origination. See all-conditionality (pratītya-samutpāda)
intuition, 60, 74–76, 138–39, 170
intuitive knowledge (chih), 24, 330n54
I-Thou relationship, 336–37n147
James, William, 33, 84, 90, 231
Jinendrabuddhi, 49
jñāna-yoga, 296–97, 298–300, 302, 303–5, 306–7
John of the Cross, 213
Joshi, Lalmani, 209
Jōshū, 116, 150, 184, 214, 247, 251
Kakuan Shien, 286. See also Oxherding Pictures
Kālī, 306
Kant, Emmanuel, 28, 30, 31, 59, 168–69, 320
karma, 60, 91, 104–5, 246, 255, 308, 319
karma-yoga, 296–97, 300–301, 302, 303–5
Kekule, August, 166
Kena Upaniṣad, 347n310
kenshō (self-realization), 22, 64, 78, 136, 155, 217–18
Kevada Sutta, 201
knowledge
in Advaita, 54–55
conceptual, xix
ethics and, 318
pure, 55
vision and, 67–68
in Western traditions, 82–84
See also prajñā
koans, 107, 109, 150, 184, 333n98. See also Mu
Koestler, Arthur, 167
Krishna, 104, 298, 299, 300, 301–2, 304, 305–6, 307, 354n392
Krishnamurti, 340n191
Kuei-shan Ling-yu, 147
Kuo Hsiang, 96
Kuo-an Shih-yuan, 50
Lack and Transcendence, xiii
Lamartine, Alphonse, 135
dualism of, xix, xxvii, 194, 212, 221, 267, 315
as grasping, 115
inconstancy of, 114
intention and, 124
limitations of, 248, 255, 290, 292, 348n315
Mādhyamika use of, 240, 241, 242, 243
in Nāgārjuna and Derrida, comparisons of, 263–65
in nirvikalpa and savikalpa perception, 33, 35, 36
nondual consciousness and, 208
ontology underlying, 264, 265, 269, 352n370
phenomenalism and, 84
sense-perception and, 31, 68, 82
in Tao, bifurcation of, 116–17
thinking and, 170
thought-constructions and, 30
two truths and, 55
Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, 44, 144, 204
Lao Tzu, 94–95, 97, 99–100, 104. See also Tao Tê Ching
liberation
as eternal, 258
experiencing, xviii–xix, xxii, xxiii, 223–24, 347n312
illusion of, 263
sense-perception and, 48
thoughts after, 146
Lieh Tzu, 23
light and light-events, 69, 70–71, 72, 73, 77
literature, creative process in, 159–64, 168
logic, 5–6, 165–66, 205. See also reasoning
Lohan, Master, 247
love, 298, 302–3, 304, 306, 309, 319, 354n391
luminosity, 57–58, 70–71, 77, 79–80. See also self-luminosity
Madhyamakāvatara (Candrakīrti), 102–3
Mādhyamika, 193
advayavāda (not-two) in, 17, 114
on all-conditionality, 246–48
critique of dualism in, 6–7, 31, 46–47, 188
on māyā, 60
on motion-and-rest, 102, 242–44
on perception, 44–46
Śaṅkara’s critique of, 56, 210, 222, 225
Magliola, Robert, 262
Mahāmudrā, 19, 103, 139–40, 147, 336n143
mahāvākya (great saying), xx–xxi, 14–15
Mahāyāna, xx
and Advaita, influence on, 52
deconstruction in, 270–71
on dualism of opposites, 5
on emptiness, 12, 41, 202, 221
ground in, 279
metaphysics of, 11
on nonduality, presupposition in, xxiv, 327n6
on prajñā, 137–39
on saṁsāra and nirvana, xxvi, 285
on sentient beings, 72
on subject-object nonduality, 16–18, 198
three doors in, 105
on two truths, 54
See also Buddhism
Maitreya, 203
Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad, 45
Mañjuśrī, 41
mantram, 215, 216, 218–19, 302, 353n385
mathematics, creativity in, 165–66
Ma-tsu, 109, 110, 147, 148, 247
matter, 68, 69–71, 72, 73, 85, 202
in Advaita and Buddhism, distinctions between, 59–60, 207
and Brahman, relationship between, xii, 61, 123, 206, 224, 302, 353n381
nature of, variant views on, 11
in Taoism, 10
See also illusion
McKellar, Peter, 160
Deikman experiments in, xxiv–xxv, 29, 76–82
emphasis of nondualist traditions on, xxv, 135, 192, 293, 299
nondual, 33
prapañca and, 270
as proof, critique of, xxi
sesshin, 328n16
shikantasa (just sitting), 214, 257
thoughts in, 136, 140, 150, 184
walking, 109
Yogācāra emphasis on, 205
Mehta, J. L., 175
memory, 124–25, 143–44, 230, 297, 340n199
mental tendencies, 33, 230. See also compounds (saṁskāra)
“merging experience,” 77–79
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 74, 81, 91
fundamental presupposition of, 265
Heidegger’s critique of, 173–74, 176, 177, 179, 180–83
in India and China, differences between, 288, 293
inherent in commonsense view, 239–40, 270, 274–75
in interpreting Tao Tê Ching, 113–14
in Mahāyāna, 11
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, 161
Mīmāṁsā, 253
mind, 253
as aware of itself, 255, 351n348
dichotomizing tendency of, 5
empty, unborn nature of, 154
grasping by, 151–54
Mādhyamika and Yogācāra views of, 204–5
matter and, 202
non-dwelling, 153
no-seeking, 262
as prajñā-intuition, 155
and sense-perceptions, relationship between, 49–50, 53
subconscious, 133, 159, 167, 248
transcendental, 205
Mind
luminosity of, 71
original, 20
phenomena and, 11
thinking and, 151
universe as, 88
in Yogācāra, 18
See also Buddha-Mind; Mind-space analogy; One Mind
mind-body dualism, 89, 90, 107–8, 127, 188, 243, 307, 308
mind-fasting, 121
mind-nature, 258–59
Mind-space analogy, xxvii, 279–80, 315
in early Buddhism, 282–83, 285
in Mahāyāna (paramārthika), 289, 290, 291
in Mahāyāna (saṁvṛti-satya), 285–86
nondual experience and, 292–93
in Sāṅkhya-Yoga, 280–82, 283–84
tabulation of, 291
in Taoism, 287–88
in theism, 289–90
Modal-view, 212, 223, 224–26, 228, 236, 241
mokṣa. See liberation
monism, 11, 16, 84, 90, 193, 200
morality. See ethics
Mūlamadhyamikakārikā (Nāgārjuna), 44, 45, 85–86, 87, 102, 236, 238, 242, 264, 265
multiplicity, 8, 10, 72, 117, 123–24, 169
Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad, 353n379
Murti, T. R. V., 46, 210, 211, 224
Nāgārjuna, 61, 171, 203, 204, 348n316
on being and nonbeing, 338n169
on dependence of dualism, 4
dialectics of, 212
on negation of views, 6
on nirvana, 17, 123, 236, 339n174
on perception, 43
prapañca and nirvikalpa in, 46
Śūnyatāsaptati, 226
See also deconstructionism; Mūlamadhyamikakārikā
name and form, 9, 10, 45, 49, 59, 72, 115, 201, 237
naming, 117–23
Ñānananda, 44
Nan-ch’üan (Jap. Nansen), 116, 152, 342n211
negation, 7
of dualism, 71–72
of ego-self, 116
eight (Nāgārjuna), 238
misunderstanding, 210
of sense-phenomena, 27–28
in understanding nonduality, 4, 5–6, 8, 13, 23–24
in Zen, 270
See also Nothingness
Neoplatonic tradition, 38, 91, 170
Neruda, Pablo, 65
New Theory of Vision (Berkeley), 69–70
Newton, Issac, 231, 308, 349n320
Nicolas of Cusa, 170
Nietzsche, Friedrich, xvi, xxviii, 30, 164, 193, 248
on ethics, 319
on inspiration, 159–60
on interpretation, 272
on motivation, 293
nihilism, xxix, 210, 222, 225, 274, 310, 317, 352n371
Nikhilananda, 329n30
Nirguṇa Brahman, xii, xxvii, 61
Deitas and, 290
obscurations to, 261
and Saguṇa, relationship between, 305–6, 310
nirvana, xxi–xxii, 46, 100, 201–2, 234, 235
in early Buddhism, 283
and everyday world, 123
Mādhyamika view of, 17, 114, 123, 236, 339n174
misunderstanding, 264
nirvikalpa perception and, 39–40
sense-perception and, 28
See also under saṁsāra
Nirvāṇa Sūtra, 258
nirvikalpa perception, xi–xii, 81
in Ch’an, 51
describing, paradox of, 47
in early Buddhism, implied, 34, 35–38, 39–40
emptiness and, 41
as lacking error, 82
language limitations and, 68
naming and, 120
prapañca and, 45
in Sautrāntika-Yogācāra, 47–48
and savikalpa, relationships between, 31, 32–33, 58, 59, 60, 84, 86, 90, 187–88, 204
of sound, 65
nirvikalpa sensation, 43, 47, 58, 115
Nishida Kitaro, A Study of Good, 330n54
Niu-t’ou Fa-yung, 102
no mind (wu-hsin), 21, 102, 104
nonaction, xxv, 66, 104–5, 300
nonbeing, 119, 266–67, 338n169
noncompound (asaṁskāra), 40
nondual action, xxv, xxvi, 66, 137, 188–89, 192
becoming, 130
in Bhagavad-gītā, 103–4
of Bodhisattvas, 93, 102–3, 107–8
critiques of, 130–33
decision-making and, 133
defining, 93–94
and dualist action, difference between, 93–94, 111
nonintentionality and, 320
See also wei-wu-wei (action of nonaction)
nondual experience, xix, 94, 194, 252, 275
aesthetics and, 324
in Buddhism and Advaita, 32, 55, 250, 277
consciousness in, 164
and dual experience, difference between, 191
ethics and, 317
expectations and, 251–52
freedom in, 129–30
ignorance and, 15
in nondualist systems, 25–26, 313–14
proof of, xxi–xxiii
realization as, 100
of seeing, 73
two truths and, 62
Yogācāra view of, 18
nondual perception, xi–xii, xix, xxvi, 29–31, 70, 137, 188, 189, 192
absolute understanding of, 49
in Ch’an, 51
common sense and, 85–86
Deikman experiments and, 76–82
mind-body nonduality and, 91
as perception, appropriateness of term, 43
phenomenalist understanding of, 73, 83–84
sense organs in, 86–88
nondual percepts, 30–31, 61, 84, 191, 334n118
nondual thinking, 133, 184–85, 189–90, 192
conceptualization and, 136–37, 150–54
creativity and, 156
Heidegger and, 175–76
limits of, 168
memory and, 144
objection to, 154–55
obscuration of, 146–47
nondualist traditions, 3, 186–87
conceptualizing mind in, 28
cross-fertilization between, 60
delusion in, 151
differences between, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii, 193–94, 313
epistemology and ontology in, difficulty in distinguishing, 46
ethics in, 318–19
experience and analysis, value of in, 82
Heidegger and, 184
I-consciousness in, 142
Kantian metaphysics and, 30
morality and transcendence in, 308
nondual hearing and, 63–64
representation in, 37–38
sentience in, 71–72
six sense perceptions in, 28
spectrum of, 293
thoughtlessness in, 145–47
and Western, primary distinctions between, xvii–xviii, xxviii–xxix
worldviews of, 325–26
nonduality
in cause and effect, 248
clinging to, 287
dialectics and, 212
of duality and nonduality, xxvi, 3, 11, 282
as incompatible with usual experience, xix
of internal and external, 143, 340n199
in koan practice, 215–16
meanings of, xxiv, 3, 25, 186–87
of nature of mind and universe, 262
realization of, xx–xxi
of thinker and thought, 336n143
types of, xxiv–xxvi, 3–4, 13, 16, 313
value-theory and, 316–17
in Vedānta and Buddhism, 236
no-self/nonself, 16, 18, 101, 193–94, 212, 213, 220, 246. See also anātman doctrine
Nowell-Smith, P. H., 122
Nyāya system, 32–33
Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika, 199
observation, selective, 75–76, 81
omnipresence, 199–200, 213, 280–81, 299
One Mind, 9, 11, 13, 49–50, 52, 186, 223, 259
ontology, problems inherent in, 288–89
open region (Heidegger), 176, 178, 179, 180, 181–82
Other Power (tarika), 22–23
Oxherding Pictures, 50–51, 86, 136, 286, 346n289, 353n376
Pāli Buddhism, xxii
bare percepts in, 31
craving in, 151
pluralism of, 12, 16, 193, 198, 200, 221
wishlessness in, 105
on bliss, 347n312
nirvana in, 201–2
papañca in, 44
rejection of sense-experience in, 39
Pantañjali. See Yoga Sūtra
Pao-ch’ê, 260–61
of action of nonaction, 93–94, 99–101, 105–6
in Gītā, 299
of involuntary freedom, 248
in Mahāyāna, 285–86
of nondual philosophies, 184–85
of permanence and change, 228–29
of practice and results, 251–53
of time, 234
pariniṣpanna-svabhava. See absolutely accomplished nature (pariniṣpanna-svabhava)
Parmenides, xvii, 28, 225, 227, 235, 314, 348n314, 348n316, 349n329
path
Dōgen on, 256–62
existentialist view of, 304
of Mādhyamika, 205
nature of, 316
no-path and, xxvii, 194, 212, 252, 256
dualistic and nondualistic, difference between, 29, 44, 81–82
emptiness of, 31
epistemology of, xi
finding meaning in, 132
general views on, xxiv–xxv
locus of, 77–78
nature of perceiver and, 83
perverted, 41–42
physiology of, 85–87
in psychology, 75
thought and, 135
See also nondual perception; sense-perception
permanence, 113, 209, 226–27, 228–30, 241, 244–45, 278
phenomena
consciousness and, variant views on, 220
emptiness of, 323
as illusory, xxii, 27, 71, 88, 209, 282, 284–85
Mind and, 11
nondual nature of, 309
and noumena in Kant’s system, 30
phenomenal world, xxi–xxiii, 82
in Advaita and Mahāyāna, comparisons of, 55–56, 58–59, 61, 209, 224, 250, 288
as saṁsāra, xxvi
in Tao Tê Ching, 11–12, 117, 118, 123
phenomenalism, xxiv–xxv, 29, 188
in all-conditionality, 239
other nondualist systems and, 83–84, 115
sense organs and, 85–87
thoughts and actions in, 130
phenomenology, xxvii, 151, 170, 302, 314, 315
philosophy, 61
development of, 227
as inherently dualistic, xix–xx
nature of, 223
objective of, xxii–xxiii
as obstruction, xix–xx
as re-presenting, 289
rhetoric in, 263–65
subjectivity in, 177
Taoist critique of, 115–16
in understanding nondual perception, 89–90
See also Western philosophy
Phra Khemananda, 148–49
phrenology, 335n122
physical objects, three characteristics of, 68–69
Ping-ting T’ung-tzu, 185
Plato, xvii, 28, 53, 67–68, 136, 174, 323
Apology, 172
Republic, 351n348
Platonic Forms, 28, 59, 170, 309
play (līlā), 110–11
on logismos and nous, 170
on perception, 91
Six Enneads, The, xv
pluralism, 11–12, 16, 19, 193, 198, 200, 221
Popper, Karl, 76
Po-shan, 216
Poststructuralism, 273, 352n370
prajñā, 17, 154–55, 168, 189, 205
describing, 137
experience of, 150
obstacles to, 184–85
simplicity of, 175
as thoughtlessness, 145–47
and vijñāna, distinctions between, 138–39, 169–70
Prajñāpāramitā literature
deconstruction in, 270
form and emptiness in, 51, 62, 261, 278, 285
nondual action in, 102–3
prajñā in, 137–39
prakṛti, 198–200, 237, 281, 283–84, 296, 299
grasping by, 82
in Mādhyamika, 44–46
objectification and, 46
in Pāli commentaries, 332n72
sense-organs and, 91
three natures and, 249
vision and, 68
in Yogācāra, 47
See also thought-projection (prapañca)
prapañcopaśama, 17, 44, 45–46, 52
present time, 304
Derrida on, 266–70
devaluation of, 230–31
eternal, 234, 235, 266, 267, 314
projections, 18, 59, 80, 90, 97, 205, 304. See also thought-projection (prapañca)
Puccini, Giacomo, 158, 159, 168
pure experience, 24, 138, 330n54
Pure Land Buddhism, 18, 22, 23
puruṣa
nondual experience of, 300
in Patañjali’s system, 299
in Sāṅkhya system, 198–200, 207, 224, 281–82, 284, 347n312
Pythagoras, xvii
quiescence, 101–2, 103, 131–32
radical dualism, xxvi–xxvii, 193, 197. See also Sāṅkhya-Yoga
Rāmānuja, 305
Rank, Otto, xxviii
rasa (Indian aesthetics), 321–22
appearance and, 27–28, 30–31, 46
in Buddhism and Vedānta, comparison of, 211–12, 224–26
direct intuition of, xxi
as empty, 204
experiencing, 46–47
and language, relationship between, 36–38
as momentary, 73
as nondual, 186
as pure sensation, 49
assertion and negation in, 7
creativity and, 167
in establishing nonduality, xvi
as opponent of true thinking, 174
thought-elements in, 140
vijñāna and, 138
relativity, 43, 85–86, 165, 228–29, 232–33, 238, 265, 317
representation/re-presentation, 36–37, 47, 55, 120, 136, 141, 183, 270–71, 289, 352n366
representative theory of truth, 114
Rinzai, 105
rock protruding from ocean analogy, 228–29
rope mistaken for snake, 58–59, 254
Ryoanji temple, 321
Saguṇa Brahman, xxvii, 110–11, 226, 290, 305–6, 310
in Advaita, 219
asamprajñāta, 33
as complete absorption, 110
effort and intention, cessation of in, 126
in eight limbs of yoga, 199, 218
as glimpse of nonduality, 309
in koan practice, 217
nirvikalpa, 57
Śaṅkara’s view of, 254–55
Samay, Sebastian, xxii
causality and, 239–40
nirvana and, xxvi, 19, 44, 61, 191, 238, 285
Sangharakshita, 22
on Absolute and phenomenal world, relationship between, 61–62
Ātmabodha, 15
on Being and self-existence, 72
Brahmasūtrabhāṣya, 59, 225, 237
Buddhist influences on, 209–10
and Dōgen, similarities between, 257–59
and Eckhart, parallel between, 290
on error presupposing truth, 273
on karma-yoga, critique of, 300
on knower as self, 222
on liberation, xxii
on Mādhyamika, critique of, 56, 210, 222, 225
on perceptions, 27
on space, 279
on spiritual practice, 251–52, 253–56, 261, 314
on subject-object nonduality, 15
on superimposition, 58–59, 143–44, 333n94
Vākyavṛtti, 15
Sāṅkhya-Yoga, xxvi–xxvii, 33, 296, 299
Advaita and, 207
ignorance in, 56
radical dualism of, 193, 197, 198–200, 210
See also under puruṣa
Śāntarakṣita, 204
Śāntideva, Śikṣāsamuccaya, 140, 144, 146, 172
Śāriputra, 347n312
Śātasāhasrikā, 105
Satipaṭṭhāna Sūtra, 109
Satprakāshānanda, 219
Sautrāntika-Yogācāra, 47–48
in early Buddhism, implied, 34, 35–38, 40
emptiness and, 41
illusion in, 82
in Sautrāntika-Yogācāra, 47–48
sound and, 65
See also under nirvikalpa perception
Schelling, Friedrich, xvi, 320–21
Schopenhauer, Arthur, xvi, xxviii, 225, 230, 319, 320, 321
science, xvi–xvii, xviii, 164–68, 227–28
Scotus, Johannes, 342n211
seeds (vāsanās), 230
seeking, 151, 154, 216, 250–51, 262
Self, 198
in Buddhism and Advaita, comparisons of, 212–14, 220–24, 229
objectifying, 252
as pervasive, 12
See also all-Self
self, sense of, xxv, 148, 189, 192, 309
as absorbed in play, 110–11
arising of, 33
attachment to, 240
Buddhist views of, 197, 201, 202, 207
causality and, 249
as continual process, 150–51, 152
in creative process, 164
delusion of, 60
emotions and, 297–98, 302–3, 353n385
evaporation of, 65, 121, 126, 217, 220
freedom and, 129
grasping and, 143
Hume on, 69–70
and intentional action, relationship between, 125–27
jñāna-yoga and, 299
liberation and, 255
as mind’s reflexivity, 153, 154
nondual experience and, 317
and objects, differentiation of, 48–49
protecting, 136
time in reifying, 230, 231, 232
unsupported thought and, 147
self-consciousness, 48, 99, 106, 108, 116, 340–41n199
self-existence, 68, 71–72, 88–89, 178, 231–32, 238–41
of Light-objects, 86
of mind, 310
of sentience, 73
of world, 220
See also under Brahman
self-nature/self-essence (svabhāva), 20, 41, 62, 67, 146–47, 187–88, 191, 221, 225, 280, 284–85
self-presence, Derrida’s critique of, 265–66, 271
Semitic religions, 111, 295, 307
Seng Chao, Chao Lun, 101
Seng-ts’an, Third Patriarch. See Hsin Hsin Ming (Awakening Faith in Mind)
Senika heresy, 258–59
sense-cognition, 54
sense-datum, 35, 73–74, 82, 83–84, 85
sense-experience, 38–39, 43, 227, 254–55, 299
sense-fields, 42–43
sense-objects, 48–49, 255, 297, 299
sense-organs, 85–87, 89, 90–91
sense-perception
as delusive, 27–28
developing alternative type, 28–29
modern understanding of, 53
relationship between individual, 69
restraining, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 331n65
transcending, 87–88
sentient beings, 71–72
Sermon on the Marks of No-Self, 39
sesshin (meditation retreat), 328n16
Sharma, Chandradhar, 208, 209, 210
Shaw, Bernard, 271
Shen Hsiu, 21
shikantasa (just sitting), 214, 257
Shin Buddhism, 22–23
Shōgen, 107
signified and signifier, 272–74
skandhas, five, 16, 40, 42–43, 201, 284, 330n60
skillful means, 246
Smart, Ninian, 316
social theory, xxvii–xxviii, 316, 324–26
Sōtō school, 214
space, 200, 207, 231–32, 237, 249, 254. See also Mind-space analogy
Spinoza, Baruch, xvi, 230, 247, 339n180
double-aspect theory of, 90–91, 335n122
Ethics, 319
on God and universe, relationship between, 308–9
on scientia intuitiva, 138–39
spiritual experience, xxviii, 26, 118, 321–24
spiritual practice
activism and, 326
Buddha-nature and, 257–58, 259, 260
Dōgen on, 256–62
spirituality, misunderstandings about, 191–92
spontaneity, 314
in Asian art and literature, 156
of love and compassion, 303
nondual action and, xxv, 98, 108, 130, 246, 248, 301, 336n134
Sprung, Mervyn, 44
Śrīharṣa, 55
Staal, Frits, 316
Stace, W. T., xxi
Stcherbatsky, F. Th., 48
Strauss, Richard, 158
Stravinsky, Igor, 159
stream-enterers, 309
Su Ch’ê, 119
subjective idealism, 18, 83, 204–5
subject-object nonduality, xvi, 187, 188
in aesthetics, 321–22
denial in, xxvii
Heidegger and, 176
implications of, xxvii–xxviii
mind-body problem in, 90–91
philosophical investigation of, xviii–xx
prevalence and significance of, 13
in Tao Tê Ching, implied, 114–15
in Vedānta, 329n30
in wei-wu-wei, 101–2
in Yogācāra, 47
Substance-view, 211, 223, 224–26, 228, 236, 241
“substitute immortality,” 153–54, 342n214
suchness (tathatā), 12, 35, 41, 42, 48–49, 89, 102, 106, 235, 249
suffering (duḥkha)
causality and, 238–39
craving and, 35
pervasiveness of, 153–54
Sufism, 25
Sukhāvatī, 22
śūnyatā. See emptiness (śūnyatā)
superimposition (adhyāsa), 304
in Advaita and Buddhism, distinctions between, 58–59
alternative to, 271
“bare concept” and, 51–52
of language, 84
memory as, 143–44
Śaṅkara’s concept of, 45, 237, 333n94
of thought-constructions, 29–31, 35, 190
of thoughts, 135, 137, 334–35n118
Śūraṅgama Sūtra, 44
Sureśvara, 208
Suzuki, D. T., 183–84
Essays on Zen Buddhism, 20
on Hui Neng, significance of story of, 21
“Reason and Intuition in Buddhist Philosophy,” 138, 149
on vijñāna and prajñā, 138–39, 169–70, 185
Zen and Japanese Culture, 156
Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad, 45
Swedenborg, 354n391
Taittirīya Upaniṣad, 14, 329n30, 354n386
differentiating, 10
as imperceptible, 11
ineffability of, 114–16
miao and, 118
ordinary mind as, 108–9, 110, 288
translations and interpretations of term, 113–14
as unity, 186
commentaries on, 337n158
controversy in, 119
on course of nature, 97
on differentiation, 10
first cause in, 11–12
first chapter, parallel structure of, 112, 118, 123
intentionality in, 94
mystical nature of, 12
prapañca-nāmarūpa in, 45
on sentient beings, 72
subject-object nonduality in, 23
Tao Tê Ching, first chapter, 189, 287
interpretations of, 117–19, 338n164, 338n166
parallel structure of, 112, 118, 123
summary of, 124
Taoism, xvii, xviii, xxiii–xxiv
and Ch’an, relationship between, 115
contemplative and purposive aspects of, 99–100
ground in, 279
philosophy, limits of in, xx, xxi
political interpretations of, 95, 96
proof in, xxii
subject-object nonduality in, 23–24
tat tvam asi (that thou art), 14–15, 206
tathatā. See suchness (tathatā)
Ta-yü, 245
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 157–58
Te-shan Hsüan-chien, 286
Thackeray, William, Roundabout Papers, 162
thinker, 139–40, 141–43, 147, 148, 154–55, 157, 164, 172, 189, 340n191
thinking
Being and, 179
nature of, 185
of no-thinking, 184
presubjective, 180
re-presentational, 174–75
types of, 168–71
See also nondual thinking; thoughts
Thomas, Edward J., 204
thought-constructions, 48, 81–82
emptiness as basis for, 51
enlightenment and, 252–53
ethics and, 319
grasping, 115
perception with and without, 32–33, 34
superimposition of, 29–31, 58, 271
world as, 275
See also vikalpa
thoughtlessness, 145–47
thought-projection (prapañca), 235, 240–41, 245–46, 319. See also prapañca
and action, gap between, 127
activity transcending, 130, 132–33
as autonomous, 144–45
causality and, 246
de-automatization and, 82
eye-consciousness and, 68
in koan practice, 215–17
linking of, 146, 147, 148–49, 150–51, 155, 157, 167, 168, 184–85, 230, 341n205
as perpetuating dualism, 116
pure, 265
superimposition of, 135, 137, 334–35n118
unsupported, 140, 147, 150, 217
three doors to deliverance, 105
three guṇas, 283–84
three natures (trisvabhāva), 205, 249. See also absolutely accomplished nature (pariniṣpanna-svabhāva)
three roots of evil, 297–98, 305
threefold purity, 107
on body, 91
perception in, 88
subject-object nonduality in, 19–20
See also Mahāmudrā
T’ien-T’ai system, 286
causality and, 236–37, 249–50, 271
commonsense conception of, 269–70
momentariness and, 73
nondual experience of, 233–35
ontological disagreements on, 226–31, 235, 348n314, 349n329
spatial comparison of, 231–32
vision and, 67–68
tranquility-in-disturbance, 101, 106
transcendental-horizontal re-presenting, 179–81
transcendental idealism, xxi
transcendental signified, 262, 263–64, 265, 269, 273–74, 352n371
Trisvabhāvanīrdeśa (Vasubandhu), 249
Trungpa, Chögyam, 262
Tucci, Giuseppe, 19–20, 57–58, 203
Tung-shan, 350n339
turīya, 45
two truths, 185, 209, 227, 285
in Advaita and Mahāyāna, distinctions between, 54, 55–56, 62
Mādhyamika view of, 241
perception and, 89
in Zen, 245
Unconditioned, xii, 160, 212, 236, 249–50, 314
union, 316
tantric principle of, 18–19, 287
in Taoism, 24
experience of, 186
of Gītā yogas, 296, 298, 303–5
in koan practice, 215
in Zen, 286
universe/world
ethics and, 320
and God, relationship between, 307, 308–9
and individual self, delusive duality of, 324–26
nonplurality of, 8–12
as self-caused, 130
Unmon (Chin. Yün-men), 109, 133, 218
ātman doctrine in, 211
first cause in, 11–12
mystical nature of, 12
prapañca in, 60
subject-object nonduality in, 14
utensils (zuhanden), 120–22
Vasubandhu, 17–18, 30, 47, 87–88, 203, 249
Vedānta, xvii, xviii, xxiii–xxiv
on Brahman and phenomena, 32
philosophy, limits of in, xx
prapañca in, 45
reality in, 123
subject-object nonduality in, 13–16
yoga and, 199
See also Advaita Vedānta
Vedic ritualism, 254, 300, 353n382
Vernunft and Verstand, 168–70
Vidyaranya, 317
vijñāna, 138–39, 167, 168, 169–70, 184–85
vikalpa, 44–46, 91, 122. See also nirvikalpa perception; savikalpa perception
Vimalakīrti, 41
Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra, 6
vision, 188
in Deikman experiments, 76–82
openness and, 180
tripartite ontology of, 67–68
Viśiṣṭādvaita, 305
volition, 34, 35, 129, 169, 189, 339n178
vṛttis (modifications), 54–55, 56
Wagner, Richard, 159
Wang An-shih, 119
Wang Pi, 98, 118, 119, 338n166
water and waves simile, 278–79
Wei-hsun Fu, Charles, 338n166
Wei-kuan, 20
Weil, Simone, 65–66
wei-wu-wei (action of nonaction), xxv, 66, 188–89, 192, 235
denial of objective action in, 104–5
interpretations of, 95–99, 336n133
as nondual action, 93
paradox of, 94–95, 99–101, 105–6, 147
Western mysticism, xxi, 111, 221, 290, 309, 316
Western philosophy, xviii, xxvii, 25, 193
on doubt, 216–17
empiricism in, xxiii
Great Divide in, xxviii
Heidegger’s critique of, 175–76, 182
on nondual action, 94
perception theories in, 29–31, 82–84, 188
subject-object duality in, xv–xvii
on thought and thinking, 141–45
twentieth-century shift in, 170–71
Whitehead, Alfred, xvi
Wing-tsit Chan, 112, 118, 119, 122
wishlessness, 105
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xvi, xxviii, 95, 114, 189, 193, 220
on eternity, 234
Notebooks 1914–1916, 213
Wolfe, Thomas, Look Homeward, Angel, 160
wonder (miao), 118, 119, 121, 123
worldviews, value of examining, xxviii–xxix
worm hesitant to leave its hold, 148–49
Yasutani Hakuun, 7, 8, 21–22, 64, 108, 110, 328n16
Yin–Yang school, 97
“Yoga of Knowing the Mind” (Padmasaṁbhava), 19
“Yoga of the Mahāmudrā,” 103, 336n143. See also Mahāmudrā
Yoga Sūtra (Patañjali), 33, 218, 299, 305
Yoga tradition, 33, 199, 218, 254–55
and Mādhyamika, relationship between, 202–5, 226, 249–50
perception in, 47–49
Śaṅkara’s critique of, 54–56
subject and object in, 17–18, 31, 114–15, 188
Vedānta and, 210
See also three natures (trisvabhāva)
Yuganaddha, 19
yūgen (Japanese aesthetics), 321
Yung Chia, “Song of Enlightenment,” 152
Yün-men, 301
zazen, 108, 252, 256–58, 259, 261–62
on emptiness, 286
on jiriki (self-effort), 23
on joriki (power of concentration), 108
language in, 271
nondual thinking in, 136, 150, 155, 184
nonduality in, centrality of, 21–22
one-pointed mind in, 154
techniques of, 218–19
two truths in, 245
See also Ch’an; kenshō (self-realization); koans
Zimmer, Heinrich, 323